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Iurchuk V, Pablo-Navarro J, Hula T, Narkowicz R, Hlawacek G, Körber L, Kákay A, Schultheiss H, Fassbender J, Lenz K, Lindner J. Tailoring crosstalk between localized 1D spin-wave nanochannels using focused ion beams. Sci Rep 2023; 13:764. [PMID: 36641510 PMCID: PMC9840641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27249-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
1D spin-wave conduits are envisioned as nanoscale components of magnonics-based logic and computing schemes for future generation electronics. À-la-carte methods of versatile control of the local magnetization dynamics in such nanochannels are highly desired for efficient steering of the spin waves in magnonic devices. Here, we present a study of localized dynamical modes in 1-[Formula: see text]m-wide permalloy conduits probed by microresonator ferromagnetic resonance technique. We clearly observe the lowest-energy edge mode in the microstrip after its edges were finely trimmed by means of focused Ne[Formula: see text] ion irradiation. Furthermore, after milling the microstrip along its long axis by focused ion beams, creating consecutively [Formula: see text]50 and [Formula: see text]100 nm gaps, additional resonances emerge and are attributed to modes localized at the inner edges of the separated strips. To visualize the mode distribution, spatially resolved Brillouin light scattering microscopy was used showing an excellent agreement with the ferromagnetic resonance data and confirming the mode localization at the outer/inner edges of the strips depending on the magnitude of the applied magnetic field. Micromagnetic simulations confirm that the lowest-energy modes are localized within [Formula: see text]15-nm-wide regions at the edges of the strips and their frequencies can be tuned in a wide range (up to 5 GHz) by changing the magnetostatic coupling (i.e., spatial separation) between the microstrips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadym Iurchuk
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Javier Pablo-Navarro
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Hula
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ryszard Narkowicz
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gregor Hlawacek
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas Körber
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Helmut Schultheiss
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fassbender
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Solid State and Materials Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kilian Lenz
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lindner
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Cansever H, Anwar MS, Stienen S, Lenz K, Narkowicz R, Hlawacek G, Potzger K, Hellwig O, Fassbender J, Lindner J, Bali R. Resonance behavior of embedded and freestanding microscale ferromagnets. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14809. [PMID: 36045141 PMCID: PMC9433406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ferromagnetic resonance of a disordered A2 Fe60Al40 ferromagnetic stripe, of dimensions 5 µm × 1 µm × 32 nm, has been observed in two vastly differing surroundings: in the first case, the ferromagnetic region was surrounded by ordered B2 Fe60Al40, and in the second case it was free standing, adhering only to the oxide substrate. The embedded ferromagnet possesses a periodic magnetic domain structure, which transforms to a single domain structure in the freestanding case. The two cases differ in their dynamic response, for instance, the resonance field for the uniform (k = 0) mode at ~ 14 GHz excitation displays a shift from 209 to 194 mT, respectively for the embedded and freestanding cases, with the external magnetic field applied along the long axis. The resonant behavior of a microscopic ferromagnet can thus be finely tailored via control of its near-interfacial surrounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Cansever
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Md Shadab Anwar
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Solid State and Materials Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Stienen
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kilian Lenz
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ryszard Narkowicz
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gregor Hlawacek
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kay Potzger
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olav Hellwig
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fassbender
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Solid State and Materials Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lindner
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rantej Bali
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
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Makarov D, Volkov OM, Kákay A, Pylypovskyi OV, Budinská B, Dobrovolskiy OV. New Dimension in Magnetism and Superconductivity: 3D and Curvilinear Nanoarchitectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101758. [PMID: 34705309 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the primary field, where curvature has been at the heart of research, is the theory of general relativity. In recent studies, however, the impact of curvilinear geometry enters various disciplines, ranging from solid-state physics over soft-matter physics, chemistry, and biology to mathematics, giving rise to a plethora of emerging domains such as curvilinear nematics, curvilinear studies of cell biology, curvilinear semiconductors, superfluidity, optics, 2D van der Waals materials, plasmonics, magnetism, and superconductivity. Here, the state of the art is summarized and prospects for future research in curvilinear solid-state systems exhibiting such fundamental cooperative phenomena