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Cheng S, Wang KH, Zhou L, Sun ZJ, Zhang L. Tailoring Biomaterials Ameliorate Inflammatory Bone Loss. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304021. [PMID: 38288569 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and celiac disease, disrupt the delicate balance between bone resorption and formation, leading to inflammatory bone loss. Conventional approaches to tackle this issue encompass pharmaceutical interventions and surgical procedures. Nevertheless, pharmaceutical interventions exhibit limited efficacy, while surgical treatments impose trauma and significant financial burden upon patients. Biomaterials show outstanding spatiotemporal controllability, possess a remarkable specific surface area, and demonstrate exceptional reactivity. In the present era, the advancement of emerging biomaterials has bestowed upon more efficacious solutions for combatting the detrimental consequences of inflammatory bone loss. In this review, the advances of biomaterials for ameliorating inflammatory bone loss are listed. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of various biomaterials-mediated strategies are summarized. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of biomaterials are analyzed. This review aims to provide new possibilities for developing more advanced biomaterials toward inflammatory bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Kong-Huai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
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Yin S, Cai L, Li X, Lin K, Shi X, Zhang H, Wang L, Li J. Small molecules modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles orally deliver indomethacin with synergistic effect. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 195:106719. [PMID: 38309442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Molecularly functional drug delivery systems possessed huge potentials to realize novel drug administration. To explore small molecules modified drug delivery, a series of small molecules modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (L-Mal-MSNs, D-Mal-MSNs) were established by grafting small molecules. Poorly water-soluble indomethacin (IMC) was chosen to load into these small molecules modified carriers as well as corresponding control carrier, and further to study characteristics and delivery effects of drug loaded carriers. The results indicated that all these small molecules modified carriers formed hydrogen bonds with drugs and can successfully convert drug crystal phase to amorphous state so as to enhance drug dissolution compared to raw drug. In vivo rat intestinal perfusion demonstrated that IMC loaded L-Mal-MSNs performed the fastest drug absorption while analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of IMC loaded D-Mal-MSNs turned out to be the best, giving hints that D-malic acid exhibited best synergic functions for IMC. The herein small molecules modified delivery system is an effective solution strategy for the current application of analgesia and anti-inflammatory drugs with outstanding significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Kai Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xianbao Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Lifescience and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Wang L, Yu D, Li D, Li J. Superior doxorubicin cellular delivery effect established by optically active mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01537-6. [PMID: 38381319 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The impact of optically active biomaterials on drug delivery remains a vital and hot topic. To reveal special advantages of optically active mesoporous silica nanoparticles in delivering drug in cells, optically active mesoporous silica nanoparticles deliver doxorubicin (DOX) with chiral behavior in cancer cells was studied. The present work focused on two types of optically active mesoporous silica nanoparticles named as levorotatory optically active mesoporous silica nanoparticles (LOA-MSNs) and dextrorotatory optically active mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DOA-MSNs) and examined their effects on cellular DOX delivery in cancer cells. The obtained LOA-MSNs and DOA-MSNs were regular spheres with particle diameters ranging from 200 to 250 nm, and their shell layer was filled with interlaced channels. Our results indicated that LOA-MSNs and DOA-MSNs did not exhibit cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cells and B16 cells. The cytotoxicity of DOX-loaded LOA-MSNs and DOX-loaded DOA-MSNs were stronger than DOX owing to the synergistic retention and accumulation effect of nanoparticles. More importantly, DOX-loaded DOA-MSNs presented stronger cytotoxicity due to the higher synergistic retention and accumulation effect of DOA-MSNs. These findings suggest that DOA-MSNs with superior cellular delivery of DOX have great potential to advance the development of optical anti-tumor delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110034, China
| | - Dahai Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110034, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Basic Medical College, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110034, China.
