1
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Liu X, Xu J, Su X, Li Z, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Liu B, Yue G, Tian Y. Regulating superstructures of conjugated polymers towards enhanced and stable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via covalent crosslinking and complementary supramolecular self-assembly. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 671:779-789. [PMID: 38833910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The modulation of microstructures in conjugated polymers represents a viable strategy for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency, albeit hampered by complex processing techniques. Here, we present an uncomplicated, template-free method to synthesize polymeric photocatalysts, namely BCN(x)@PPy, featuring a hollow nanotube-nanocluster core-shell superstructure. This configuration is realized through intramolecular covalent crosslinking and synergistic intermolecular donor-acceptor (D-A) interactions between phenylene pyrene (PPy, D) nanotubes and poly([1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carbonitrile) (PBCN, A) nanoclusters. Interestingly, the optimized BCN2@PPy composite demonstrates remarkably enhanced performance for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, with an efficiency of 14.7-fold higher than that of unmodified PPy nanotubes. Experimental and density functional theory calculations revealed that BCN(x)@PPy composites are conducive to shortening photogenerated exciton migration, facilitating charge separation and transfer, reducing nanoclusters aggregation or re-stacking, and providing sufficient catalytically active sites, all contributing to the heightened efficiency in photocatalysis. These insights underscore the potential for precise molecular adjustments in conjugated polymers, advancing artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Su
- College of Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Zhanfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
| | - Yanting Tian
- College of Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Yongjia Zhang
- College of Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
| | - Baoyou Liu
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Screen Display Organic Materials Engineering Technology Research Center, Ningxia Sinostar Display Material Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750003, PR China
| | - Gang Yue
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Screen Display Organic Materials Engineering Technology Research Center, Ningxia Sinostar Display Material Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750003, PR China
| | - Yue Tian
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
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2
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Zhang W, Wang B, Cui H, Wan Q, Yi B, Yang H. Unveiling the exciton dissociation dynamics steered by built-in electric fields in conjugated microporous polymers for photoreduction of uranium (VI) from seawater. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:377-390. [PMID: 38359502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Developing highly efficient photocatalysts based on conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are often impeded by the intrinsically large exciton binding energy and sluggish charge transfer kinetics that result from their vulnerable driving force. Herein, a family of pyrene-based nitrogen-implanted CMPs were constructed, where the nitrogen gradient was regulated. Accordingly, the built-in electric field endowed by the nitrogen gradient dramatically accelerates the dissociation of exciton into free carriers, thereby enhancing charge separation efficiency. As a result, PyCMP-3N generated by polymerization of 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrene and 2,4,6-tris(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine featured an optimized built-in electric field and exhibited the highest photocatalytic removal efficiency of uranium (VI) (99.5 %). Our proposed strategy not only provides inspiration for constructing the built-in electric field by controlling nitrogen concentration gradients, but also offers an in-depth understanding the crucial role of built-in electric field in exciton dissociation and charge transfer, efficiently promoting CMPs photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis & Waste Recycling, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China
| | - Bingxin Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis & Waste Recycling, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China
| | - Haishuai Cui
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis & Waste Recycling, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China
| | - Quan Wan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis & Waste Recycling, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China
| | - Bing Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis & Waste Recycling, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China
| | - Hai Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis & Waste Recycling, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China.