as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superconductivity are outlined. Highlighting the recent developments and current challenges in theory, fabrication, and characterization of curvilinear micro- and nanostructures, special attention is paid to perspective research directions entailing new physics and to their strong application potential. Overall, the perspective is aimed at crossing the boundaries between the magnetism and superconductivity communities and drawing attention to the conceptual aspects of how extension of structures into the third dimension and curvilinear geometry can modify existing and aid launching novel functionalities. In addition, the perspective should stimulate the development and dissemination of research and development oriented techniques to facilitate rapid transitions from laboratory demonstrations to industry-ready prototypes and eventual products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Barbora Budinská
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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Barman A, Gubbiotti G, Ladak S, Adeyeye AO, Krawczyk M, Gräfe J, Adelmann C, Cotofana S, Naeemi A, Vasyuchka VI, Hillebrands B, Nikitov SA, Yu H, Grundler D, Sadovnikov AV, Grachev AA, Sheshukova SE, Duquesne JY, Marangolo M, Csaba G, Porod W, Demidov VE, Urazhdin S, Demokritov SO, Albisetti E, Petti D, Bertacco R, Schultheiss H, Kruglyak VV, Poimanov VD, Sahoo S, Sinha J, Yang H, Münzenberg M, Moriyama T, Mizukami S, Landeros P, Gallardo RA, Carlotti G, Kim JV, Stamps RL, Camley RE, Rana B, Otani Y, Yu W, Yu T, Bauer GEW, Back C, Uhrig GS, Dobrovolskiy OV, Budinska B, Qin H, van Dijken S, Chumak AV, Khitun A, Nikonov DE, Young IA, Zingsem BW, Winklhofer M. The 2021 Magnonics Roadmap. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:413001. [PMID: 33662946 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abec1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Magnonics is a budding research field in nanomagnetism and nanoscience that addresses the use of spin waves (magnons) to transmit, store, and process information. The rapid advancements of this field during last one decade in terms of upsurge in research papers, review articles, citations, proposals of devices as well as introduction of new sub-topics prompted us to present the first roadmap on magnonics. This is a collection of 22 sections written by leading experts in this field who review and discuss the current status besides presenting their vision of future perspectives. Today, the principal challenges in applied magnonics are the excitation of sub-100 nm wavelength magnons, their manipulation on the nanoscale and the creation of sub-micrometre devices using low-Gilbert damping magnetic materials and its interconnections to standard electronics. To this end, magnonics offers lower energy consumption, easier integrability and compatibility with CMOS structure, reprogrammability, shorter wavelength, smaller device features, anisotropic properties, negative group velocity, non-reciprocity and efficient tunability by various external stimuli to name a few. Hence, despite being a young research field, magnonics has come a long way since its early inception. This roadmap asserts a milestone for future emerging research directions in magnonics, and hopefully, it will inspire a series of exciting new articles on the same topic in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Barman
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Gianluca Gubbiotti
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali del Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche (IOM-CNR), Perugia, Italy
| | - S Ladak
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - A O Adeyeye
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, United Kingdom
| | - M Krawczyk
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Gräfe
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - S Cotofana
- Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - A Naeemi
- Georgia Institute of Technology, United States of America
| | - V I Vasyuchka
- Department of Physics and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - B Hillebrands
- Department of Physics and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - S A Nikitov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
| | - H Yu
- Fert Beijing Institute, BDBC, School of Microelectronics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brian Computing, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
| | - D Grundler
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials (IMX), Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - A V Sadovnikov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory 'Magnetic Metamaterials', Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - A A Grachev
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory 'Magnetic Metamaterials', Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - S E Sheshukova
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory 'Magnetic Metamaterials', Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - J-Y Duquesne
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - M Marangolo
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - G Csaba
- Pázmány University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - W Porod
- University of Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - V E Demidov
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - S Urazhdin
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - S O Demokritov
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - D Petti
- Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - H Schultheiss
- Helmholtz-Center Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - S Sahoo
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - J Sinha
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - H Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - M Münzenberg
- Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Moriyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
- Centre for Spintronics Research Network, Japan
| | - S Mizukami
- Centre for Spintronics Research Network, Japan
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - P Landeros
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago, Chile
| | - R A Gallardo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago, Chile
| | - G Carlotti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- CNR Instituto Nanoscienze, Modena, Italy
| | - J-V Kim
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - R L Stamps
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - R E Camley
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Nanostructures, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, United States of America
| | | | - Y Otani
- RIKEN, Japan
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - W Yu
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - T Yu
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G E W Bauer
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Groningen University, The Netherlands
| | - C Back
- Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - G S Uhrig
- Technical University Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - B Budinska
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Qin
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - S van Dijken
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - A V Chumak
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Khitun
- University of California Riverside, United States of America
| | - D E Nikonov
- Components Research, Intel, Hillsboro, Oregon, United States of America
| | - I A Young
- Components Research, Intel, Hillsboro, Oregon, United States of America
| | - B W Zingsem
- The University of Duisburg-Essen, CENIDE, Germany
| | - M Winklhofer
- The Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany
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5
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Saha S, Zhou J, Hofhuis K, Kákay A, Scagnoli V, Heyderman LJ, Gliga S. Spin-Wave Dynamics and Symmetry Breaking in an Artificial Spin Ice. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2382-2389. [PMID: 33689358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial spin ices are periodic arrangements of interacting nanomagnets which allow investigating emergent phenomena in the presence of geometric frustration. Recently, it has been shown that artificial spin ices can be used as building blocks for creating functional materials, such as magnonic crystals. We investigate the magnetization dynamics in a system exhibiting anisotropic magnetostatic interactions owing to locally broken structural inversion symmetry. We find a rich spin-wave spectrum and investigate its evolution in an external magnetic field. We determine the evolution of individual modes, from building blocks up to larger arrays, highlighting the role of symmetry breaking in defining the mode profiles. Moreover, we demonstrate that the mode spectra exhibit signatures of long-range interactions in the system. These results contribute to the understanding of magnetization dynamics in spin ices beyond the kagome and square ice geometries and are relevant for the realization of reconfigurable magnonic crystals based on spin ices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Saha
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jingyuan Zhou
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Hofhuis
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Valerio Scagnoli
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Laura J Heyderman
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Gliga
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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6
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Microresonators and Microantennas—Tools to Explore Magnetization Dynamics in Single Nanostructures. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry7020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of magnetic resonance and its detection via microwave spectroscopy provide insight into the magnetization dynamics of bulk or thin film materials. This allows for direct access to fundamental properties, such as the effective magnetization, g-factor, magnetic anisotropy, and the various damping (relaxation) channels that govern the decay of magnetic excitations. Cavity-based and broadband ferromagnetic resonance techniques that detect the microwave absorption of spin systems require a minimum magnetic volume to obtain a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). Therefore, conventional techniques typically do not offer the sensitivity to detect individual micro- or nanostructures. A solution to this sensitivity problem is the so-called planar microresonator, which is able to detect even the small absorption signals of magnetic nanostructures, including spin-wave or edge resonance modes. As an example, we describe the microresonator-based detection of spin-wave modes within microscopic strips of ferromagnetic A2 Fe60Al40 that are imprinted into a paramagnetic B2 Fe60Al40-matrix via focused ion-beam irradiation. While microresonators operate at a fixed microwave frequency, a reliable quantification of the key magnetic parameters like the g-factor or spin relaxation times requires investigations within a broad range of frequencies. Furthermore, we introduce and describe the step from microresonators towards a broadband microantenna approach. Broadband magnetic resonance experiments on single nanostructured magnetic objects in a frequency range of 2–18 GHz are demonstrated. The broadband approach has been employed to explore the influence of lateral structuring on the magnetization dynamics of a Permalloy (Ni80Fe20) microstrip.
