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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Yang J, Wang X. Beyond Color Boundaries: Pioneering Developments in Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Photonic Actuators. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:808. [PMID: 38930778 PMCID: PMC11205596 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Creatures in nature make extensive use of structural color adaptive camouflage to survive. Cholesteric liquid crystals, with nanostructures similar to those of natural organisms, can be combined with actuators to produce bright structural colors in response to a wide range of stimuli. Structural colors modulated by nano-helical structures can continuously and selectively reflect specific wavelengths of light, breaking the limit of colors recognizable by the human eye. In this review, the current state of research on cholesteric liquid crystal photonic actuators and their technological applications is presented. First, the basic concepts of cholesteric liquid crystals and their nanostructural modulation are outlined. Then, the cholesteric liquid crystal photonic actuators responding to different stimuli (mechanical, thermal, electrical, light, humidity, magnetic, pneumatic) are presented. This review describes the practical applications of cholesteric liquid crystal photonic actuators and summarizes the prospects for the development of these advanced structures as well as the challenges and their promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.)
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yexiaotong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiaxing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinye Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.)
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2
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Jin Z, Yim W, Retout M, Housel E, Zhong W, Zhou J, Strano MS, Jokerst JV. Colorimetric sensing for translational applications: from colorants to mechanisms. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 38835195 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00328d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Colorimetric sensing offers instant reporting via visible signals. Versus labor-intensive and instrument-dependent detection methods, colorimetric sensors present advantages including short acquisition time, high throughput screening, low cost, portability, and a user-friendly approach. These advantages have driven substantial growth in colorimetric sensors, particularly in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Rapid progress in nanotechnology, materials science, microfluidics technology, biomarker discovery, digital technology, and signal pattern analysis has led to a variety of colorimetric reagents and detection mechanisms, which are fundamental to advance colorimetric sensing applications. This review first summarizes the basic components (e.g., color reagents, recognition interactions, and sampling procedures) in the design of a colorimetric sensing system. It then presents the rationale design and typical examples of POC devices, e.g., lateral flow devices, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices, and wearable sensing devices. Two highlighted colorimetric formats are discussed: combinational and activatable systems based on the sensor-array and lock-and-key mechanisms, respectively. Case discussions in colorimetric assays are organized by the analyte identities. Finally, the review presents challenges and perspectives for the design and development of colorimetric detection schemes as well as applications. The goal of this review is to provide a foundational resource for developing colorimetric systems and underscoring the colorants and mechanisms that facilitate the continuing evolution of POC sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maurice Retout
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Emily Housel
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Wenbin Zhong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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3
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Ma X, Han Y, Zhang YS, Geng Y, Majumdar A, Lagerwall JPF. Tunable templating of photonic microparticles via liquid crystal order-guided adsorption of amphiphilic polymers in emulsions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1404. [PMID: 38360960 PMCID: PMC10869789 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple emulsions are usually stabilized by amphiphilic molecules that combine the chemical characteristics of the different phases in contact. When one phase is a liquid crystal (LC), the choice of stabilizer also determines its configuration, but conventional wisdom assumes that the orientational order of the LC has no impact on the stabilizer. Here we show that, for the case of amphiphilic polymer stabilizers, this impact can be considerable. The mode of interaction between stabilizer and LC changes if the latter is heated close to its isotropic state, initiating a feedback loop that reverberates on the LC in form of a complete structural rearrangement. We utilize this phenomenon to dynamically tune the configuration of cholesteric LC shells from one with radial helix and spherically symmetric Bragg diffraction to a focal conic domain configuration with highly complex optics. Moreover, we template photonic microparticles from the LC shells by photopolymerizing them into solids, retaining any selected LC-derived structure. Our study places LC emulsions in a new light, calling for a reevaluation of the behavior of stabilizer molecules in contact with long-range ordered phases, while also enabling highly interesting photonic elements with application opportunities across vast fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ma
- Experimental Soft Matter Physics group, Department of Physics & Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Yucen Han
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yan-Song Zhang
- Experimental Soft Matter Physics group, Department of Physics & Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Yong Geng
- Experimental Soft Matter Physics group, Department of Physics & Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Apala Majumdar
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jan P F Lagerwall
- Experimental Soft Matter Physics group, Department of Physics & Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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4
