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Ding H, Yang H, Tsujimura S. Nature-Inspired Superhydrophilic Biosponge as Structural Beneficial Platform for Sweating Analysis Patch. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401947. [PMID: 38868908 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Perspiration plays a pivotal role not only in thermoregulation but also in reflecting the body's internal state and its response to external stimuli. The up-to-date skin-based wearable platforms have facilitated the monitoring and simultaneous analysis of sweat, offering valuable physiological insights. Unlike conventional passive sweating, dynamic normal perspiration, which occurs during various activities and rest periods, necessitates a more reliable method of collection to accurately capture its real-time fluctuations. An innovative microfluidic patch incorporating a hierarchical superhydrophilic biosponge, poise to significantly improve the efficiency capture of dynamic sweat is introduced. The seamlessly integrated biosponge microchannel showcases exceptional absorption capabilities, efficiently capturing non-sensitive sweat exuding from the skin surface, mitigating sample loss and minimizing sweat volatilization. Furthermore, the incorporation of sweat-rate sensors alongside a suite of functional electrochemical sensors endows the patch of uninterrupted monitoring and analysis of dynamic sweat during various activities, stress events, high-energy intake, and other scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Ding
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Seiya Tsujimura
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
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2
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Yuan H, Wan C, Wang X, Li S, Xie H, Qian C, Du W, Feng X, Li Y, Chen P, Liu BF. Programmable Gravity Self-Driven Microfluidic Chip for Point-of-Care Multiplied Immunoassays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310206. [PMID: 38085133 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) is experiencing a groundbreaking transformation with microfluidic chips, which offer precise fluid control and manipulation at the microscale. Nevertheless, chip design or operation for existing platforms is rather cumbersome, with some even heavily depending on external drivers or devices, impeding their broader utilization. This study develops a unique programmable gravity self-driven microfluidic chip (PGSMC) capable of simultaneous multi-reagent sequential release, multi-target analysis, and multi-chip operation. All necessary reagents are introduced in a single step, and the process is initiated simply by flipping the PGSMC vertically, eliminating the need for additional steps or devices. Additionally, it demonstrates successful immunoassays in less than 60 min for antinuclear antibodies testing, compared to more than 120 min by traditional methods. Assessment using 25 clinically diagnosed cases showcases remarkable sensitivity (96%), specificity (100%), and accuracy (99%). These outcomes underscored its potential as a promising platform for POCT with high accuracy, speed, and reliability, highlighting its capability for automated fluid control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yuan
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chao Wan
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shunji Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Han Xie
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chungen Qian
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Du
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaojun Feng
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Peng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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3
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Li X, Zou J, He Z, Sun Y, Song X, He W. The interaction between particles and vascular endothelium in blood flow. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115216. [PMID: 38387770 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Particle-based drug delivery systems have shown promising application potential to treat human diseases; however, an incomplete understanding of their interactions with vascular endothelium in blood flow prevents their inclusion into mainstream clinical applications. The flow performance of nano/micro-sized particles in the blood are disturbed by many external/internal factors, including blood constituents, particle properties, and endothelium bioactivities, affecting the fate of particles in vivo and therapeutic effects for diseases. This review highlights how the blood constituents, hemodynamic environment and particle properties influence the interactions and particle activities in vivo. Moreover, we briefly summarized the structure and functions of endothelium and simulated devices for studying particle performance under blood flow conditions. Finally, based on particle-endothelium interactions, we propose future opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies and provide solutions to challenges in particle delivery systems for accelerating their clinical translation. This review helps provoke an increasing in-depth understanding of particle-endothelium interactions and inspires more strategies that may benefit the development of particle medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Jiahui Zou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Zhongshan He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Department of Biotherapy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, PR China
| | - Yanhua Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microparticles Drug Delivery Technology, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., LtD., Jinan 250000, PR China
| | - Xiangrong Song
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Department of Biotherapy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, PR China.
| | - Wei He
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China.
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Zhu Z, Chen T, Huang F, Wang S, Zhu P, Xu RX, Si T. Free-Boundary Microfluidic Platform for Advanced Materials Manufacturing and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304840. [PMID: 37722080 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics, with its remarkable capacity to manipulate fluids and droplets at the microscale, has emerged as a powerful platform in numerous fields. In contrast to conventional closed microchannel microfluidic systems, free-boundary microfluidic manufacturing (FBMM) processes continuous precursor fluids into jets or droplets in a relatively spacious environment. FBMM is highly regarded for its superior flexibility, stability, economy, usability, and versatility in the manufacturing of advanced materials and architectures. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in FBMM is provided, encompassing technical principles, advanced material manufacturing, and their applications. FBMM is categorized based on the foundational mechanisms, primarily comprising hydrodynamics, interface effects, acoustics, and electrohydrodynamic. The processes and mechanisms of fluid manipulation are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, the manufacturing of advanced materials in various dimensions ranging from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional, as well as their diverse applications in material science, biomedical engineering, and engineering are presented. Finally, current progress is summarized and future challenges are prospected. Overall, this review highlights the significant potential of FBMM as a powerful tool for advanced materials manufacturing and its wide-ranging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Tianao Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fangsheng Huang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pingan Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ronald X Xu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ting Si
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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5
