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Majer J, Kindermann M, Pinkas D, Chvatil D, Cigler P, Libusova L. Cellular uptake and fate of cationic polymer-coated nanodiamonds delivering siRNA: a mechanistic study. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2490-2503. [PMID: 38197438 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05738k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Gene silencing using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is a selective and promising approach for treatment of numerous diseases. However, broad applications of siRNAs are compromised by their low stability in a biological environment and limited ability to penetrate cells. Nanodiamonds (NDs) coated with cationic polymers can enable cellular delivery of siRNAs. Recently, we developed a new type of ND coating based on a random copolymer consisting of (2-dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate (DMAEMA) and N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) monomers. These hybrid ND-polymer particles (Cop+-FND) provide near-infrared fluorescence, form stable complexes with siRNA in serum, show low toxicity, and effectively deliver siRNA into cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we present data on the mechanism of cellular uptake and cell trafficking of Cop+-FND : siRNA complexes and their ability to selectively suppress mRNA levels, as well as their cytotoxicity, viability and colloidal stability. We identified clathrin-mediated endocytosis as the predominant entry mechanism for Cop+-FND : siRNA into U-2 OS human bone osteosarcoma cells, with a substantial fraction of Cop+-FND : siRNA following the lysosome pathway. Cop+-FND : siRNA potently inhibited the target GAPDH gene with negligible toxicity and sufficient colloidal stability. Based on our results, we suggest that Cop+-FND : siRNA can serve as a suitable in vivo delivery system for siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Majer
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czechia.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo namesti 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czechia.
| | - Marek Kindermann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo namesti 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czechia.
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Dominik Pinkas
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility of the Microscopy Centre, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czechia
| | - David Chvatil
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, 250 68 Husinec-Rez 130, Czechia
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo namesti 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czechia.
| | - Lenka Libusova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czechia.
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2
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Lin N, van Zomeren K, van Veen T, Mzyk A, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Plosch T, Tietge UJF, Cantineau A, Hoek A, Schirhagl R. Quantum Sensing of Free Radicals in Primary Human Granulosa Cells with Nanoscale Resolution. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1784-1798. [PMID: 37780363 PMCID: PMC10540281 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Cumulus granulosa cells (cGCs) and mural granulosa cells (mGCs), although derived from the same precursors, are anatomically and functionally heterogeneous. They are critical for female fertility by supporting oocyte competence and follicular development. There are various techniques used to investigate the role of free radicals in mGCs and cCGs. Yet, temporospatial resolution remains a challenge. We used a quantum sensing approach to study free radical generation at nanoscale in cGCs and mGCs isolated from women undergoing oocyte retrieval during in vitro fertilization (IVF). Cells were incubated with bare fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) or mitochondria targeted FNDs to detect free radicals in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. After inducing oxidative stress with menadione, we continued to detect free radical generation for 30 min. We observed an increase in free radical generation in cGCs and mGCs from 10 min on. Although cytoplasmic and mitochondrial free radical levels are indistinguishable in the physiological state in both cGCs and mGCs, the free radical changes measured in mitochondria were significantly larger in both cell types, suggesting mitochondria are sites of free radical generation. Furthermore, we observed later occurrence and a smaller percentage of cytoplasmic free radical change in cGCs, indicating that cGCs may be more resistant to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan Lin
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First
Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 515041 Shantou, China
| | - Koen van Zomeren
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Teelkien van Veen
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldona Mzyk
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish
Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Center
for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University
Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Torsten Plosch
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J. F. Tietge
- Division
of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, SE-141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical
Chemistry, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Cantineau
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Hoek