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Zhang Y, Yang H, Chen Y, Yu H. Progress in Fabrication and Applications of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Microcapsules. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303198. [PMID: 37971158 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals (LCs) are well known for inherent responsiveness to external stimuli, such as light, thermal, magnetic, and electric fields. Cholesteric LCs are among the most fascinating, since they possess distinctive optical properties due to the helical molecular orientation. However, the good flow, easy contamination, and poor stability of small-molecule LCs limit their further applications, and microencapsulation as one of the most effective tools can evade these disadvantages. Microencapsulation can offer shell-core structure with LCs in the core can strengthen their stability, avoiding interference with the environment while maintaining the stimuli-responsiveness and optical properties. Here, we report recent progress in the fabrication and applications of cholesteric LC microcapsules (CLCMCs). We summarize general properties and basic principles, fabrication methods including interfacial polymerization, in-situ polymerization, complex coacervation, solvent evaporation, microfluidic and polymerization of reactive mesogens, and then give a comprehensive overview of their applications in various popular domains, including smart fabrics, smart sensor, smart displays, anti-counterfeiting, information encryption, biomedicine and actuators. Finally, we discuss the currently facing challenges and the potential development directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Haixiao Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Yinjie Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, 102600, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and, Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
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Zhou M, Chen S, Wei B, Yang D, Ma D, Huang S. Hollow mesoporous cubic silica self-assembling into photonic crystals with rhombohedral lattices and vivid structural colors for anti-counterfeiting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:313-321. [PMID: 37413865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal photonic crystals (PCs) feature face-centered cubic (FCC) lattices since spherical particles are usually used as building blocks; however, constructing structural colors originating from PCs with non-FCC lattices is still a big challenge due to the difficulty in preparing non-spherical particles with tunable morphologies, sizes, uniformity, and surface properties and assembling them into ordered structures. Here, uniform, positively charged, and hollow mesoporous cubic silica particles (hmc-SiO2) with tunable sizes and shell thicknesses prepared by a template approach are used to self-assemble into PCs with rhombohedral lattice. The reflection wavelengths and structural colors of the PCs can be controlled by altering the sizes or the shell thicknesses of the hmc-SiO2. Additionally, photoluminescent PCs have been fabricated by taking the advantage of the click chemistry between amino silane and isothiocyanate of a commercial dye. The PC pattern achieved by a hand-writing way with the solution of the photoluminescent hmc-SiO2 instantly and reversibly shows the structural color under visible light but a different photoluminescent color under UV illumination, which is useful for anticounterfeiting and information encryption. The non-FCC structured and photoluminescent PCs will upgrade the basic understanding of the structural colors and facilitate their applications in optical devices, anti-counterfeiting, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjian Zhou
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shangxian Chen
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Boru Wei
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dongpeng Yang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Dekun Ma
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, PR China
| | - Shaoming Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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6
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Hu Y, Yu S, Wei B, Yang D, Ma D, Huang S. Stimulus-responsive nonclose-packed photonic crystals: fabrications and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3895-3928. [PMID: 37448235 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00877k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive photonic crystals (PCs) possessing unconventional nonclosely packed structures have received growing attention due to their unique capability of mimicking the active structural colors of natural organisms (for example, chameleons' mechanochromic properties). However, there is rarely any systematic review regarding the progress of nonclose-packed photonic crystals (NPCs), involving their fabrication, working mechanisms, and applications. Herein, a comprehensive review of the fundamental principles and practical fabrication strategies of one/two/three-dimensional NPCs is summarized from the perspective of designing nonclose-packed structures. Subsequently, responsive NPCs with exciting functions and working mechanisms are sorted and delineated according to their diverse responses to physical (force, temperature, magnetic, and electric fields), chemical (ions, pH, vapors, and solvents), and biological (glucose, organophosphate, creatinine, and bacteria) stimuli. We then systematically introduced and discussed the applications of NPCs in sensors, printing, anticounterfeiting, display, optical devices, etc. Finally, the current challenges and development prospects for NPCs are presented. This review not only concludes the design principle for NPCs but also provides a significant basis for the exploration of next-generation NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Siyi Yu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Boru Wei
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Dongpeng Yang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Dekun Ma
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, P. R. China
| | - Shaoming Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
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7
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Xia Y, Meng Y, Yu R, Teng Z, Zhou J, Wang S. Bio-Inspired Hydrogel-Elastomer Actuator with Bidirectional Bending and Dynamic Structural Color. Molecules 2023; 28:6752. [PMID: 37836595 PMCID: PMC10574087 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, some creatures can change their body shapes and surface colors simultaneously to respond to the external environments, which greatly inspired researchers in the development of color-tunable soft actuators. In this work, we present a facile method to prepare a smart hydrogel actuator that can bend bidirectionally and change color simultaneously, just like an octopus. The actuator is fabricated by elastomer/hydrogel bilayer and the hydrogel layer was decorated with thermoresponsive microgels as the photonic crystal blocks. Compared with the previously reported poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel-based bilayer hydrogel actuators, which are generally limited to one-directional deformation, the elastomer/hydrogel bilayer actuator prepared in our work exhibits unique bidirectional bending behavior in accordance with the change of structural color. The bending degrees can be changed from -360° to 270° in response to solution temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 60 °C. At the same time, the surface color changes from red to green, and then to blue, covering the full visible light spectrum. The bending direction and degree of the hydrogel actuator can easily be adjusted by tuning the layer thickness ratio of the elastomer/hydrogel or the composition of the hydrogel. The color-tunable hydrogel-elastomer actuator reported in this work can achieve both programmable deformations and color-changing highly resembling the natural actuating behaviors of creatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Xia
- Department of Biological and Bioenergy Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (Y.M.); (R.Y.); (Z.T.); (J.Z.); (S.W.)