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7
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Xu J, Lv X, Peng Y, Boi FS, Zhang X, Xiang G. Probing electrical properties of individual carbon nanotubes filled with Fe 3C nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:475706. [PMID: 32674089 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aba6b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electrical properties of individual multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) filled with Fe3C nanowires (Fe-CNTs) grown by chemical vapor deposition were investigated. The individual Fe-CNTs were measured by two-probe configuration in a scanning electron microscope, in which one probe was used to contact one end of the nanotubes and the other varied its contact position to measure the resistance along the Fe-CNTs. The data suggest that the ferromagnetic nanowires and the CNTs were well connected into a conduction network, and the resistance of the individual Fe-CNTs decreased as the filling rate increased. Analysis shows that the encapsulated ferromagnetic nanowires played a profound part in determining the electrical behavior of individual Fe-CNTs. The results may be useful for understanding of electronic transport of individual Fe-CNTs and applications based on individual Fe-CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Xu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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8
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Dobrovolskiy OV, Bunyaev SA, Vovk NR, Navas D, Gruszecki P, Krawczyk M, Sachser R, Huth M, Chumak AV, Guslienko KY, Kakazei GN. Spin-wave spectroscopy of individual ferromagnetic nanodisks. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21207-21217. [PMID: 33057527 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07015g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for nanoscale magnetic devices requires development of 3D magnetic nanostructures. In this regard, focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a technique of choice for direct-writing of complex nano-architectures with applications in nanomagnetism, magnon spintronics, and superconducting electronics. However, intrinsic properties of nanomagnets are often poorly known and can hardly be assessed by local optical probe techniques. Here, an original spatially resolved approach is demonstrated for spin-wave spectroscopy of individual circular magnetic elements with sample volumes down to about 10-3 μm3. The key component of the setup is a coplanar waveguide whose microsized central part is placed over a movable substrate with well-separated CoFe-FEBID nanodisks which exhibit standing spin-wave resonances. The circular symmetry of the disks allows for the deduction of the saturation magnetization and the exchange stiffness of the material using an analytical theory. A good correspondence between the results of analytical calculations and micromagnetic simulations is revealed, indicating a validity of the used analytical model going beyond the initial thin-disk approximation used in the theoretical derivation. The presented approach is especially valuable for the characterization of direct-write magnetic elements opening new horizons for 3D nanomagnetism and magnonics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey A Bunyaev
- Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP)/Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nikolay R Vovk
- Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP)/Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal and Department of Physics, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody Sq. 4, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine
| | - David Navas
- Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP)/Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pawel Gruszecki
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St. 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland and Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mariana Smoluchowskiego St. 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Krawczyk
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St. 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Roland Sachser
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrii V Chumak
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Konstantin Y Guslienko
- Division de Fisica de Materiales, Depto. Polimeros y Materiales Avanzados: Fisica, Quimica y Tecnologia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, UPV/EHU, Paseo M. Lardizabal 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain and IKERBASQUE, the Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gleb N Kakazei
- Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP)/Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Giordano MC, Baumgaertl K, Escobar Steinvall S, Gay J, Vuichard M, Fontcuberta I Morral A, Grundler D. Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Nickel Nanotubes with Low Resistivity and Coherent Magnetization Dynamics for 3D Spintronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40443-40452. [PMID: 32805802 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD) to prepare conformal nickel thin films and nanotubes using nickelocene as a precursor, water as the oxidant agent, and an in-cycle plasma-enhanced reduction step with hydrogen. The optimized ALD pulse sequence, combined with a post-processing annealing treatment, allowed us to prepare 30 nm-thick metallic Ni layers with a resistivity of 8 μΩ cm at room temperature and good conformality both on the planar substrates and nanotemplates. Thus, we fabricated several micrometers-long nickel nanotubes with diameters ranging from 120 to 330 nm. We report the correlation between ALD growth and functional properties of individual Ni nanotubes characterized in terms of magnetotransport and the confinement of spin-wave modes. The findings offer novel perspectives for Ni-based spintronics and magnonic devices operated in the GHz frequency regime with 3D device architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S Escobar Steinvall
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - A Fontcuberta I Morral
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Grundler
- Institute of Microengineering (IMT), School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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