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Wang M, Wu Y, Li G, Lin Q, Zhang W, Liu H, Su J. Articular cartilage repair biomaterials: strategies and applications. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100948. [PMID: 38269053 PMCID: PMC10806349 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage injury is a frequent worldwide disease, while effective treatment is urgently needed. Due to lack of blood vessels and nerves, the ability of cartilage to self-repair is limited. Despite the availability of various clinical treatments, unfavorable prognoses and complications remain prevalent. However, the advent of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has generated considerable interests in using biomaterials for articular cartilage repair. Nevertheless, there remains a notable scarcity of comprehensive reviews that provide an in-depth exploration of the various strategies and applications. Herein, we present an overview of the primary biomaterials and bioactive substances from the tissue engineering perspective to repair articular cartilage. The strategies include regeneration, substitution, and immunization. We comprehensively delineate the influence of mechanically supportive scaffolds on cellular behavior, shedding light on emerging scaffold technologies, including stimuli-responsive smart scaffolds, 3D-printed scaffolds, and cartilage bionic scaffolds. Biologically active substances, including bioactive factors, stem cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and cartilage organoids, are elucidated for their roles in regulating the activity of chondrocytes. Furthermore, the composite bioactive scaffolds produced industrially to put into clinical use, are also explicitly presented. This review offers innovative solutions for treating articular cartilage ailments and emphasizes the potential of biomaterials for articular cartilage repair in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- College of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Guangfeng Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- College of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, 200941, China
| | - Qiushui Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wencai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Han Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Cheng M, Hu L, Pan P, Liu Q, Zhang Z, Wang C, Liu M, Chen J. Abalone shell-based magnetic macroporous hydroxyapatite microspheres with good reusability for efficient dye adsorption. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 231:113561. [PMID: 37738869 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Azo dye methyl orange (MO) and shell rotting cause great environmental pollution. Most of the common dye adsorbents are difficult to produce, not environmentally friendly and it is always difficult to utilize the shell resources effectively. In this study, shell-based economical and environmentally friendly magnetic hydroxyapatite microsphere adsorbents (Fe3O4 @SiO2/HAP) were developed for the removal of MO from simulated wastewater by sol-gel and hydrothermal synthesis methods. The effects of solution pH, initial concentration, adsorption time and system temperature on the adsorption effect were investigated, and the repeat recovery performance was explored. The equilibrium adsorption data follow the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic curves, and the analysis indicates that the adsorption process is spontaneously exothermic. The adsorption capacities of MO were up to 94.48% and 88.94%, under the acidic environment of pH = 4, respectively, and had good recycling performance. The results provide a high-value utilization pathway for waste shell resources and focus on the removal of azo dyes. This is expected to provide new development ideas for the environmental hazards caused by acid dye wastewater discharged into rivers and oceans, as well as the problems of soil pollution and resource waste caused by weathering and corrosion of shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Cheng
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Le Hu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Panpan Pan
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Weihai Changqing Ocean Science Technology Co., Ltd., Rongcheng 264300, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Man Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jingdi Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
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Duan X, Liu A, Zhou L, Wei S. Pd nanoparticles anchored Co-MOF for nitrophenol reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:97936-97947. [PMID: 37603249 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Three nitrophenols are among the 126 priority toxic pollutants identified by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Catalyzing hydrogenation is a simple way to convert these toxic nitrophenols into harmless aminophenols. Commercial PdC has excellent catalytic hydrogenation activity but has weaknesses such as high price and low reusability. Here, we fabricated a series of nano-Pd 2D Co-MOF heterostructures and filtered for optimal Co-MOF@Pd0.0012, which contain ultra-low Pd content (0.08 wt%) and recorded high catalytic efficiency for 4-nitrophenol among the reported non-single atom catalyst due to edge and size effects. The TOF value of Co-MOF@Pd0.0012 is 9800 h-1, ∼206 times higher than that of PdC (Pd content, 10 wt%). Furthermore, Co-MOF@Pd0.0012 has been widely applied to catalyze the reduction of various nitrophenol substrates with higher than 99% conversion efficiency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Duan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ai Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shaohua Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Zhou D, Zhou F, Sheng S, Wei Y, Chen X, Su J. Intra-articular nanodrug delivery strategies for treating osteoarthritis. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103482. [PMID: 36584875 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive cartilage degeneration. Pharmaceutical intervention remains a main treatment approach. However, drug delivery via intra-articular administration (IA) can be restricted by rapid clearance, the dense and highly negatively charged extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage, and uneven distribution of diseased chondrocytes. Nanodrug delivery systems, such as liposomes, micelles, and nanoparticles (NPs), have shown great potential to prolong intra-articular residence, penetrate the ECM, and achieve diseased chondrocyte-specific delivery. In this review, we discuss the challenges associated with intra-articular drug delivery in OA and the nanodrug delivery strategies developed to overcome these challenges. It is anticipated that these nanodrug delivery strategies will advance IA of drugs into broader applications in OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Materials Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; College of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fengjin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Shihao Sheng
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Materials Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Lv J, Xing Y, Li X, Du X. NIR light-propelled bullet-shaped carbon hollow nanomotors with controllable shell thickness for the enhanced dye removal. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210162. [PMID: 37324801 PMCID: PMC10191002 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Materials with asymmetric nanostructures have attracted tremendous research attention due to their unique structural characteristics, excellent physicochemical properties, and promising prospects. However, it is still difficult to design and fabricate bullet-shaped nanostructure due to its structural complexity. Herein, for the first time, we successfully constructed NIR light-propelled bullet-shaped hollow carbon nanomotors (BHCNs) with an open mouth on the bottom of nano-bullet for the enhanced dye removal, by employing bullet-shaped silica nanoparticles (B-SiO2 NPs) as a hard template. BHCNs were formed by the growth of polydopamine (PDA) layer on the heterogeneous surface of B-SiO2 NPs, followed by the carbonization of PDA and subsequent selective etching of SiO2. The shell thickness of BHCNs was able to be facilely controlled from ≈ 14 to 30 nm by tuning the added amount of dopamine. The combination of streamlined bullet-shaped nanostructure with good photothermal conversion efficiency of carbon materials facilitated the generation of asymmetric thermal gradient field around itself, thus driving the motion of BHCNs by self-thermophoresis. Noteworthily, the diffusion coefficient (De) and velocity of BCHNs with shell thickness of 15 nm (BHCNs-15) reached to 43.8 μm⋅cm-2 and 11.4 μm⋅s-1, respectively, under the illumination of 808 nm NIR laser with the power density of 1.5 W⋅cm-2. The NIR laser propulsion caused BCHNs-15 to enhance the removal efficiency (53.4% vs. 25.4%) of methylene blue (MB) as a typical dye because the faster velocity could produce the higher micromixing role between carbon adsorbent and MB. Such a smart design of the streamlined nanomotors may provide a promising potential in environmental treatment, biomedical and biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Yi Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production TechnologyKey Laboratory of Green Process and EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academic of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xin Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
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Zhou Z, Cui J, Wu S, Geng Z, Su J. Silk fibroin-based biomaterials for cartilage/osteochondral repair. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:5103-5124. [PMID: 35836802 PMCID: PMC9274741 DOI: 10.7150/thno.74548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease with a high disability rate. In addition, OA not only causes great physiological and psychological harm to patients, but also puts great pressure on the social healthcare system. Pathologically, the disintegration of cartilage and the lesions of subchondral bone are related to OA. Currently, tissue engineering, which is expected to overcome the defects of existing treatment methods, had a lot of research in the field of cartilage/osteochondral repair. Silk fibroin (SF), as a natural macromolecular material with good biocompatibility, unique mechanical properties, excellent processability and degradability, holds great potential in the field of tissue engineering. Nowadays, SF had been prepared into various materials to adapt to the demands of cartilage/osteochondral repair. SF-based biomaterials can also be functionally modified to enhance repair performance further. In this review, the preparation methods, types, structures, mechanical properties, and functional modifications of SF-based biomaterials used for cartilage/osteochondral repair are summarized and discussed. We hope that this review will provide a reference for the design and development of SF-based biomaterials in cartilage/osteochondral repair field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China,Musculoskeletal Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China,School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China,School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jin Cui
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China,Musculoskeletal Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China,Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shunli Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China,Musculoskeletal Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China,School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China,School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhen Geng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China,Musculoskeletal Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China,✉ Corresponding authors: Zhen Geng, ; Jiacan Su,
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China,Musculoskeletal Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China,✉ Corresponding authors: Zhen Geng, ; Jiacan Su,
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