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8
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Concellón A. Liquid Crystal Emulsions: A Versatile Platform for Photonics, Sensing, and Active Matter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202308857. [PMID: 37694542 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of liquid crystals (LCs) is a fascinating method for controlling the organization of discrete molecules into nanostructured functional materials. Although LCs are traditionally processed in thin films, their confinement within micrometre-sized droplets has recently revealed new properties and functions, paving the way for next-generation soft responsive materials. These recent findings have unlocked a wealth of unprecedented applications in photonics (e.g. reflectors, lasing materials), sensing (e.g. biomolecule and pathogen detection), soft robotics (e.g. micropumps, artificial muscles), and beyond. This Minireview focuses on recent developments in LC emulsion designs and highlights a variety of novel potential applications. Perspectives on the opportunities and new directions for implementing LC emulsions in future innovative technologies are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Concellón
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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Ussembayev YY, De Witte N, Liu X, Belmonte A, Bus T, Lubach S, Beunis F, Strubbe F, Schenning APHJ, Neyts K. Uni- and Bidirectional Rotation and Speed Control in Chiral Photonic Micromotors Powered by Light. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207095. [PMID: 36793159 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline polymers are attractive materials for untethered miniature soft robots. When they contain azo dyes, they acquire light-responsive actuation properties. However, the manipulation of such photoresponsive polymers at the micrometer scale remains largely unexplored. Here, uni- and bidirectional rotation and speed control of polymerized azo-containing chiral liquid crystalline photonic microparticles powered by light is reported. The rotation of these polymer particles is first studied in an optical trap experimentally and theoretically. The micro-sized polymer particles respond to the handedness of a circularly polarized trapping laser due to their chirality and exhibit uni- and bidirectional rotation depending on their alignment within the optical tweezers. The attained optical torque causes the particles to spin with a rotation rate of several hertz. The angular speed can be controlled by small structural changes, induced by ultraviolet (UV) light absorption. After switching off the UV illumination, the particle recovers its rotation speed. The results provide evidence of uni- and bidirectional motion and speed control in light-responsive polymer particles and offer a new way to devise light-controlled rotary microengines at the micrometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yera Ye Ussembayev
- LCP research group, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
- Center for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Noah De Witte
- LCP research group, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Belmonte
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Bus
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoukje Lubach
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Beunis
- LCP research group, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
- Center for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Filip Strubbe
- LCP research group, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
- Center for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan Neyts
- LCP research group, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
- Center for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
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10
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Abbasi Moud A. Advanced cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) aerogels: Bottom-up assembly perspective for production of adsorbents. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1-29. [PMID: 36156339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The most common and abundant polymer in nature is the linear polysaccharide cellulose, but processing it requires a new approach since cellulose degrades before melting and does not dissolve in ordinary organic solvents. Cellulose aerogels are exceptionally porous (>90 %), have a high specific surface area, and have low bulk density (0.0085 mg/cm3), making them suitable for a variety of sophisticated applications including but not limited to adsorbents. The production of materials with different qualities from the nanocellulose based aerogels is possible thanks to the ease with which other chemicals may be included into the structure of nanocellulose based aerogels; despite processing challenges, cellulose can nevertheless be formed into useful, value-added products using a variety of traditional and cutting-edge techniques. To improve the adsorption of these aerogels, rheology, 3-D printing, surface modification, employment of metal organic frameworks, freezing temperature, and freeze casting techniques were all investigated and included. In addition to exploring venues for creation of aerogels, their integration with CNC liquid crystal formation were also explored and examined to pursue "smart adsorbent aerogels". The objective of this endeavour is to provide a concise and in-depth evaluation of recent findings about the conception and understanding of nanocellulose aerogel employing a variety of technologies and examination of intricacies involved in enhancing adsorption properties of these aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Abbasi Moud
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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11
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Abbasi Moud A. Chiral Liquid Crystalline Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals: Fundamentals and Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:30673-30699. [PMID: 36092570 PMCID: PMC9453985 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