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3
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Aitchison CM, Gonzalez-Carrero S, Yao S, Benkert M, Ding Z, Young NP, Willner B, Moruzzi F, Lin Y, Tian J, Nellist PD, Durrant JR, McCulloch I. Templated 2D Polymer Heterojunctions for Improved Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300037. [PMID: 37165538 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
2D polymers have emerged as one of the most promising classes of organic photocatalysts for solar fuel production due to their tunability, charge-transport properties, and robustness. They are however difficult to process and so there are limited studies into the formation of heterojunction materials incorporating these components. In this work, a novel templating approach is used to combine an imine-based donor polymer and an acceptor polymer formed through Knoevenagel condensation. Heterojunction formation is shown to be highly dependent on the topological match of the donor and acceptor polymers with the most active templated material found to be between three and nine times more active for photocatalysis than its constituent components. Transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that this improvement is due to faster charge separation and more efficient charge extraction in the templated heterojunction. The templated material shows a very high hydrogen evolution rate of >20 mmol h-1 m-2 with an ascorbic acid hole scavenger but also produces hydrogen in the presence of only water and a cobalt-based redox mediator. This suggests the improved charge-separation interface and reduced trapping accessed through this approach could be suitable for Z-scheme formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Aitchison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Soranyel Gonzalez-Carrero
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shilin Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Max Benkert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Zhiyuan Ding
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, 16 Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Neil P Young
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, 16 Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Benjamin Willner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Floriana Moruzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Junfu Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Peter D Nellist
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, 16 Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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4
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Han C, Ma J, Ai X, Shi F, Zhang C, Hu D, Jiang JX. Rational design of triazine-based conjugated polymers with enhanced charge separation ability for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:984-992. [PMID: 38219316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Triazine-based conjugated polymers (TCPs) are promising organic catalysts for green H2 production, since their photocatalytic performance can be easily regulated via appropriate molecular design. However, apart from weak absorption of visible light, weak charge separation and transport abilities also considerably restrict the photocatalytic performance of TCPs. Herein, we report two novel TCP photocatalysts with donor-acceptor (D-A) and donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) structures using dibenzo[g,p]chrysene (Dc), thiophene (T), and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine (Tz) as the donor, π-spacer, and acceptor, respectively. Compared to Dc-Tz with a D-A structure, Dc-T-Tz exhibits a broader light absorption edge and more efficient charge separation and transmission due to its D-π-A structure and strong dipole effect. These properties enable Dc-T-Tz to display a prominent H2 production rate of 45.13 mmol h-1 g-1 under ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) light (λ > 300 nm). Therefore, Dc-T-Tz represents state-of-the-art TCP photocatalysts to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhi Han
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Xuan Ai
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China.
| | - Daodao Hu
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China.
| | - Jia-Xing Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China.
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5
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Zhang F, Dong X, Wang Y, Lang X. Design and Synthesis of a Triazine-Based sp 2 Carbon-Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework for Blue Light Photocatalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302456. [PMID: 37196416 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fully conjugated covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can exhibit great potential in semiconductor photocatalysis. But their syntheses remain elusive due to the low reversibility of vinylene linkage. Herein, by tuning the amount of base and temperature, a novel triazine-based sp2 carbon-conjugated COF (TA-sp2 c-COF) is successfully constructed over Cs2 CO3 . Besides, the influence of modulating factors on the chemical and optoelectronic properties of TA-sp2 c-COF is thoroughly investigated. TA-sp2 c-COF adopts an eclipsed AA stacking structure with uniform micropores (1.4 nm). The blue light photocatalysis of the highly crystalline TA-sp2 c-COF is established for the selective oxidative coupling of amines with oxygen, and the predominant role of superoxide is identified in forming imines. This work foretells that meticulous modulation of reaction conditions is the key to constructing sp2 carbon-conjugated COFs toward solar photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Zhang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoyun Dong
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuexin Wang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xianjun Lang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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6
