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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Hu T, Yang J, Li Y. High-entropy PtCuSnWNb nanoalloys as efficient and stable catalysts for ethanol oxidation electrocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4072-4075. [PMID: 38505979 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00170b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Ternary nanoalloys used as electrochemical ethanol oxidation catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells are confronted with poor stability issues under harsh acidic operating conditions. To address this issue, a carbon-supported quinary PtCuSnWNb high-entropy nanoalloy (denoted as PtCuSnWNb/C) was synthesized by using a polyol reduction method. Due to the unique high-entropy mixing states and strong catalyst-support interactions, PtCuSnWNb/C shows robust structural and compositional stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Tieyu Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Yi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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2
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Liang C, Zhao R, Chen T, Luo Y, Hu J, Qi P, Ding W. Recent Approaches for Cleaving the C─C Bond During Ethanol Electro-Oxidation Reaction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308958. [PMID: 38342625 PMCID: PMC11022732 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) play an indispensable role in the cyclic utilization of carbon resources due to its high volumetric energy density, high efficiency, and environmental benign character. However, owing to the chemically stable carbon-carbon (C─C) bond of ethanol, its incomplete electrooxidation at the anode severely inhibits the energy and power density output of DEFCs. The efficiency of C─C bond cleaving on the state-of-the-art Pt or Pd catalysts is reported as low as 7.5%. Recently, tremendous efforts are devoted to this field, and some effective strategies are put forward to facilitate the cleavage of the C─C bond. It is the right time to summarize the major breakthroughs in ethanol electrooxidation reaction. In this review, some optimization strategies including constructing core-shell nanostructure with alloying effect, doping other metal atoms in Pt and Pd catalysts, engineering composite catalyst with interface synergism, introducing cascade catalytic sites, and so on, are systematically summarized. In addition, the catalytic mechanism as well as the correlations between the catalyst structure and catalytic efficiency are further discussed. Finally, the prevailing limitations and feasible improvement directions for ethanol electrooxidation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjia Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
| | - Ruiyao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
| | - Teng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
- Department of Aviation Oil and MaterialAir Force Logistics AcademyXuzhouJiangsu221000China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Aviation Oil and MaterialAir Force Logistics AcademyXuzhouJiangsu221000China
| | - Jianqiang Hu
- Department of Aviation Oil and MaterialAir Force Logistics AcademyXuzhouJiangsu221000China
| | - Ping Qi
- Department of Aviation Oil and MaterialAir Force Logistics AcademyXuzhouJiangsu221000China
| | - Weiping Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
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3
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Cheng W, Sun C, Liu W, Wang Z. High-Entropy Alloy PtCuNiCoMn Nanoparticles on rGO for Electrooxidation of Methanol and Formic Acid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2343-2351. [PMID: 38230630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
High-entropy alloy (HEA) nanoparticles have attracted great attention due to their excellent electrocatalytic properties. Herein, PtCuNiCoMn HEA nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are synthesized via a solvothermal co-reduction method and are used as an electrocatalyst for the electrooxidation of methanol and formic acid. Owing to the synergistic effect between the component metals, the high-entropy effect, and the sluggish diffusion effect, the PtCuNiCoMn HEA nanoparticles possess significantly improved electrocatalytic activity and stability compared to PtCuNiCo, PtCuNi, PtCu, Pt nanoparticles, and the commercial Pt/C catalyst. The results reveal the unique advantages of HEA nanoparticles in the field of electrocatalysis. The synthesis method is simple and effective, which may be valuable for the preparation of other HEA electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengrui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, People's Republic of China
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4