By using an independent self-assembly process that is occasionally controlled by evaporation, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) may create films (pure or in conjunction with other materials) that have iridescent structural colors. The self-forming chiral nematic structures and environmental safety of a new class of photonic liquid crystals (LCs), referred to as CNCs and CNC-embedded materials, make them simple to make and treat. The structure of the matrix interacts with light to give structural coloring, as opposed to other dye pigments, which interact with light by adsorption and reflection. Understanding how CNC self-assembly constructs structures is vital in several fields, including physics, science, and engineering. To constructure this review, the colloidal characteristics of CNC particles and their behavior during the formation of liquid crystals and gelling were studied. Then, some of the recognized applications for these naturally occurring nanoparticles were summarized. Different factors were considered, including the CNC aspect ratio, surface chemistry, concentration, the amount of time needed to produce an anisotropic phase, and the addition of additional substances to the suspension medium. The effects of alignment and the drying process conditions on structural changes are also covered. The focus of this study however is on the optical properties of the films as well as the impact of the aforementioned factors on the final transparency, iridescent colors, and versus the overall response of these bioinspired photonic materials. Control of the examined factors was found to be necessary to produce reliable materials for optoelectronics, intelligent inks and papers, transparent flexible support for electronics, and decorative coatings and films.
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12
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Zhang P, de Haan LT, Debije MG, Schenning APHJ. Liquid crystal-based structural color actuators. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:248. [PMID: 35931672 PMCID: PMC9356073 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Animals can modify their body shape and/or color for protection, camouflage and communication. This adaptability has inspired fabrication of actuators with structural color changes to endow soft robots with additional functionalities. Using liquid crystal-based materials for actuators with structural color changes is a promising approach. In this review, we discuss the current state of liquid crystal-based actuators with structural color changes and the potential applications of these structural color actuators in soft robotic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens T de Haan
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Michael G Debije
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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13
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Zhang P, Debije MG, de Haan LT, Schenning APHJ. Pigmented Structural Color Actuators Fueled by Near-Infrared Light. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20093-20100. [PMID: 35451302 PMCID: PMC9073939 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cuttlefish can modify their body shape and both their pigmentary and structural colors for protection. This adaptability has inspired the development of appearance-changing polymers such as structural color actuators, although in most cases, the original shape has been confined to being flat, and pigmented structural color actuators have not yet been reported. Here, we have successfully created a pigmented structural color actuator using a cholesteric liquid crystal elastomer with a lower actuation temperature where both actuation and coloration (structural and pigmental) are tunable with temperature and NIR light. The shape, structural color, and absorption of the NIR-absorbing dye pigment of the actuator all change with temperature. Light can be used to trigger local in-plane bending actuation in flat films and local shape changes in a variety of 3D-shaped objects. A cuttlefish mimic that can sense light and respond by locally changing its appearance was also made to demonstrate the potential of pigmented structural color actuators for signaling and camouflage in soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Stimuli-Responsive
Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G. Debije
- Stimuli-Responsive
Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens T. de Haan
- SCNU-TUE
Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National
Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Albert P. H. J. Schenning
- Stimuli-Responsive
Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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14
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Shen C, Wang Z, Huang R, Bao J, Li Z, Zhang L, Lan R, Yang H. Humidity-Responsive Photonic Crystals with pH and SO 2 Gas Detection Ability Based on Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16764-16771. [PMID: 35352930 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic photonic crystals with tunable structural colors have been a hot topic in the research of anticounterfeiting devices, decoration, and detection. In this work, we prepared cholesteric liquid crystalline network (CLCN)-based photonic crystals that present humidity- and SO2 gas-responsive behaviors. The covalently cross-linked CLCN film presents humidity-responsive color changes due to the swelling/deswelling of the matrix under different humidity conditions. When treating the CLCN film with SO2 gas, the carboxylic salt converted to the acid and the film was not able to respond to the humidity change anymore. The mechanism of the SO2 gas-gated humidity responsiveness of the CLCN film was characterized. It was found that the acidic gas caused changes of pH, resulting in the conversion of the salt to acid and alteration of the surface property. The influence of concentration of SO2 gas and pH on humidity responsiveness of the CLCN film was investigated. We hope that this method provides inspirations for the design and fabrication of visualized pH and acidic gas detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zizheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Rui Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jinying Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhaozhong Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Lanying Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ruochen Lan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Huai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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15
