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Shivalkar S, Roy A, Chaudhary S, Samanta SK, Chowdhary P, Sahoo AK. Strategies in design of self-propelling hybrid micro/nanobots for bioengineering applications. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:062003. [PMID: 37703889 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acf975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanobots are integrated devices developed from engineered nanomaterials that have evolved significantly over the past decades. They can potentially be pre-programmed to operate robustly at numerous hard-to-reach organ/tissues/cellular sites for multiple bioengineering applications such as early disease diagnosis, precision surgeries, targeted drug delivery, cancer therapeutics, bio-imaging, biomolecules isolation, detoxification, bio-sensing, and clearing up clogged arteries with high soaring effectiveness and minimal exhaustion of power. Several techniques have been introduced in recent years to develop programmable, biocompatible, and energy-efficient micro/nanobots. Therefore, the primary focus of most of these techniques is to develop hybrid micro/nanobots that are an optimized combination of purely synthetic or biodegradable bots suitable for the execution of user-defined tasks more precisely and efficiently. Recent progress has been illustrated here as an overview of a few of the achievable construction principles to be used to make biomedical micro/nanobots and explores the pivotal ventures of nanotechnology-moderated development of catalytic autonomous bots. Furthermore, it is also foregrounding their advancement offering an insight into the recent trends and subsequent prospects, opportunities, and challenges involved in the accomplishments of the effective multifarious bioengineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shivalkar
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Anwesha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shrutika Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Sintu Kumar Samanta
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Pallabi Chowdhary
- Department of Biotechnology, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India
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2
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Oral CM, Ussia M, Urso M, Salat J, Novobilsky A, Stefanik M, Ruzek D, Pumera M. Radiopaque Nanorobots as Magnetically Navigable Contrast Agents for Localized In Vivo Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202682. [PMID: 36502367 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanorobots offer wireless navigation capability in hard-to-reach areas of the human body for targeted therapy and diagnosis. Though in vivo imaging is required for guidance of the magnetic nanorobots toward the target areas, most of the imaging techniques are inadequate to reveal the potential locomotion routes. This work proposes the use of radiopaque magnetic nanorobots along with microcomputed tomography (microCT) for localized in vivo imaging applications. The nanorobots consist of a contrast agent, barium sulfate (BaSO4 ), magnetized by the decoration of magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) particles. The magnetic features lead to actuation under rotating magnetic fields and enable precise navigation in a microfluidic channel used to simulate confined spaces of the body. In this channel, the intrinsic radiopacity of the nanorobots also provides the possibility to reveal the internal structures by X-ray contrast. Furthermore, in vitro analysis indicates nontoxicity of the nanorobots. In vivo experiments demonstrate localization of the nanorobots in a specific part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract upon the influence of the magnetic field, indicating the efficient control even in the presence of natural peristaltic movements. The nanorobots reported here highlight that smart nanorobotic contrast agents can improve the current imaging-based diagnosis techniques by providing untethered controllability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay M Oral
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno, CZ-61200, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Ussia
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno, CZ-61200, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Urso
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno, CZ-61200, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Salat
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, CZ-62100, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Novobilsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, CZ-62100, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Stefanik
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, CZ-62100, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1665/1, Brno, CZ-61300, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, CZ-62100, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, CZ-37005, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 735/5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno, CZ-61200, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, TW-40402, Taiwan
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava, CZ-70800, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, KR-03722, Korea
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3