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Zhao Q, Zhao B, Long X, Feng R, Shakouri M, Paterson A, Xiao Q, Zhang Y, Fu XZ, Luo JL. Interfacial Electronic Modulation of Dual-Monodispersed Pt-Ni 3S 2 as Efficacious Bi-Functional Electrocatalysts for Concurrent H 2 Evolution and Methanol Selective Oxidation. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:80. [PMID: 38206434 PMCID: PMC10784266 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Constructing the efficacious and applicable bi-functional electrocatalysts and establishing out the mechanisms of organic electro-oxidation by replacing anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are critical to the development of electrochemically-driven technologies for efficient hydrogen production and avoid CO2 emission. Herein, the hetero-nanocrystals between monodispersed Pt (~ 2 nm) and Ni3S2 (~ 9.6 nm) are constructed as active electrocatalysts through interfacial electronic modulation, which exhibit superior bi-functional activities for methanol selective oxidation and H2 generation. The experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the asymmetrical charge distribution at Pt-Ni3S2 could be modulated by the electronic interaction at the interface of dual-monodispersed heterojunctions, which thus promote the adsorption/desorption of the chemical intermediates at the interface. As a result, the selective conversion from CH3OH to formate is accomplished at very low potentials (1.45 V) to attain 100 mA cm-2 with high electronic utilization rate (~ 98%) and without CO2 emission. Meanwhile, the Pt-Ni3S2 can simultaneously exhibit a broad potential window with outstanding stability and large current densities for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode. Further, the excellent bi-functional performance is also indicated in the coupled methanol oxidation reaction (MOR)//HER reactor by only requiring a cell voltage of 1.60 V to achieve a current density of 50 mA cm-2 with good reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Long
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Renfei Feng
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X4, Canada
| | | | - Alisa Paterson
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Qunfeng Xiao
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Yu Zhang
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Shenzhen University (Lihu Campus), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Zhu Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Li Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Qiao M, Wei Y, Dong YJ, Wang JX, Chen JF. A Universal Approach for Controllable Synthesis of Homogeneously Alloyed PtM Nanoflowers toward Enhanced Methanol Oxidation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2307283. [PMID: 38109154 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Platinum (Pt)-based alloys have received considerable attention due to their compositional variability and unique electrochemical properties. However, homogeneous element distribution at the nanoscale, which is beneficial to various electrocatalytic reactions, is still a great challenge. Herein, a universal approach is proposed to synthesize homogeneously alloyed and size-tunable Pt-based nanoflowers utilizing high gravity technology. Owing to the significant intensification of micro-mixing and mass transfer in unique high gravity shearing surroundings, five typical binary/ternary Pt-based nanoflowers are instantaneously achieved at room temperature. As a proof-of-concept, as-synthesized Platinum-Silver nanoflowers (PtAg NFs) demonstrate excellent catalytic performance and anti-CO poisoning ability for anodic methanol oxidation reaction with high mass activity of 1830 mA mgPt -1 , 3.5 and 3.2 times higher than those of conventional beaker products and commercial Pt/C, respectively. The experiment in combination with theory calculations suggest that the enhanced performance is due to additional electronic transmission and optimized d-band center of Pt caused by high alloying degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity, Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity, Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yan-Jun Dong
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity, Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity, Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jian-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity, Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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6
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Luo F, Yu Y, Long X, Li C, Xiong T, Yang Z. Boosting catalytic activity toward methanol oxidation reaction for platinum via heterostructure engineering. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 656:450-456. [PMID: 38006867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is hampered by the sluggish methanol oxidation reaction. In this work, we have invited rhodium phosphides (Rh2P) to platinum (Pt) as robust MOR electrocatalyst ascribing the excellent water dissociation capability of Rh2P to generate Pt(OH)ads species to mitigate the CO poisoning. MOR mass activity of Rh2P-Pt/C is enhanced by 2- and 3.5-time with relative to commercial Pt/C and PtRu/C, respectively; additionally, the CO anti-poisoning ability is also boosted by 2.4 folds than Pt/C. The in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test reveals that the water dissociation is accelerated by Rh2P; moreover, the mutual electronic interplay between Pt and Rh2P contributes to a superior resistance towards electrochemical dissolution and coalescence. The theoretical investigation also indicates that d band center of Pt in Rh2P-Pt is downshifted resulting in a lower CO binding strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials & Advanced Processing Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, 430200, PR China
| | - Yingjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials & Advanced Processing Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, 430200, PR China
| | - Xue Long
- Hubei Hydrogen Energy Technology Innovation Center, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, 388 Lumo RD, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials & Advanced Processing Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, 430200, PR China.