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Li R, Vedelaar TA, Sigaeva A, Zhang Y, Wu K, Wang H, Wu X, Olinga P, Wlodarzyk-Biegun M, Schirhagl R. Fluorescent Nanodiamonds for Tracking Single Polymer Particles in Cells and Tissues. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13046-13054. [PMID: 37612789 PMCID: PMC10483464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanoparticles are widely used in drug delivery and are also a potential concern due to the increased burden of nano- or microplastics in the environment. In order to use polymer nanoparticles safely and understand their mechanism of action, it is useful to know where within cells and tissues they end up. To this end, we labeled polymer nanoparticles with nanodiamond particles. More specifically, we have embedded nanodiamond particles in the polymer particles and characterized the composites. Compared to conventional fluorescent dyes, these labels have the advantage that nanodiamonds do not bleach or blink, thus allowing long-term imaging and tracking of polymer particles. We have demonstrated this principle both in cells and entire liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runrun Li
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thea A. Vedelaar
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Sigaeva
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kaiqi Wu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hui Wang
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Groningen
University, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xixi Wu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Groningen
University, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Małgorzata
K. Wlodarzyk-Biegun
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Groningen
University, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Biotechnology
Centre, The Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Jung HS, Cho KJ, Joo S, Lee M, Kim MY, Kwon IH, Song NW, Shim JH, Neuman KC. Mesoporous Polydopamine-Encapsulated Fluorescent Nanodiamonds: A Versatile Platform for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:33425-33436. [PMID: 37341540 PMCID: PMC10361080 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are versatile nanomaterials with promising properties. However, efficient functionalization of FNDs for biomedical applications remains challenging. In this study, we demonstrate mesoporous polydopamine (mPDA) encapsulation of FNDs. The mPDA shell is generated by sequential formation of micelles via self-assembly of Pluronic F127 (F127) with 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene (TMB) and composite micelles via oxidation and self-polymerization of dopamine hydrochloride (DA). The surface of the mPDA shell can be readily functionalized with thiol-terminated methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG-SH), hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG), and d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS). The PEGylated FND@mPDA particles are efficiently taken up by, and employed as a fluorescent imaging probe for, HeLa cells. HPG-functionalized FND@mPDA is conjugated with an amino-terminated oligonucleotide to detect microRNA via hybridization. Finally, the increased surface area of the mPDA shell permits efficient loading of doxorubicin hydrochloride. Further modification with TPGS increases drug delivery efficiency, resulting in high toxicity to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Sung Jung
- Laboratory
of Single Molecule Biophysics, National
Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Quantum
Magnetic Imaging Team, Korea Research Institute
of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Cho
- Data
Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sihwa Joo
- Safety
Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute
of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic
of Korea
| | - Mina Lee
- Safety
Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute
of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic
of Korea
| | - Myeong Yun Kim
- Safety
Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute
of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic
of Korea
| | - Ik Hwan Kwon
- Safety
Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute
of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic
of Korea
| | - Nam Woong Song
- Quantum
Magnetic Imaging Team, Korea Research Institute
of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Shim
- Quantum
Magnetic Imaging Team, Korea Research Institute
of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Applied Measurement Science, University
of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic
of Korea
| | - Keir C. Neuman
- Laboratory
of Single Molecule Biophysics, National
Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Sigaeva A, Norouzi N, Schirhagl R. Intracellular Relaxometry, Challenges, and Future Directions. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1484-1489. [PMID: 36439313 PMCID: PMC9686197 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers change their optical properties on the basis of their magnetic surroundings. Since optical signals can be detected more sensitively than small magnetic signals, this technique allows unprecedented sensitivity. Recently, NV center-based relaxometry has been used for measurements in living cells with subcellular resolution. The aim of this Outlook is to identify challenges in the field, including controlling the location of sensing particles, limitations in reproducibility, and issues arising from biocompatibility. We further provide an outlook and point to new directions in the field. These include new diamond materials with NV centers, other defects, or even entirely new materials that might replace diamonds. We further discuss new and more challenging samples, such as tissues or even entire organisms, that might be investigated with NV centers. Then, we address future challenges that have to be resolved in order to achieve this goal. Finally, we discuss new quantities that could be measured with NV centers in the future.
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