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Kim T, Kim Y, Cho W, Kwak JH, Cho J, Pyeon Y, Kim JJ, Shin H. Ultralow-Power Single-Sensor-Based E-Nose System Powered by Duty Cycling and Deep Learning for Real-Time Gas Identification. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 38857120 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a novel, ultralow-power single-sensor-based electronic nose (e-nose) system for real-time gas identification, distinguishing itself from conventional sensor-array-based e-nose systems, whose power consumption and cost increase with the number of sensors. Our system employs a single metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensor built on a suspended 1D nanoheater, driven by duty cycling─characterized by repeated pulsed power inputs. The sensor's ultrafast thermal response, enabled by its small size, effectively decouples the effects of temperature and surface charge exchange on the MOS nanomaterial's conductivity. This provides distinct sensing signals that alternate between responses coupled with and decoupled from the thermally enhanced conductivity, all within a single time domain during duty cycling. The magnitude and ratio of these dual responses vary depending on the gas type and concentration, facilitating the early stage gas identification of five gas types within 30 s via a convolutional neural network (classification accuracy = 93.9%, concentration regression error = 19.8%). Additionally, the duty-cycling mode significantly reduces power consumption by up to 90%, lowering it to 160 μW to heat the sensor to 250 °C. Manufactured using only wafer-level batch microfabrication processes, this innovative e-nose system promises the facile implementation of battery-driven, long-term, and cost-effective IoT monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggi Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Wootaek Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Kwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Cho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youjang Pyeon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Joon Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungjoo Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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2
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Ye C, Zhao L, Yang S, Li X. Recent Research on Preparation and Application of Smart Joule Heating Fabrics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309027. [PMID: 38072784 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Multifunctional wearable heaters have attracted much attention for their effective applications in personal thermal management and medical therapy. Compared to passive heating, Joule heating offers significant advantages in terms of reusability, reliable temperature control, and versatile coupling. Joule-heated fabrics make wearable electronics smarter. This review critically discusses recent advances in Joule-heated smart fabrics, focusing on various fabrication strategies based on material-structure synergy. Specifically, various applicable conductive materials with Joule heating effect are first summarized. Subsequently, different preparation methods for Joule heating fabrics are compared, and then their various applications in smart clothing, healthcare, and visual indication are discussed. Finally, the challenges faced in developing these smart Joule heating fabrics and their possible solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfa Ye
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Longqi Zhao
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Sihui Yang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
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Jo MS, Kim SH, Park SY, Choi KW, Kim SH, Yoo JY, Kim BJ, Yoon JB. Fast-Response and Low-Power Self-Heating Gas Sensor Using Metal/Metal Oxide/Metal (MMOM) Structured Nanowires. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1896-1905. [PMID: 38626402 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
With the escalating global awareness of air quality management, the need for continuous and reliable monitoring of toxic gases by using low-power operating systems has become increasingly important. One of which, semiconductor metal oxide gas sensors have received great attention due to their high/fast response and simple working mechanism. More specifically, self-heating metal oxide gas sensors, wherein direct thermal activation in the sensing material, have been sought for their low power-consuming characteristics. However, previous works have neglected to address the temperature distribution within the sensing material, resulting in inefficient gas response and prolonged response/recovery times, particularly due to the low-temperature regions. Here, we present a unique metal/metal oxide/metal (MMOM) nanowire architecture that conductively confines heat to the sensing material, achieving high uniformity in the temperature distribution. The proposed structure enables uniform thermal activation within the sensing material, allowing the sensor to efficiently react with the toxic gas. As a result, the proposed MMOM gas sensor showed significantly enhanced gas response (from 6.7 to 20.1% at 30 ppm), response time (from 195 to 17 s at 30 ppm), and limit of detection (∼1 ppm) when compared to those of conventional single-material structures upon exposure to carbon monoxide. Furthermore, the proposed work demonstrated low power consumption (2.36 mW) and high thermal durability (1500 on/off cycles), demonstrating its potential for practical applications in reliable and low-power operating gas sensor systems. These results propose a new paradigm for power-efficient and robust self-heating metal oxide gas sensors with potential implications for other fields requiring thermal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seung Jo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yoon Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS Co., Ltd., 130 Samsungjeonja-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyenggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS Co., Ltd., 1, Samsungjeonja-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Yoo
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Bo Yoon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Kim SH, Jo MS, Choi KW, Yoo JY, Kim BJ, Yang JS, Chung MK, Kim TS, Yoon JB. Ultrathin Serpentine Insulation Layer Architecture for Ultralow Power Gas Sensor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304555. [PMID: 37649204 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Toxic gases have surreptitiously influenced the health and environment of contemporary society with their odorless/colorless characteristics. As a result, a pressing need for reliable and portable gas-sensing devices has continuously increased. However, with their negligence to efficiently microstructure their bulky supportive layer on which the sensing and heating materials are located, previous semiconductor metal-oxide gas sensors have been unable to fully enhance their power efficiency, a critical factor in power-stringent portable devices. Herein, an ultrathin insulation layer with a unique serpentine architecture is proposed for the development of a power-efficient gas sensor, consuming only 2.3 mW with an operating temperature of 300 °C (≈6% of the leading commercial product). Utilizing a mechanically robust serpentine design, this work presents a fully suspended standalone device with a supportive layer thickness of only ≈50 nm. The developed gas sensor shows excellent mechanical durability, operating over 10 000 on/off cycles and ≈2 years of life expectancy under continuous operation. The gas sensor detected carbon monoxide concentrations from 30 to 1 ppm with an average response time of ≈15 s and distinguishable sensitivity to 1 ppm (ΔR/R0 = 5%). The mass-producible fabrication and heating efficiency presented here provide an exemplary platform for diverse power-efficient-related devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ho Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seung Jo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Choi
- Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 1, Samsungjeonja-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Yoo
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Soon Yang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Kun Chung
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Soo Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Bo Yoon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Dong C, Tian R, Qu H, Tan H, Chen G, Guan H, Yin Z. Anchoring Pt Particles onto Mesoporousized ZnO Holey Cubes for Triethylamine Detection with Multifaceted Superiorities. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300756. [PMID: 37078834 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Designing sensing materials with integrating unique spatial structures, functional units, and surface activity is vital to achieve high-performance gas sensor toward triethylamine (TEA) detection. Herein, a simple spontaneous dissolution is used with subsequent thermal decomposition strategy to fabricate mesoporousized ZnO holey cubes. The squaric acid is crucial to coordinate Zn2+ to form a cubic shape (ZnO-0) and then tailor the inner part to open a holey cube with simultaneously mesoporousizing the left cubic body (ZnO-72). To enhance the sensing performance, the mesoporous ZnO holey cubes have been functionalized with catalytic Pt nanoparticles, which deliver superior performances including high response, low detection limit, and fast response and recovery time. Notably, the response of Pt/ZnO-72 towards 200 ppm TEA is up to 535, which is much higher than those of 43 and 224 for pristine ZnO-0 and ZnO-72. A synergistic mechanism combining the intrinsic merits of ZnO, its unique mesoporous holey cubic structure, the oxygen vacancies, and the catalytic sensitization effect of Pt has been proposed for the significant enhancement in TEA sensing. Our work provides an effective facile approach to fabricate an advanced micro-nano architecture with manipulating its spatial structure, functional units, and active mesoporous surface for promising TEA gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Dong
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Ruonan Tian
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Honglong Qu
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Huai Tan
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Hongtao Guan
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Zongyou Yin
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
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Zou Q, Oli BD, Zhang H, Benigno J, Li X, Li L. Deciphering Alloy Composition in Superconducting Single-Layer FeSe 1-xS x on SrTiO 3(001) Substrates by Machine Learning of STM/S Data. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22644-22650. [PMID: 37125966 PMCID: PMC10176460 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is a powerful technique for imaging atomic structure and inferring information on local elemental composition, chemical bonding, and electronic excitations. However, a plain visual analysis of STM images can be challenging for such determination in multicomponent alloys, particularly beyond the diluted limit due to chemical disorder and electronic inhomogeneity. One viable solution is to use machine learning to analyze STM data and identify hidden patterns and correlations. Here, we apply this approach to determine the Se/S concentration in superconducting single-layer FeSe1-xSx alloys epitaxially grown on SrTiO3(001) substrates via molecular beam epitaxy. First, the K-means clustering method is applied to identify defect-related dI/dV tunneling spectra taken by current imaging tunneling spectroscopy. Then, the Se/S ratio is calculated by analyzing the remaining spectra based on the singular value decomposition method. Such analysis provides an efficient and reliable determination of alloy composition and further reveals the correlations of nanoscale chemical inhomogeneity to superconductivity in single-layer iron chalcogenide films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Basu Dev Oli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Joseph Benigno
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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Cho I, Sim YC, Lee K, Cho M, Park J, Kang M, Chang KS, Jeong CB, Cho YH, Park I. Nanowatt-Level Photoactivated Gas Sensor Based on Fully-Integrated Visible MicroLED and Plasmonic Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207165. [PMID: 36974597 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivated gas sensors that are fully integrated with micro light-emitting diodes (µLED) have shown great potential to substitute conventional micro/nano-electromechanical (M/NEMS) gas sensors owing to their low power consumption, high mechanical stability, and mass-producibility. Previous photoactivated gas sensors mostly have utilized ultra-violet (UV) light (250-400 nm) for activating high-bandgap metal oxides, although energy conversion efficiencies of gallium nitride (GaN) LEDs are maximized in the blue range (430-470 nm). This study presents a more advanced monolithic photoactivated gas sensor based on a nanowatt-level, ultra-low-power blue (λpeak = 435 nm) µLED platform (µLP). To promote the blue light absorbance of the sensing material, plasmonic silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) are uniformly coated on porous indium oxide (In2 O3 ) thin films. By the plasmonic effect, Ag NPs absorb the blue light and spontaneously transfer excited hot electrons to the surface of In2 O3 . Consequently, high external quantum efficiency (EQE, ≈17.3%) and sensor response (ΔR/R0 (%) = 1319%) to 1 ppm NO2 gas can be achieved with a small power consumption of 63 nW. Therefore, it is highly expected to realize various practical applications of mobile gas sensors such as personal environmental monitoring devices, smart factories, farms, and home appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Incheol Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Sim
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichul Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Soo Chang
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Bae Jeong
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Cho
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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