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Du H, Wang Q, Zhang B, Liang Z, Huang C, Shi D, Li F, Ling D. Structural Defect-Enabled Magnetic Neutrality Nanoprobes for Ultra-High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Isolated Tumor Cells in Vivo. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401538. [PMID: 38738793 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The identification of metastasis "seeds," isolated tumor cells (ITCs), is of paramount importance for the prognosis and tailored treatment of metastatic diseases. The conventional approach to clinical ITCs diagnosis through invasive biopsies is encumbered by the inherent risks of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. This underscores the pressing need for noninvasive ITCs detection methods that provide histopathological-level insights. Recent advancements in ultra-high-field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have ignited hope for the revelation of minute lesions, including the elusive ITCs. Nevertheless, currently available MRI contrast agents are susceptible to magnetization-induced strong T2-decaying effects under UHF conditions, which compromises T1 MRI capability and further impedes the precise imaging of small lesions. Herein, this study reports a structural defect-enabled magnetic neutrality nanoprobe (MNN) distinguished by its paramagnetic properties featuring an exceptionally low magnetic susceptibility through atomic modulation, rendering it almost nonmagnetic. This unique characteristic effectively mitigates T2-decaying effect while concurrently enhancing UHF T1 contrast. Under 9 T MRI, the MNN demonstrates an unprecedentedly low r2/r1 value (≈1.06), enabling noninvasive visualization of ITCs with an exceptional detection threshold of ≈0.16 mm. These high-performance MNNs unveil the domain of hitherto undetectable minute lesions, representing a significant advancement in UHF-MRI for diagnostic purposes and fostering comprehensive metastasis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Du
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qiyue Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zeyu Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Canyu Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dao Shi
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Songjiang Research Institute, Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorder, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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Yang F, Yang Y, Yan X, He C, Peng H, Wu A. Zinc Doping Engineering in Zn xFe 3-xO 4 Heterostructures for Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy in the Near-Infrared-II Region. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:31489-31499. [PMID: 38833169 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Currently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is restricted by the laser penetration depth. Except for PDT at 1064 nm wavelength excitation, the development of other NIR-II-activated nanomaterials with a higher response depth is still hindered and rarely reported in the literature. To overcome these problems, we fabricated a nanoplatform with heterostructures that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ferrite nanoparticles under a high concentration of zinc doping (ZnxFe3-xO4 NPs), which can achieve oxidative damage of tumor cells under near-infrared (NIR) illumination. The recombination of photoelectrons and holes has been markedly inhibited due to the formation of heterostructures in the interfaces, thus greatly enhancing the capability for ROS and oxygen production by modulating the single-component doping content. The efficiency of PDT was verified by in vivo and in vitro assays under NIR light. Our results revealed that NIR-II (1208 nm) light irradiation of ZnxFe3-xO4 NPs exerted a remarkable antitumor activity, superior to NIR-I light (808 nm). More importantly, the reported ZnxFe3-xO4 NPs strategy provides an opportunity for the success of comparison with light in the first and second near-infrared regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo 315300, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, China
| | - Yiqian Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chenglong He
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, China
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Li Z, Peng W, Zhou J, Shui S, Liu Y, Li T, Zhan X, Chen Y, Lan F, Ying B, Wu Y. Multidimensional Interactive Cascading Nanochips for Detection of Multiple Liver Diseases via Precise Metabolite Profiling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312799. [PMID: 38263756 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
It is challenging to detect and differentiate multiple diseases with high complexity/similarity from the same organ. Metabolic analysis based on nanomatrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (NMALDI-MS) is a promising platform for disease diagnosis, while the enhanced property of its core nanomatrix materials has plenty of room for improvement. Herein, a multidimensional interactive cascade nanochip composed of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs)/MXene/gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), IMG, is reported for serum metabolic profiling to achieve high-throughput detection of multiple liver diseases. MXene serves as a multi-binding site and an electron-hole source for ionization during NMALDI-MS analysis. Introduction of AuNPs with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties facilitates surface charge accumulation and rapid energy conversion. FeNPs are integrated into the MXene/Au nanocomposite to sharply reduce the thermal conductivity of the nanochip with negligible heat loss for strong thermally-driven desorption, and construct a multi-interaction proton transport pathway with MXene and AuNPs for strong ionization. Analysis of these enhanced serum fingerprint signals detected from the IMG nanochip through a neural network model results in differentiation of multiple liver diseases via a single pass and revelation of potential metabolic biomarkers. The promising method can rapidly and accurately screen various liver diseases, thus allowing timely treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Weili Peng
- Machine Intelligence Lab, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shaoxuan Shui