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Yue L, Shi X, Zhou G, de Haan LT. Controlling the Phase Behavior and Reflection of Main-Chain Cholesteric Oligomers Using a Smectic Monomer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063275. [PMID: 35328697 PMCID: PMC8951454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) are a significant class of temperature-responsive photonic materials that have the ability to selectively reflect light of a specific wavelength. However, the fabrication of main-chain CLC oligomers with dramatic reflection band variation upon varying the temperatures remains a challenge. Here, a feasible method for improving and controlling the responsiveness of main-chain cholesteric liquid crystal oligomers by the incorporation of a smectic monomer is reported. The smectic monomer strengthens the smectic character of the oligomers and enhances the magnitude of the change of the pitch as a function of temperature upon approaching the cholesteric–smectic phase transition temperature. The central wavelength of the reflection band can be easily modified by mixing in an additional chiral dopant. This promising method will open the door to the preparation of temperature-responsive photonic devices with excellent responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lansong Yue
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Y.); (X.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiuyi Shi
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Y.); (X.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Y.); (X.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (L.T.d.H.); Tel.: +86-0203-931-4813 (G.Z. & L.T.d.H.)
| | - Laurens T. de Haan
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Y.); (X.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (L.T.d.H.); Tel.: +86-0203-931-4813 (G.Z. & L.T.d.H.)
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16
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Meng Y, He Z, Dong C, Long Z. Multi-stimuli-responsive photonics films based on chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118756. [PMID: 34893211 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple-stimuli-responsive bio-based materials have received considerable attention for intelligent packaging and anti-counterfeiting applications. Herein, we present a unique biobased photonics film with multi-stimuli responsive behavior based on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), sorbitol (S) and anthocyanin (Anth). The resulting photonics film exhibits multi-stimuli responsive behavior to humidity, solvent and pH stimuli. Notably, the photonics film showed dramatic invertible color from blue to fuchsia and high sensitivity at a relative humidity from 50% to 100%. Moreover, the photonics film exhibited fast response and good reversibility under different ethanol concentrations. Significant color changes of the photonics film were also observed in response to pH change in the range of 2 to 12. Particularly, the humidity, solvent and pH responsiveness of the photonics film did not interfere with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Environmental and Nature Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Zhibin He
- Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Cuihua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Zhu Long
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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17
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Yang T, Yuan D, Liu W, Zhang Z, Wang K, You Y, Ye H, de Haan LT, Zhang Z, Zhou G. Thermochromic Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Microcapsules with Cellulose Nanocrystals and a Melamine Resin Hybrid Shell. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4588-4597. [PMID: 35038863 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Thermochromic coatings that can change their color in response to variations in ambient temperature have various potential applications. Cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) are promising thermochromic materials due to their selective light reflection and wide regulation range. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate thermochromic coatings that combine good responsivity, mechanical strength, fabrication feasibility, and flexibility. In this study, CLC microcapsules containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and a melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin hybrid shell were fabricated via in situ polymerization using CNC-stabilized Pickering emulsions as templates. The CNCs were employed as both Pickering emulsifiers and alignment agents of CLCs to prepare CLC Pickering emulsions. The CLC microcapsules were mixed with curable binders to obtain coating slurries, and thermochromic coatings were prepared by painting the slurries on substrates and drying. The thermochromic coatings could adjust their color in the visible wavelength range in a temperature range of 12 to 42 °C. Moreover, the obtained thermochromic coatings displayed a relatively high reflectance of up to 30-40% and can even be applied to flexible substrates. The CLC microcapsules with CNCs and an MF hybrid shell are promising in the field of smart decorative paints, anti-counterfeit labels, and artificial skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjiao Yang
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dong Yuan
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin You
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Huapeng Ye
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Laurens T de Haan
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, P. R. China
