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Bo R, Xu S, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Mechanically-Guided 3D Assembly for Architected Flexible Electronics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11137-11189. [PMID: 37676059 PMCID: PMC10540141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Architected flexible electronic devices with rationally designed 3D geometries have found essential applications in biology, medicine, therapeutics, sensing/imaging, energy, robotics, and daily healthcare. Mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods, exploiting mechanics principles of materials and structures to transform planar electronic devices fabricated using mature semiconductor techniques into 3D architected ones, are promising routes to such architected flexible electronic devices. Here, we comprehensively review mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods for architected flexible electronics. Mainstream methods of mechanically-guided 3D assembly are classified and discussed on the basis of their fundamental deformation modes (i.e., rolling, folding, curving, and buckling). Diverse 3D interconnects and device forms are then summarized, which correspond to the two key components of an architected flexible electronic device. Afterward, structure-induced functionalities are highlighted to provide guidelines for function-driven structural designs of flexible electronics, followed by a collective summary of their resulting applications. Finally, conclusions and outlooks are given, covering routes to achieve extreme deformations and dimensions, inverse design methods, and encapsulation strategies of architected 3D flexible electronics, as well as perspectives on future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renheng Bo
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Youzhou Yang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
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2
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Ma J, Quhe R, Zhang W, Yan Y, Tang H, Qu Z, Cheng Y, Schmidt OG, Zhu M. Zn Microbatteries Explore Ways for Integrations in Intelligent Systems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300230. [PMID: 36938705 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As intelligent microsystems develop, many revolutionary applications, such as the swallowing surgeon proposed by Richard Feynman, are about to evolve. Nonetheless, integrable energy storage satisfying the demand for autonomous operations has emerged as a major obstacle to the deployment of intelligent microsystems. A reason for the lagging development of integrable batteries is the challenge of miniaturization through microfabrication procedures. Lithium batteries, generated by the most successful battery chemistry, are not stable in the air, thus creating major manufacturing challenges. Other cations (Na+ , Mg2+ , Al3+ , K+ ) are still in the early stages of development. In contrast, the superior stability of zinc batteries in the air brings high compatibility to microfabrication protocols and has already demonstrated excellent practicability in full-sized devices. To obtain energy-dense and high-power zinc microbatteries within square-millimeter or smaller footprints, sandwich, pillar, and Swiss-roll configurations are developed. Thin interdigital and fiber microbatteries find their applications being integrated into wearable devices and electronic skin. It is foreseeable that zinc microbatteries will find their way into highly integrated microsystems unlocking their full potential for autonomous operation. This review summarizes the material development, configuration innovation, and application-oriented integration of zinc microbatteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Ma
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, P. R. China
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Ruge Quhe
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, P. R. China
| | - Wenlan Zhang
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Yaping Yan
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Zhe Qu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Yapeng Cheng
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- School of Science, Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
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3
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Li Y, Zhu M, Karnaushenko DD, Li F, Qu J, Wang J, Zhang P, Liu L, Ravishankar R, Bandari VK, Tang H, Qu Z, Zhu F, Weng Q, Schmidt OG. Microbatteries with twin-Swiss-rolls redefine performance limits in the sub-square millimeter range. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 8:127-132. [PMID: 36444694 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00472k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To maintain the downscaling of microelectronic devices with footprints less than one square millimeter, next-generation microbatteries should occupy the same area and deliver adequate energy for running a new generation of multi-functional microautonomous systems. However, the current microbattery technology fails in accomplishing this task because the micrometer-sized electrodes are not compatible with on-chip integration protocols and technologies. To tackle this critical challenge, an on-chip Swiss-roll microelectrode architecture is employed that exploits the self-assembly of thin films into ultra-compact device architectures. A twin-Swiss-roll microelectrode on a chip occupies a footprint of 0.045 mm2 and delivers an energy density up to 458 μW h cm-2. After packaging, the footprint of a full cell increases to 0.11 mm2 with a high energy density of 181 μW h cm-2. The volumetric energy density excluding the chip thickness is 16.3 mW h cm-3. These results open opportunities for deploying microbatteries as energy and power sources to drive smart dust microelectronics and microautonomous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Dmitriy D Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Fei Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Jiang Qu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Panpan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lixiang Liu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Rachappa Ravishankar
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Zhe Qu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Qunhong Weng
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 110016, China
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- School of Science, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, 01069, Germany
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4
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Rivkin B, Becker C, Singh B, Aziz A, Akbar F, Egunov A, Karnaushenko DD, Naumann R, Schäfer R, Medina-Sánchez M, Karnaushenko D, Schmidt OG. Electronically integrated microcatheters based on self-assembling polymer films. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl5408. [PMID: 34919439 PMCID: PMC8682992 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Existing electronically integrated catheters rely on the manual assembly of separate components to integrate sensing and actuation capabilities. This strongly impedes their miniaturization and further integration. Here, we report an electronically integrated self-assembled microcatheter. Electronic components for sensing and actuation are embedded into the catheter wall through the self-assembly of photolithographically processed polymer thin films. With a diameter of only about 0.1 mm, the catheter integrates actuated digits for manipulation and a magnetic sensor for navigation and is capable of targeted delivery of liquids. Fundamental functionalities are demonstrated and evaluated with artificial model environments and ex vivo tissue. Using the integrated magnetic sensor, we develop a strategy for the magnetic tracking of medical tools that facilitates basic navigation with a high resolution below 0.1 mm. These highly flexible and microsized integrated catheters might expand the boundary of minimally invasive surgery and lead to new biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Rivkin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Balram Singh
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Azaam Aziz
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Farzin Akbar
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Egunov
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitriy D. Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Transgenic Core Facility, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schäfer
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Corresponding author. (M.M.-S.); (D.K.); (O.G.S.)
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Corresponding author. (M.M.-S.); (D.K.); (O.G.S.)
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Corresponding author. (M.M.-S.); (D.K.); (O.G.S.)
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5
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Park Y, Chung TS, Lee G, Rogers JA. Materials Chemistry of Neural Interface Technologies and Recent Advances in Three-Dimensional Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5277-5316. [PMID: 34739219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in materials chemistry and engineering serve as the basis for multifunctional neural interfaces that span length scales from individual neurons to neural networks, neural tissues, and complete neural systems. Such technologies exploit electrical, electrochemical, optical, and/or pharmacological modalities in sensing and neuromodulation for fundamental studies in neuroscience research, with additional potential to serve as routes for monitoring and treating neurodegenerative diseases and for rehabilitating patients. This review summarizes the essential role of chemistry in this field of research, with an emphasis on recently published results and developing trends. The focus is on enabling materials in diverse device constructs, including their latest utilization in 3D bioelectronic frameworks formed by 3D printing, self-folding, and mechanically guided assembly. A concluding section highlights key challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonseok Park
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ted S Chung
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Geumbee Lee
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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