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yicheng Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Tan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Machine Intelligence Lab, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Fang Lan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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Al-Madani H, Yang Y, Refat M, He Q, Peng H, Wu A, Yang F. Quantification and biological evaluation of Zn xFe 3-xO 4 nanoparticle stiffness in a drug delivery system of MCF-7 cancer cells. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:1636-1651. [PMID: 38270595 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02723f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) to tumors remains challenging despite significant advancements in drug delivery technologies. Addressing this issue requires the establishment of quantitative and reliable criteria to evaluate the cellular absorption of NPs. The mechanical characteristics of NPs and their interaction with cells play a crucial role in cellular drug delivery by influencing cellular internalization. In particular, NPs' stiffness has emerged as a key factor affecting cellular uptake and viability. In this study, we synthesized ZnxFe3-xO4 NPs with varying Zn doping concentrations and conducted an extensive measurement process to investigate the impact of NP stiffness on cellular uptake and the viability of cancerous cells. Initially, the stiffness of the NPs was measured using two methods: single-molecule force spectrometry of atomic force microscopy (SMFS-AFM) and cation distribution as chemical structure analysis. The influence of NP stiffness on intracellular behavior was examined by assessing cellular uptake and viability at different time points during the incubation period. The results obtained from both stiffness measurement methods exhibited consistent trends. NPs with higher stiffness exhibited enhanced cellular uptake but exhibited reduced cellular viability compared to the lower-stiffness NPs. Our findings provide valuable insights into the influence of Zn doping concentration on the mechanical properties of ZnxFe3-xO4 NPs and their consequential impacts on cellular internalization. This study contributes to an improved comprehension of the mechanisms underlying cellular uptake and facilitates advancements in the field of drug transport, thereby enhancing the efficiency of NP-based drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Al-Madani
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yiqian Yang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Moath Refat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Qingxin He
- Guangxi Vocational & Technical Institute of Industry, Guangxi 530001, P. R. China
| | - Hao Peng
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, P. R. China.
| | - Fang Yang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, P. R. China.
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Yao J, Zhang A, Qiu Y, Li Z, Wu X, Li Z, Wu A, Yang F. Navigating zinc-involved nanomedicine in oncotherapy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4261-4276. [PMID: 36756840 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06857e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn), extolled as "the flower of life" in modern medicine, has been extensively highlighted with its physiological functions to maintain growth, development, and metabolism homeostasis. Driven by the substantial advancement of nanotechnology and oncology, Zn-involved nanomedicines integrating the intrinsic bioactivity of Zn species and the physiochemical attributes of Zn-composed nanosystems have blazed a highly efficient and relatively biosafe antineoplastic path. In this review, we aim to highlight and discuss the recent representative modalities of emerging Zn-involved oncology nanomedicine, mainly emphasizing the rational design, biological effect and biosafety, and therapeutic strategies. In addition, we provide the underlying critical obstacles and future perspectives of Zn-involved oncology nanomedicines, primarily focusing on the chances and challenges of clinical translation. Furthermore, we hope the review can give rise to opportunities within oncology nanomedicine and other biomedical fields, promoting the prosperity and progress of the "Zincic Age".
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlie Yao
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of BioMedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Aoran Zhang
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of BioMedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P.R. China.
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of BioMedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P.R. China.
| | - Zihou Li
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of BioMedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of BioMedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P.R. China.
| | - Zhouhua Li
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of BioMedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P.R. China.
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of BioMedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P.R. China.
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Fang Yang
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of BioMedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P.R. China.
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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“Double-punch” strategy against triple-negative breast cancer via a synergistic therapy of magneto-mechanical force enhancing NIR-II hypothermal ablation. Biomaterials 2022; 291:121868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Li J, Ling J, Yao C. Recent advances in NIR-II fluorescence based theranostic approaches for glioma. Front Chem 2022; 10:1054913. [PMID: 36438867 PMCID: PMC9682463 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1054913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are among the most common malignant tumors in the central nervous system and lead to poor life expectancy. However, the effective treatment of gliomas remains a considerable challenge. The recent development of near infrared (NIR) II (1000-1700 nm) theranostic agents has led to powerful strategies in diagnosis, targeted delivery of drugs, and accurate therapy. Because of the high capacity of NIR-II light in deep tissue penetration, improved spatiotemporal resolution can be achieved to facilitate the in vivo detection of gliomas via fluorescence imaging, and high contrast fluorescence imaging guided surgery can be realized. In addition to the precise imaging of tumors, drug delivery nano-platforms with NIR-II agents also allow the delivery process to be monitored in real-time. In addition, the combination of targeted drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, and photothermal therapy in the NIR region significantly improves the therapeutic effect against gliomas. Thus, this mini-review summarizes the recent developments in NIR-II fluorescence-based theranostic agents for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Li
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Management, Nantong Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jue Ling
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chaoyi Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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