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18
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Hussain S, Park SY. Photonic Cholesteric Liquid-Crystal Elastomers with Reprogrammable Helical Pitch and Handedness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59275-59287. [PMID: 34854301 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The unique combination of the rubber-like property and the photonic helicoidal structure of cholesteric liquid-crystal elastomers (CLCEs) results in one-handed circular polarized light reflection, the wavelength of which is dictated by the Bragg relationship. Herein, a highly stretchable mechanochromic photonic CLCE film was fabricated by cross-linking mesogenic oligomers having thiol terminal groups, which further reacted to form disulfide (-S-S-) linkages. The mechanically stretched photonic CLCE film reflected both right- and left-handed circular polarized lights with a blue-shifted color. The helicoidal pitch and handedness controlled by the applied strain were programmed through a dynamic exchange reaction between the -S-S- linkages, thus realizing the patterning at selective regions. The pattern almost vanished under unpolarized daylight but was visible under circularly polarized light when the patterned photonic CLCE film had been heated above its isotropic temperature. The hidden patterns of the heat-treated CLCE film reappeared under unpolarized daylight when stretched, demonstrating a data encryption ability. These patterned photonic elastomers can be uniquely used in sensors, actuators, soft robotics, flexible displays, data encryption, and anticounterfeiting applications with a mechanochromic camouflage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saddam Hussain
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Polymeric Nano Materials Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Polymeric Nano Materials Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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19
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Liu X, Debije MG, Heuts JPA, Schenning APHJ. Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Particles Prepared by Classical Polymerization Techniques. Chemistry 2021; 27:14168-14178. [PMID: 34320258 PMCID: PMC8596811 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-crystalline polymer particles prepared by classical polymerization techniques are receiving increased attention as promising candidates for use in a variety of applications including micro-actuators, structurally colored objects, and absorbents. These particles have anisotropic molecular order and liquid-crystalline phases that distinguish them from conventional polymer particles. In this minireview, the preparation of liquid-crystalline polymer particles from classical suspension, (mini-)emulsion, dispersion, and precipitation polymerization reactions are discussed. The particle sizes, molecular orientations, and liquid-crystalline phases produced by each technique are summarized and compared. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges and prospects of the preparation of liquid-crystalline polymer particles by classical polymerization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyPO Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyPO Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Michael G. Debije
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyPO Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyPO Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyPO Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Albert P. H. J. Schenning
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyPO Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyPO Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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20
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Martella D, Nocentini S, Parmeggiani C, Wiersma DS. Photonic artificial muscles: from micro robots to tissue engineering. Faraday Discuss 2021; 223:216-232. [PMID: 32716468 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Light responsive shape-changing polymers are able to mimic the function of biological muscles accomplishing mechanical work in response to selected stimuli. A variety of manufacturing techniques and chemical processes can be employed to shape these materials to different length scales, from centimeter fibers and films to 3D printed micrometric objects trying to replicate biological functions and operations. Controlled deformations shown to mimick basic animal operations such as walking, swimming or grabbing objects, while also controlling the refractive index and the geometry of devices, opens up the potential to implement tunable optical properties. Another possibility is that of combining artificial polymers with cells or biological tissue (such as intact cardiac trabeculae) with the aim to improve tissue formation in vitro or to support the mechanical function of damaged biological muscles. Such versatility is afforded by chemistry. New customized liquid crystalline monomers are presented here that modulate material properties for different applications. The role of synthetic material composition is highlighted as we demonstrate how using apparently similar molecular formulations, that liquid crystalline polymers can be adapted to different technological and medical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Martella
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sara Nocentini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. and Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica INRiM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Camilla Parmeggiani
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. and Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica INRiM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Diederik S Wiersma
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica INRiM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy
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21