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Lou C, Yang H, Hou Y, Huang H, Qiu J, Wang C, Sang Y, Liu H, Han L. Microfluidic Platforms for Real-Time In Situ Monitoring of Biomarkers for Cellular Processes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307051. [PMID: 37844125 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular processes are mechanisms carried out at the cellular level that are aimed at guaranteeing the stability of the organism they comprise. The investigation of cellular processes is key to understanding cell fate, understanding pathogenic mechanisms, and developing new therapeutic technologies. Microfluidic platforms are thought to be the most powerful tools among all methodologies for investigating cellular processes because they can integrate almost all types of the existing intracellular and extracellular biomarker-sensing methods and observation approaches for cell behavior, combined with precisely controlled cell culture, manipulation, stimulation, and analysis. Most importantly, microfluidic platforms can realize real-time in situ detection of secreted proteins, exosomes, and other biomarkers produced during cell physiological processes, thereby providing the possibility to draw the whole picture for a cellular process. Owing to their advantages of high throughput, low sample consumption, and precise cell control, microfluidic platforms with real-time in situ monitoring characteristics are widely being used in cell analysis, disease diagnosis, pharmaceutical research, and biological production. This review focuses on the basic concepts, recent progress, and application prospects of microfluidic platforms for real-time in situ monitoring of biomarkers in cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Hongru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Ying Hou
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (IAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Haina Huang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (IAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Jichuan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (IAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (IAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, P. R. China
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6
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Nosrati H, Nosrati M. Artificial Intelligence in Regenerative Medicine: Applications and Implications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:442. [PMID: 37754193 PMCID: PMC10526210 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine is constantly advancing and aims to repair, regenerate, or substitute impaired or unhealthy tissues and organs using cutting-edge approaches such as stem cell-based therapies, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. Nevertheless, incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has opened new doors for research in this field. AI refers to the ability of machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence in ways such as learning the patterns in the data and applying that to the new data without being explicitly programmed. AI has the potential to improve and accelerate various aspects of regenerative medicine research and development, particularly, although not exclusively, when complex patterns are involved. This review paper provides an overview of AI in the context of regenerative medicine, discusses its potential applications with a focus on personalized medicine, and highlights the challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Nosrati
- Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Masoud Nosrati
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Wang T, Yuan D, Wan W, Zhang B. Numerical Study of Viscoelastic Microfluidic Particle Manipulation in a Microchannel with Asymmetrical Expansions. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14050915. [PMID: 37241539 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic microparticle manipulation is currently widely used in environmental, bio-chemical, and medical applications. Previously we proposed a straight microchannel with additional triangular cavity arrays to manipulate microparticles with inertial microfluidic forces, and experimentally explored the performances within different viscoelastic fluids. However, the mechanism remained poorly understood, which limited the exploration of the optimal design and standard operation strategies. In this study, we built a simple but robust numerical model to reveal the mechanisms of microparticle lateral migration in such microchannels. The numerical model was validated by our experimental results with good agreement. Furthermore, the force fields under different viscoelastic fluids and flow rates were carried out for quantitative analysis. The mechanism of microparticle lateral migration was revealed and is discussed regarding the dominant microfluidic forces, including drag force, inertial lift force, and elastic force. The findings of this study can help to better understand the different performances of microparticle migration under different fluid environments and complex boundary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiao Wang
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dan Yuan
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Wuyi Wan
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Boran Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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8
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Wu L, Ai Y, Xie R, Xiong J, Wang Y, Liang Q. Organoids/organs-on-a-chip: new frontiers of intestinal pathophysiological models. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1192-1212. [PMID: 36644984 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00804a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organoids/organs-on-a-chip open up new frontiers for basic and clinical research of intestinal diseases. Species-specific differences hinder research on animal models, while organoids are emerging as powerful tools due to self-organization from stem cells and the reproduction of the functional properties in vivo. Organs-on-a-chip is also accelerating the process of faithfully mimicking the intestinal microenvironment. And by combining organoids and organ-on-a-chip technologies, they further are expected to serve as innovative preclinical tools and could outperform traditional cell culture models or animal models in the future. Above all, organoids/organs-on-a-chip with other strategies like genome editing, 3D printing, and organoid biobanks contribute to modeling intestinal homeostasis and disease. Here, the current challenges and future trends in intestinal pathophysiological models will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.
| | - Yongjian Ai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.
| | - Ruoxiao Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.
| | - Jialiang Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.
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Wang L, Yin K, Deng Q, Huang Q, He J, Duan J. Wetting Ridge-Guided Directional Water Self-Transport. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204891. [PMID: 36253156 PMCID: PMC9731720 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Directional water self-transport plays a crucial role in diverse applications such as biosensing and water harvesting. Despite extensive progress, current strategies for directional water self-transport are restricted to a short self-driving distance, single function, and complicated fabrication methods. Here, a lubricant-infused heterogeneous superwettability surface (LIHSS) for directional water self-transport is proposed on polyimide (PI) film through femtosecond laser direct writing and lubricant infusion. By tuning the parameters of the femtosecond laser, the wettability of PI film can be transformed into superhydrophobic or superhydrophilic. After trapping water droplets on the superhydrophilic surface and depositing excess lubricant, the asymmetrical wetting ridge drives water droplets by an attractive capillary force on the LIHSS. Notably, the maximum droplet self-driving distance can approach ≈3 mm, which is nearly twice as long as the previously reported strategies for direction water self-transport. Significantly, it is demonstrated that this strategy makes it possible to achieve water self-transport, anti-gravity pumping, and chemical microreaction on a tilted LIHSS. This work provides an efficient method to fabricate a promising platform for realizing directional water self-transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and DevicesSchool of Physics and ElectronicsCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Kai Yin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and DevicesSchool of Physics and ElectronicsCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance and Complex ManufacturingCollege of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Qinwen Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and DevicesSchool of Physics and ElectronicsCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Qiaoqiao Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and DevicesSchool of Physics and ElectronicsCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and DevicesSchool of Physics and ElectronicsCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Ji‐An Duan
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance and Complex ManufacturingCollege of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
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