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Reiß A, Reimann MK, Jin C, Wachter-Lehn M, Kremer RK, Pöttgen R, Fink K, Klopper W, Feldmann C. Experimental and computational study of the exchange interaction between the V(III) centers in the vanadium-cyclal dimer. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17389-17397. [PMID: 37942816 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03243d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
[V2(HCyclal)2] is prepared by controlled oxidation of vanadium nanoparticles at 50 °C in toluene. The V(0) nanoparticles are synthesized in THF by reduction of VCl3 with lithium naphthalenide. They exhibit very small particle sizes of 1.2 ± 0.2 nm and a high reactivity (e.g. with air or water). By reaction of V(0) nanoparticles with the azacrown ether H4Cyclal, [V2(HCyclal)2] is obtained with deep green crystals and high yield. The title compound exhibits a V(III) dimer (V⋯V: 304.1(1) pm) with two deprotonated [HCyclal]3- ligands as anions. V(0) nanoparticles as well as the sole coordination of V(III) by a crown ether as the ligand and nitrogen as sole coordinating atom are shown for the first time. Magnetic measurements and computational results point to antiferromagnetic coupling within the V(III) couple, establishing an antiferromagnetic spin S = 1 dimer with the magnetic susceptibility determined by the thermal population of the total spin ranging from ST = 0 to ST = 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reiß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Kai Reimann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Chengyu Jin
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martha Wachter-Lehn
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Reinhard K Kremer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Feldmann C. Large and Small Solids: A Journey Through Inorganic Chemistry. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Feldmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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3
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Bartenbach D, Wenzel O, Popescu R, Faden L, Reiß A, Kaiser M, Zimina A, Grunwaldt J, Gerthsen D, Feldmann C. Liquid‐Phase Synthesis of Highly Reactive Rare‐Earth Metal Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bartenbach
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Olivia Wenzel
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Radian Popescu
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Lara‐Pauline Faden
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Andreas Reiß
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michelle Kaiser
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Anna Zimina
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Haim L, Robert F, Peres L, Lecante P, Philippot K, Poteau R, Respaud M, Amiens C. Correlation between surface chemistry and magnetism in iron nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4471-4481. [PMID: 36133455 PMCID: PMC9419664 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To shed light on the factors governing the stability and surface properties of iron nanoparticles, a series of iron nanoparticles has been produced by hydrogenation of two different iron amido complexes: the bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amido] Fe(ii), [Fe(N(SiMe3)2)2]2, and the bis(diphenylamido) Fe(ii), [Fe(NPh2)2]. Nanostructured materials of bcc structure, or nanoparticles displaying average sizes below 3 nm and a polytetrahedral structure, have been obtained. Depending on the synthesis conditions, the magnetization of the nanoparticles was either significantly lower than that of bulk iron, or much higher as for clusters elaborated under high vacuum conditions. Unexpectedly, hydrogenation of aromatic groups of the ligands of the [Fe(NPh2)2] precursor has been observed in some cases. Confrontation of the experimental results with DFT calculations made on polytetrahedral Fe91 model clusters bearing hydrides, amido and/or amine ligands at their surface, has shown that amido ligands can play a key role in the stabilisation of the nanoparticles in solution while the hydride surface coverage governs their surface magnetic properties. This study indicates that magnetic measurements give valuable indicators of the surface properties of iron nanoparticles in this size range, and beyond, of their potential reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Haim
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) BP44099, 205 route de Narbonne F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- CEMES (Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales), CNRS 29 rue J. Marvig F-31055 Toulouse France
| | - François Robert
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) BP44099, 205 route de Narbonne F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Laurent Peres
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) BP44099, 205 route de Narbonne F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Pierre Lecante
- CEMES (Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales), CNRS 29 rue J. Marvig F-31055 Toulouse France
| | - Karine Philippot
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) BP44099, 205 route de Narbonne F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Romuald Poteau
- LPCNO (Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets), UMR 5215 INSA, CNRS, UPS 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Marc Respaud
- CEMES (Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales), CNRS 29 rue J. Marvig F-31055 Toulouse France
- LPCNO (Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets), UMR 5215 INSA, CNRS, UPS 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Catherine Amiens
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) BP44099, 205 route de Narbonne F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
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Bartenbach D, Wenzel O, Popescu R, Faden LP, Reiß A, Kaiser M, Zimina A, Grunwaldt JD, Gerthsen D, Feldmann C. Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Highly Reactive Rare-Earth Metal Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17373-17377. [PMID: 33929069 PMCID: PMC8361762 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first liquid‐phase synthesis of high‐quality, small‐sized rare‐earth metal nanoparticles (1–3 nm)—ranging from lanthanum as one of the largest (187 pm) to scandium as the smallest (161 pm) rare‐earth metal—is shown. Size, oxidation state, and reactivity of the nanoparticles are examined (e.g., electron microscopy, electron spectroscopy, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, selected reactions). Whereas the nanoparticles are highly reactive (e.g. in contact to air and water), they are chemically stable as THF suspensions and powders under inert conditions. The reactivity can be controlled to obtain inorganic and metal–organic compounds at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bartenbach
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olivia Wenzel
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Radian Popescu
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lara-Pauline Faden
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Reiß
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michelle Kaiser
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anna Zimina
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Egeberg A, Faden LP, Zimina A, Grunwaldt JD, Gerthsen D, Feldmann C. Liquid-phase synthesis of highly oxophilic zerovalent niobium and tantalum nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3648-3651. [PMID: 33870350 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00681a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Zerovalent niobium, Nb(0), and tantalum, Ta(0), nanoparticles are prepared via a one-pot, liquid-phase synthesis. For this, NbCl5/TaCl5 are dissolved in pyridine and reduced by lithium pyridinyl. Deep black suspensions of very small, highly uniform nanoparticles are obtained with average diameters of 2.1 ± 0.4 nm (Nb(0)) and 1.9 ± 0.4 nm (Ta(0)). Whereas suspensions are chemically and colloidally stable, powder samples are very reactive. TEM/HRTEM, XRD, FT-IR, and XANES are used for characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Egeberg
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
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Egeberg A, Wenzel O, Popescu R, Gerthsen D, Feldmann C. Pyridine-based Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Crystalline TiN and ZnSiN 2 Nanoparticles. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:334-339. [PMID: 33369889 PMCID: PMC7953485 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
TiN and ZnSiN2 nanoparticles are obtained via a novel pyridine-based synthesis route. This one-pot liquid-phase route strictly avoids all oxygen sources (including starting materials, surface functionalization, solvents), which is highly relevant in regard of the material purity and material properties. Colloidally stable suspensions of crystalline, small-sized TiN (5.4±0.4 nm) and ZnSiN2 (5.2±1.1 nm) are instantaneously available from the liquid phase. Elemental analysis and electron energy loss spectroscopy confirm the purity of the compounds and specifically the absence of oxygen. The as-prepared ZnSiN2 show yellowish emission (500-700 nm) already at room temperature with its maximum at 570 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Egeberg
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Olivia Wenzel
- Laboratorium für ElektronenmikroskopieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 776131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Radian Popescu
- Laboratorium für ElektronenmikroskopieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 776131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratorium für ElektronenmikroskopieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 776131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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