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Han C, Hu L, Jin S, Ma J, Jiang JX, Zhang C. Molecular Engineering in D-π-A-A-Type Conjugated Microporous Polymers for Boosting Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37463230 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated microporous polymer (CMP) photocatalysts with donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) or donor-acceptor (D-A) structures have garnered great attention for solar-driven hydrogen generation because of their inherent charge separation nature and high surface area. Herein, we design a series of D-π-A-A-type CMP photocatalysts to uncover the influence of the content of the dibenzo[b,d]thiophene-S-S-dioxide (BTDO) acceptor on the photocatalytic activity. The results demonstrate that the acceptor content in the D-π-A-A-type CMP photocatalysts affects the electronic structure, the availability of reaction sites, and the separation between light-generated electrons and holes, which mainly determine the photocatalytic performance for H2 release. Benefiting from the synergy of light absorption, hydrophilicity, and active sites, the bare polymer PyT-BTDO-2 with an optimized BTDO content exhibits a high H2 production rate of 230.06 mmol h-1 g-1 under simulated sunlight, manifesting that the strategy of D-π-A-A structural design is efficacious for boosting the photocatalytic performance of CMP photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhi Han
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Liwen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
| | - Shenglin Jin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
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7
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Yan G, Sun X, Zhang Y, Li H, Huang H, Jia B, Su D, Ma T. Metal-Free 2D/2D van der Waals Heterojunction Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks for Highly Efficient Solar Energy Catalysis. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:132. [PMID: 37211571 PMCID: PMC10200743 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a kind of rising star materials in photocatalysis. However, their photocatalytic activities are restricted by the high photogenerated electron-hole pairs recombination rate. Herein, a novel metal-free 2D/2D van der Waals heterojunction, composed of a two-dimensional (2D) COF with ketoenamine linkage (TpPa-1-COF) and 2D defective hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), is successfully constructed through in situ solvothermal method. Benefitting from the presence of VDW heterojunction, larger contact area and intimate electronic coupling can be formed between the interface of TpPa-1-COF and defective h-BN, which make contributions to promoting charge carriers separation. The introduced defects can also endow the h-BN with porous structure, thus providing more reactive sites. Moreover, the TpPa-1-COF will undergo a structural transformation after being integrated with defective h-BN, which can enlarge the gap between the conduction band position of the h-BN and TpPa-1-COF, and suppress electron backflow, corroborated by experimental and density functional theory calculations results. Accordingly, the resulting porous h-BN/TpPa-1-COF metal-free VDW heterojunction displays outstanding solar energy catalytic activity for water splitting without co-catalysts, and the H2 evolution rate can reach up to 3.15 mmol g-1 h-1, which is about 67 times greater than that of pristine TpPa-1-COF, also surpassing that of state-of-the-art metal-free-based photocatalysts reported to date. In particular, it is the first work for constructing COFs-based heterojunctions with the help of h-BN, which may provide new avenue for designing highly efficient metal-free-based photocatalysts for H2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yan
- Institute of Clean Energy Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Adv. Mater., College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Institute of Clean Energy Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Adv. Mater., College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Clean Energy Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Adv. Mater., College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Hongwei Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohua Jia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Dawei Su
- Faculty of Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Tianyi Ma
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
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8
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Sun R, Tan B. Covalent Triazine Frameworks (CTFs): Synthesis, Crystallization, and Photocatalytic Water Splitting. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203077. [PMID: 36504463 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covalent Triazine Frameworks (CTFs) have received great attention from academia owing to their unique structure characteristics such as nitrogen-rich structure, chemical stability, fully conjugated skeleton and high surface area; all these unique properties make CTFs attractive for widespread applications, especially for photocatalytic applications. In this review, we aim to provide recent advances in the CTFs preparation, and mainly focus on their photocatalytic applications. This review provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of the CTFs' synthetic methods, crystallinity lifting strategies, and their applications for photocatalytic water splitting. Firstly, a brief background including the photocatalytic water splitting and crystallinity are provided. Then, synthetic methods related to CTFs and the strategies for enhancing the crystallinity are summarized and compared. After that, the general photocatalytic mechanism and the strategies to improve the photocatalytic performance of CTFs are discussed. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of fabricating high crystalline CTFs and designing CTFs with excellent photocatalytic performance are discussed, inspiring the development of CTF materials in photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Bien Tan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
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9
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Chi X, Chen Q, Lan ZA, Zhang X, Chen X, Wang X. Structure-Property Relationship of Cyano-Functionalized Conjugated Polymers for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202734. [PMID: 36173922 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) have garnered increasing attention in the field of photocatalysis due to their stability and molecular tunability. Understanding the structure-property relationship in CPs and addressing appropriate molecular design strategies are pivotal to improving the photocatalytic performance of CPs. Herein, a new efficient cyano (CN) engineering approach was proposed to promote the photocatalytic performance of CPs, and three representative CP-based photocatalysts with different CN contents were tailor-made to investigate the relationship between CN functionalization and photocatalytic activity. A series of systematically experimental and theoretical studies reveal that CN functionalization contributes to strengthening the donor-acceptor (D-A) interaction, enhancing the light absorption ability, charge separation/transfer efficiency, and hydrophilicity of CPs, and also facilitating the output of separated photoinduced electrons from CPs to Pt cocatalyst. Thus, the dicyano-functionalized polymer (P-2CN) manifests an attractive photocatalytic performance in hydrogen production. This study provides a facile strategy to develop excellent CP-based photocatalysts for solar fuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-An Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xirui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