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Zhao P, Qu F, Fu H, Zhao J, Guo J, Xu J, Ho YP, Chan MK, Bian L. Water-Immiscible Coacervate as a Liquid Magnetic Robot for Intravascular Navigation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3312-3317. [PMID: 36728932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing magnetic ultrasoft robots to navigate through extraordinarily narrow and confined spaces like capillaries in vivo requires synthesizing materials with excessive deformability, responsive actuation, and rapid adaptability, which are difficult to achieve with the current soft polymeric materials, such as elastomers and hydrogels. We report a magnetically actuatable and water-immiscible (MAWI) coacervate based on the assembled magnetic core-shell nanoparticles to function as a liquid robot. The degradable and biocompatible millimeter-sized MAWI coacervate liquid robot can remain stable under changing pH and salt concentrations, release loaded cargoes on demand, squeeze through an artificial capillary network within seconds, and realize intravascular targeting in vivo guided by an external magnetic field. We believe the proposed "coacervate-based liquid robot" can implement demanding tasks beyond the capability of conventional elastomer or hydrogel-based soft robots in the field of biomedicine and represents a distinct design strategy for high-performance ultrasoft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, P. R. China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Fuyang Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hao Fu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, P. R. China
| | - Jianyang Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiankun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University, Shantou 515041, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ping Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Michael K Chan
- School of Life Sciences and Center of Novel Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Liming Bian
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Song S, Llopis-Lorente A, Mason AF, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Confined Motion: Motility of Active Microparticles in Cell-Sized Lipid Vesicles. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13831-13838. [PMID: 35867803 PMCID: PMC9354240 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
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Active materials can transduce external energy into kinetic
energy
at the nano and micron length scales. This unique feature has sparked
much research, which ranges from achieving fundamental understanding
of their motility to the assessment of potential applications. Traditionally,
motility is studied as a function of internal features such as particle
topology, while external parameters such as energy source are assessed
mainly in bulk. However, in real-life applications, confinement plays
a crucial role in determining the type of motion active particles
can adapt. This feature has been however surprisingly underexplored
experimentally. Here, we showcase a tunable experimental platform
to gain an insight into the dynamics of active particles in environments
with restricted 3D topology. Particularly, we examined the autonomous
motion of coacervate micromotors confined in giant unilamellar vesicles
(GUVs) spanning 10–50 μm in diameter and varied parameters
including fuel and micromotor concentration. We observed anomalous
diffusion upon confinement, leading to decreased motility, which was
more pronounced in smaller compartments. The results indicate that
the theoretically predicted hydrodynamic effect dominates the motion
mechanism within this platform. Our study provides a versatile approach
to understand the behavior of active matter under controlled, compartmentalized
conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherland
| | - Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherland.,Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM); CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN); Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexander F Mason
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherland
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherland
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherland
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Wang J, Si J, Li J, Zhang P, Wang Y, Zhang W, Jin B, Li W, Li N, Miao S. Self-Propelled Nanojets for Fenton Catalysts Based on Halloysite with Embedded Pt and Outside-Grafted Fe 3O 4. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49017-49026. [PMID: 34614350 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Taking inspirations from nature, we endeavor to develop catalytically self-propelled nanojets from a type of tubular clay minerals, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), and utilize them as catalysts targeted for catalysis where the traditional means of mechanical agitation cannot be implemented. Nanojets of Fe3O4@HNTs/Pt were prepared by impregnating platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) in lumens of HNTs and selective grafting of magnetite (Fe3O4) particles on the external surface. The HNT-based nanojets were validated to be highly suitable both in free bulk solution and in microfluidic flow. An example of Fenton degradation catalyzed by these jets was demonstrated. The powerful movement of Fe3O4@HNTs/Pt (368 ± 50 μm·s-1) fueled by 5.0% wt. H2O2 was found to follow a bubble propulsion mechanism, and the motion exhibits collective behavior as swarms. The clay tubes were for the first time observed to self-assemble into fish-like aggregates during swimming, reflecting natural occurrence of motion-evolution philosophy. Guided motion was realized by employing magnetic manipulation which makes jets feasible for reactors with complex microchannels/reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jiwen Si
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jingyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Peiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation in Northeast Asia, Ministry of Natural Resources, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shiding Miao
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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Dekanovsky L, Khezri B, Rottnerova Z, Novotny F, Plutnar J, Pumera M. Chemically programmable microrobots weaving a web from hormones. NAT MACH INTELL 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-020-00248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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