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Kempler PA, Coridan RH, Luo L. Gas Evolution in Water Electrolysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:10964-11007. [PMID: 39259040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Gas bubbles generated by the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction during water electrolysis influence the energy conversion efficiency of hydrogen production. Here, we survey what is known about the interaction of gas bubbles and electrode surfaces and the influence of gas evolution on practicable devices used for water electrolysis. We outline the physical processes occurring during the life cycle of a bubble, summarize techniques used to characterize gas evolution phenomena in situ and in practical device environments, and discuss ways that electrodes can be tailored to facilitate gas removal at high current densities. Lastly, we review efforts to model the behavior of individual gas bubbles and multiphase flows produced at gas-evolving electrodes. We conclude our review with a short summary of outstanding questions that could be answered by future efforts to characterize gas evolution in electrochemical device environments or by improved simulations of multiphase flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Kempler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Robert H Coridan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Long Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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2
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Zhao R, Yan Q, Yu L, Yan T, Zhu X, Zhao Z, Liu L, Xi J. A Bi-Co Corridor Construction Effectively Improving the Selectivity of Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction toward Ammonia by Nearly 100. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306633. [PMID: 37736698 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Improving the selective ammonia production capacity of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3 RR) at ambient conditions is critical to the future development and industrial application of electrosynthesis of ammonia. However, the reaction involves multi-proton and electron transfer as well as the desorption and underutilization of intermediates, posing a challenge to the selectivity of NO3 RR. Here the electrodeposition site of Co is modulated by depositing Bi at the bottom of the catalyst, thus obtaining the Co+Bi@Cu NW catalyst with a Bi-Co corridor structure. In 50 mm NO3 - , Co+Bi@Cu NW exhibits a highest Faraday efficiency of ≈100% (99.51%), an ammonia yield rate of 1858.2 µg h-1 cm-2 and high repeatability at -0.6 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. Moreover, the change of NO2 - concentration on the catalyst surface observed by in situ reflection absorption imaging and the intermediates of the NO3 RR process detected by electrochemical in situ Raman spectroscopy together verify the NO2 - trapping effect of the Bi-Co corridor structure. It is believed that the measure of modulating the deposition site of Co by loading Bi element is an easy-to-implement general method for improving the selectivity of NH3 production as well as the corresponding scientific research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rundong Zhao
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiuyu Yan
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lihong Yu
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tian Yan
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xuya Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zongyan Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Le Liu
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jingyu Xi
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Lin H, Xu Y, Chen X, Fang Z, Yan T, Ma K, Liu L, Xi J. In Situ Mapping of Activity Distribution of V(II)/V(III) and Onset Potential Distribution of Hydrogen Evolution Side Reaction in Vanadium Flow Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300841. [PMID: 37882331 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) face a challenge with the low reaction rates of the V(II)/V(III) redox couple, which limits the performance of VFBs. Additionally, the negative electrode in VFBs is often accompanied by the persistent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which is difficult to eliminate. Therefore, understanding the spatial distribution of activity on the negative electrode and the HER side reaction on the electrode surface is of critical importance. This study proposes a weak measurement imaging method to characterize the spatial distribution of surface activity and HER onset potential on the negative electrode in VFBs). This method enables the visualization and in situ detection of key parameters such as the absolute values of |ipa |, |ipc |, |∆E|, |ipc /ipa |, and the HER onset potential. By comparing three different types of graphite felts with varying activity levels, it validates the feasibility of this method. Furthermore, electrochemical stability tests are conducted to study the electrodes repeatability, uniformity, and durability. This method holds promise in guiding the design of electrodes with enhanced activity, good reversibility, minimized HER side reactions, and uniform distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zengxian Fang
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tian Yan
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kaijie Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-1301, USA
| | - Le Liu
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jingyu Xi
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Ye Y, Shi Y, Cai J, Xiao Z, Li Z, Lin S. Mo 2C promoted electrocatalysis of the Pt/Mo 2C (C) heterostructure for a superior hydrogen evolution reaction. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3682-3689. [PMID: 36848037 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03822f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Constructing a unique electrochemical interface to enhance the catalytic capacity of Pt-based catalysts is indispensable for wider application of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, platinum-analogous molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) was combined with a lower content of Pt to construct the Pt/Mo2C (C) heterostructure via a solid-phase method, using ammonium molybdate as the precursor. Vulcan-C served as a support to promote the distribution of the Pt and Mo2C heterostructure, and cooperative effects between Pt and the Mo2C heterostructure contributed to the significantly improved catalytic capacity of Pt. The obtained Pt/Mo2C (C) exhibits superior HER activity and enhanced long-term durability in the acidic medium, with a low overpotential of 38 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and a low Tafel slope of 24 mV dec-1. In particular, a drastically enhanced amount of H2 production can be achieved (6837.28 mmol h-1 g-1). This facile approach not only provides a new pathway for constructing novel heterostructures but also gives an insight into the design of cost-effective Pt-based materials for an efficient HER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Ye
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Yuande Shi
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Coastal Basin Environment (Fujian Polytechnic Normal University), Fuqing 350300, China
| | - Jiannan Cai
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Coastal Basin Environment (Fujian Polytechnic Normal University), Fuqing 350300, China
| | - Zhisheng Xiao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Zhongshui Li
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Coastal Basin Environment (Fujian Polytechnic Normal University), Fuqing 350300, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Shen Lin
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou 350007, China
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Dual interfacial engineering of a Chevrel phase electrode material for stable hydrogen evolution at 2500 mA cm -2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6382. [PMID: 36289229 PMCID: PMC9605970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Constructing stable electrodes which function over long timescales at large current density is essential for the industrial realization and implementation of water electrolysis. However, rapid gas bubble detachment at large current density usually results in peeling-off of electrocatalysts and performance degradation, especially for long term operations. Here we construct a mechanically-stable, all-metal, and highly active CuMo6S8/Cu electrode by in-situ reaction between MoS2 and Cu. The Chevrel phase electrode exhibits strong binding at the electrocatalyst-support interface with weak adhesion at electrocatalyst-bubble interface, in addition to fast hydrogen evolution and charge transfer kinetics. These features facilitate the achievement of large current density of 2500 mA cm−2 at a small overpotential of 334 mV which operate stably at 2500 mA cm−2 for over 100 h. In-situ total internal reflection imaging at micrometer level and mechanical tests disclose the relationships of two interfacial forces and performance of electrocatalysts. This dual interfacial engineering strategy can be extended to construct stable and high-performance electrodes for other gas-involving reactions. Stable electrodes which operate at large current density are essential for industrial water electrolysis. Here, a highly active Chevrel phase electrode is reported to achieve 2500 mA/cm−2 current density for 300 hours at small overpotentials.
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