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10
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ZIF-L-derived C-doped ZnO via a two-step calcination for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Xiao X, Wang W, Wang J, Yang C, Zhang G, Lang X. Surface Engineering of Conjugated Polybenzothiadiazoles and Integration with Cobalt Oxides for Photocatalytic Water Oxidation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201244. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghuo Xiao
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences and Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University 350108 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Jiali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University 350108 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Can Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University 350108 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University 350108 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Xianjun Lang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences and Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
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12
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Li Q, Li J, Wang W, Liu L, Xu Z, Xie G, Li J, Yao J, Li W. Tuning Acceptor Length in Photocatalytic
Donor‐Acceptor
Conjugated Polymers for Efficient
Solar‐to‐Hydrogen
Energy Conversion. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- The Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self‐Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jia Li
- CAS Key laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wen‐Rui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self‐Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Li‐Na Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self‐Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District Zhengzhou 450044 China
| | - Zi‐Wen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self‐Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Guanghui Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District Zhengzhou 450044 China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District Zhengzhou 450044 China
| | - Jianhua Yao
- CAS Key laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District Zhengzhou 450044 China
| | - Wei‐Shi Li
- The Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self‐Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District Zhengzhou 450044 China
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13
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Modification of Covalent Triazine-Based Frameworks for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071363. [PMID: 35406237 PMCID: PMC9003054 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of solar energy and water to hydrogen via semiconductor photocatalysts is one of the efficient strategies to mitigate the energy and environmental crisis. Conjugated polymeric photocatalysts have advantages over their inorganic counterparts. Their molecular structures, band structures, and electronic properties are easily tunable through molecular engineering to extend their spectral response ranges, improve their quantum efficiencies, and enhance their hydrogen evolution rates. In particular, covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTFs) present a strong potential for solar-driven hydrogen generation due to their large continuous π-conjugated structure, high thermal and chemical stability, and efficient charge transfer and separation capability. Herein, synthesis strategies, functional optimization, and applications in the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of CTFs since the first investigation are reviewed. Finally, the challenges of hydrogen generation for CTFs are summarized, and the direction of material modifications is proposed.
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14
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Huang X, Bi Y. Reversing electron transfer in a covalent triazine framework for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8074-8079. [PMID: 35919433 PMCID: PMC9278156 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02638d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTFs) have emerged as some of the most important materials for photocatalytic water splitting. However, development of CTF-based photocatalytic systems with non-platinum cocatalysts for highly efficient hydrogen evolution still remains a challenge. Herein, we demonstrated, for the first time, a one-step phosphidation strategy for simultaneously achieving phosphorus atom bonding with the benzene rings of CTFs and the anchoring of well-defined dicobalt phosphide (Co2P) nanocrystals (∼7 nm). The hydrogen evolution activities of CTFs were significantly enhanced under simulated solar-light (7.6 mmol h−1 g−1), more than 20 times higher than that of the CTF/Co2P composite. Both comparative experiments and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that the strong interfacial P–C bonding and the anchoring of the Co2P cocatalyst reverse the charge transfer direction from triazine to benzene rings, promote charge separation, and accelerate hydrogen evolution. Thus, the rational anchoring of transition-metal phosphides on conjugated polymers should be a promising approach for developing highly efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. Reversing the electron transfer in a covalent triazine-based framework by Co2P anchoring achieved highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water splitting.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, National Engineering Research Center for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Functional Membrane Material and Membrane Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, CAS, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, National Engineering Research Center for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yingpu Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, National Engineering Research Center for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, CAS, Dalian 116023, China
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