| | - Tiantian Xiong
- Hubei Hydrogen Energy Technology Innovation Center, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, 388 Lumo RD, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zehui Yang
- Hubei Hydrogen Energy Technology Innovation Center, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, 388 Lumo RD, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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7
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Chen T, Xu S, Zhao T, Zhou X, Hu J, Xu X, Liang C, Liu M, Ding W. Accelerating Ethanol Complete Electrooxidation via Introducing Ethylene as the Precursor for the C-C Bond Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308057. [PMID: 37545437 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The crucial issue restricting the application of direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) is the incomplete and sluggish electrooxidation of ethanol due to the chemically stable C-C bond thereof. Herein, a unique ethylene-mediated pathway with a 100 % C1-selectivity for ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) is proposed for the first time based on a well-structured Pt/Al2 O3 @TiAl catalyst with cascade active sites. The electrochemical in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) analysis disclose that ethanol is primarily dehydrated on the surface of Al2 O3 @TiAl and the derived ethylene is further oxidized completely on nanostructured Pt. X-ray absorption and density functional theory (DFT) studies disclose the Al component doped in Pt nanocrystals can promote the EOR kinetics by lowering the reaction energy barriers and eliminating the poisonous species. Strikingly, Pt/Al2 O3 @TiAl exhibits a specific activity of 3.83 mA cm-2 Pt , 7.4 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C and superior long-term durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Chen
- Air Force Logistics Academy, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Shen Xu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, China
| | - Taotao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xiaohang Zhou
- Air Force Logistics Academy, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Jianqiang Hu
- Air Force Logistics Academy, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Air Force Logistics Academy, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Chenjia Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physical and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Weiping Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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Lu Q, Gu X, Li J, Li W, Luque R, Eid K. Unraveling ultrasonic assisted aqueous-phase one-step synthesis of porous PtPdCu nanodendrites for methanol oxidation with a CO-poisoning tolerance. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 98:106494. [PMID: 37356216 PMCID: PMC10319326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The tailored design of tri-metallic Pt-based porous nanodendrites (PNDs) is crucial for green energy production technologies, ascribed to their fancy features, great surface areas, accessible active sites, and stability against aggregation. However, their aqueous-phase one-step synthesis at room temperature remains a daunting challenge. Herein, we present a facile, green, and template-free approach for the one-step synthesis of PtPdCu PNDs by ultrasonication of an aqueous solution of metal salts and Pluronic F127 at 25 ℃, based on natural isolation among nucleation and growth step driven by the disparate reduction kinetics of the metals and acoustic cavitation mechanism of ultrasonic waves. The resultant PtPdCu PNDs formed in a spatial nanodendritic shape with a dense array of branches, open corners, interconnected pores, high surface area (46.9 m2/g), and high Cu content (21 %). The methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) mass activity of PtPdCu PNDs (3.66 mA/µgPt) is 1.45, 2.73, and 2.83 times higher than those of PtPd PNDs, PtCu PNDs, and commercial Pt/C, respectively based on equivalent Pt mass, which is superior to previous PtPdCu catalysts reported elsewhere, besides a superior durability and CO-poisoning tolerance. This study may pave the way for the controlled fabrication of ternary Pt-based PNDs for various electrocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Lu
- Engineering & Technology Center of Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Xilei Gu
- Engineering & Technology Center of Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Engineering & Technology Center of Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Wenpeng Li
- Engineering & Technology Center of Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Rafael Luque
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho Maklaya str., 117198 Moscow, Russian Federation; Universidad ECOTEC, Km 13.5 Samborondón, Samborondón EC092302, Ecuador
| | - Kamel Eid
- Gas Processing Center (GPC), College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
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Wang J, Zhang B, Guo W, Wang L, Chen J, Pan H, Sun W. Toward Electrocatalytic Methanol Oxidation Reaction: Longstanding Debates and Emerging Catalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2211099. [PMID: 36706444 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The study of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) has lasted around 70 years, since the first investigation in the early 1950s. Though enormous effort has been devoted in this field, it is still far from commercialization. The methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), as a semi-reaction of DMFCs, is the bottleneck reaction that restricts the overall performance of DMFCs. To date, there has been intense debate on the complex six-electron reaction, but barely any reviews have systematically discussed this topic. To this end, the controversies and progress regarding the electrocatalytic mechanisms, performance evaluations as well as the design science toward MOR electrocatalysts are summarized. This review also provides a comprehensive introduction on the recent development of emerging MOR electrocatalysts with a focus on the innovation of the alloy, core-shell structure, heterostructure, and single-atom catalysts. Finally, perspectives on the future outlook toward study of the mechanisms and design of electrocatalysts are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bingxing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Hongge Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Wenping Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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