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Li X, Liu J, Li D, Huang S, Huang K, Zhang X. Bioinspired Multi-Stimuli Responsive Actuators with Synergistic Color- and Morphing-Change Abilities. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101295. [PMID: 34114362 PMCID: PMC8373155 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The combination of complex perception, defense, and camouflage mechanisms is a pivotal instinctive ability that equips organisms with survival advantages. The simulations of such fascinating multi-stimuli responsiveness, including thigmotropism, bioluminescence, color-changing ability, and so on, are of great significance for scientists to develop novel biomimetic smart materials. However, most biomimetic color-changing or luminescence materials can only realize a single stimulus-response, hence the design and fabrication of multi-stimuli responsive materials with synergistic color-changing are still on the way. Here, a bioinspired multi-stimuli responsive actuator with color- and morphing-change abilities is developed by taking advantage of the assembled cellulose nanocrystals-based cholesteric liquid crystal structure and its water/temperature response behaviors. The actuator exhibits superfast, reversible bi-directional humidity and near-infrared (NIR) light actuating ability (humidity: 9 s; NIR light: 16 s), accompanying with synergistic iridescent appearance which provides a visual cue for the movement of actuators. This work paves the way for biomimetic multi-stimuli responsive materials and will have a wide range of applications such as optical anti-counterfeiting devices, information storage materials, and smart soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan UniversityNo.24 South Section 1, Yihuan RoadChengdu610065China
| | - Jize Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan UniversityNo.24 South Section 1, Yihuan RoadChengdu610065China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Environmental protection facilities or service departmentGuangxi Beitou Environmental Protection & Water Group Co.Ltd. 153 Minzu AvenueNanning530029China
| | - Shaoquan Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non‐Food BiorefineryGuangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐refineryGuangxi Academy of Sciences98 Daling RoadNanning530007China
| | - Kai Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non‐Food BiorefineryGuangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐refineryGuangxi Academy of Sciences98 Daling RoadNanning530007China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan UniversityNo.24 South Section 1, Yihuan RoadChengdu610065China
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22
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Zhou C, Qi Y, Zhang S, Niu W, Wu S, Ma W, Tang B. Lotus Seedpod Inspiration: Particle-Nested Double-Inverse Opal Films with Fast and Reversible Structural Color Switching for Information Security. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:26384-26393. [PMID: 34038074 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The integration of novel structures into colloidal crystals provides the possibility of constructing stimuli-responsive photonic materials. However, in most opal and inverse opal structures, replacing the interior air with an infiltrated liquid will cause partial refractive index matching, resulting in the reduction or even disappearance of the photonic band gap. Herein, inspired by the lotus seedpod, an innovative particle-nested double-inverse opal film with fast and reversible structural color switching (≈1 s) is first fabricated by introducing polystyrene (PS) spheres into an inverted opal backbone. Importantly, refractive index matching can be effectively avoided due to the existence of internal PS spheres, and optical switching from diffusive to photonic behavior is achieved by a liquid with low surface tension for the response. Furthermore, a reversible ethanol stimuli-response bilayer double-inverse opal film with multistate switching for information encryption is proposed by combining optical scattering and diffraction. The scattered light from the top layer caused by the randomly distributed and weakly scattering PS spheres within the pores makes the pattern at the bottom invisible. Simultaneously, the display and discoloration of the pattern can be realized instantaneously by ethanol response. Thus, this new preparation strategy exhibits great potential in the security fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changtong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Suli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Bingtao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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23
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Environmentally Stable Chiral-Nematic Liquid-Crystal Elastomers with Mechano-Optical Properties. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11115037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chiral-nematic liquid crystal (N* LC) elastomers exhibit mechano-optical responsive behavior. However, practical sensor applications have been limited by the intrinsic sensitivity of N* LC elastomers to environmental conditions, such as temperature. Although densely cross-linked LC network polymers exhibit high thermal stability, they are not proper for the mechanical sensor due to high glass transition temperatures and low flexibility. To overcome these issues, we focused on enhancing thermal stability by introducing noncovalent cross-linking sites via intermolecular interactions between LC molecules bonded to the polymer network. N* LC elastomers with a cyanobiphenyl derivative as a side-chain mesogen exhibited mechano-optical responsive behavior, with a hypsochromic shift of the reflection peak wavelength under an applied tensile strain and quick shape and color recovery owing to high elasticity. Notably, the N* LC elastomers showed high resistance to harsh environments, including high temperatures and various solvents. Interactions, such as π–π stacking and dipole–dipole interactions, between the cyanobiphenyl units can act as weak cross-links, thus improving the thermal stability of the LC phase without affecting the mechano-optical response. Thus, these N* LC elastomers have great potential for the realization of practical mechano-optical sensors.
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24
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Nie M, Huang C, Du X. Recent advances in colour-tunable soft actuators. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2780-2791. [PMID: 33514972 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07907c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In nature, some creatures have the capability to change shapes to adapt to ever-changing environments, which greatly inspire researchers to develop soft actuators. To endow soft actuators with capabilities to interact with environment and integrate more feedbacks is of great significance. Colour-tunable soft actuators that provide colour change feedbacks have therefore attracted extensive attention. Based on either chemical-colour or structural-colour based materials, a variety of colour-tunable soft actuators enabling shape deformations (or locomotion) and colour changes have been prepared and hold promise for applications in soft robotics and biomedical devices. This review summarizes the recent advances of colour-tunable soft actuators, with emphasis on their colour-change mechanisms and highlighting their applications. Existing challenges and future perspectives on colour-tunable soft actuators are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Nie
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xuemin Du
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Liu J, Xu L, He C, Lu X, Wang F. Transparent low-voltage-driven soft actuators with silver nanowires Joule heaters. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00837d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transparent soft actuators with silver nanowire Joule heaters embedded in liquid crystal elastomer and PDMS layer was prepared, and it can perform reversible large bending deformation driven by low voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lulu Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chaobin He
- Polymer Composites, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Xuehong Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - FuKe Wang
- Polymer Composites, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
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Liu F, Zhang S, Meng Y, Tang B. Thermal Responsive Photonic Crystal Achieved through the Control of Light Path Guided by Phase Transition. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002319. [PMID: 32705808 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Responsive photonic crystal is widely considered in the field of anti-counterfeiting and information encryption because of their structural color changes caused by external stimulation. However, the response signal is usually achieved by adjusting the periodic lattice constant based on Bragg's law with volume changes. Thus, it is a great challenge to achieve the response of photonic crystals by non-array parameter control. Herein, novel thermal responsive photonic crystal (TRPC) with low angle dependent structural color is fabricated by introducing poly(ethylene glycol) into the structure of low angle dependent SnO2 inverse opal. The response is achieved through the control of light path guided by phase transition and the significant volume change caused by the change of traditional array parameters can be effectively avoided. Meanwhile, the low angle dependent structural color of TRPC can effectively reduce the interference of observation angle change to response signal caused by external thermal stimulation. Patterned responsive photonic crystals with temperature gradient response are easily obtained by combining confinement self-assembly and direct template method, and the patterns can be presented and hidden by the control of light path, showing great potential in anti-counterfeiting and information encryption fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Eco-chemical Engineering Cooperative Innovation Center of Shandong, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Bingtao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- Eco-chemical Engineering Cooperative Innovation Center of Shandong, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
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Gardymova AP, Krakhalev MN, Zyryanov VY. Optical Textures and Orientational Structures in Cholesteric Droplets with Conical Boundary Conditions. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071740. [PMID: 32290090 PMCID: PMC7181251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteric droplets dispersed in polymer with conical boundary conditions have been studied. The director configurations are identified by the polarising microscopy technique. The axisymmetric twisted axial-bipolar configuration with the surface circular defect at the droplet’s equator is formed at the relative chirality parameter N0≤2.9. The intermediate director configuration with the deformed circular defect is realised at 2.9<N0<3.95, and the layer-like structure with the twisted surface defect loop is observed at N0≥3.95. The cholesteric layers in the layer-like structure are slightly distorted although the cholesteric helix is untwisted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P. Gardymova
- Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-391-249-4510
| | - Mikhail N. Krakhalev
- Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
| | - Victor Ya. Zyryanov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
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Zhao P, Xu B, Zhang Y, Li B, Chen H. Study on the Twisted and Coiled Polymer Actuator with Strain Self-Sensing Ability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:15716-15725. [PMID: 32141730 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Twisted and coiled polymer actuators (TCAs) are a kind of efficient artificial muscles, which have good prospects for application in soft robots, bionic devices, and biological, medical, and other high-tech fields. However, the inability to dynamically sense and adjust the strain of the actuator will lead to uncertainty in the accuracy of deformation and strain, resulting in imprecise target action. Herein, TCAs with strain self-sensing ability (TCASA) are prepared by integrating the stretchable optomechanical film (SOMF) sensors into TCAs, which provides a simple strategy for dynamical strain sensing. These SOMFs have a wide range of color changes during deformation of TCAs, and the strain is perceived by observing the color change according to the corresponding relationship between color change and strain. Furthermore, the proposed TCASA maintain excellent cycling stability of strain self-sensing during cyclic tests (200 cycles) and excellent strain self-sensing performance to perform strain control compared to TCAs without SOMFs. The results indicate that the proposed structure is a promising soft actuator with excellent strain self-sensing ability, which is well suited for soft robots, bionic devices, biological and medical fields, smart wearable technologies, and so forth, especially when controlled, repetitive deformations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yakun Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hualing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
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