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Muraleedharan AK, Co K, Vallet M, Zaki A, Karolak F, Bogicevic C, Perronet K, Dkhil B, Paillard C, Fiorini-Debuisschert C, Treussart F. Ferroelectric Texture of Individual Barium Titanate Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18355-18367. [PMID: 38952163 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Ferroelectric materials display exotic polarization textures at the nanoscale that could be used to improve the energetic efficiency of electronic components. The vast majority of studies were conducted in two dimensions on thin films that can be further nanostructured, but very few studies address the situation of individual isolated nanocrystals (NCs) synthesized in solution, while such structures could have other fields of applications. In this work, we experimentally and theoretically studied the polarization texture of ferroelectric barium titanate (BaTiO3, BTO) NCs attached to a conductive substrate and surrounded by air. We synthesized NCs of well-defined quasicubic shape and 160 nm average size that conserve the tetragonal structure of BTO at room temperature. We then investigated the inverse piezoelectric properties of such pristine individual NCs by vector piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), taking particular care to suppress electrostatic artifacts. In all of the NCs studied, we could not detect any vertical PFM signal, and the maps of the lateral response all displayed larger displacement amplitude on the edges with deformations converging toward the center. Using field phase simulations dedicated to ferroelectric nanostructures, we were able to predict the equilibrium polarization texture. These simulations revealed that the NC core is composed of 180° up and down domains defining the polar axis that rotate by 90° in the two facets orthogonal to this axis, eventually lying within these planes forming a layer of about 10 nm thickness mainly composed of 180° domains along an edge. From this polarization distribution, we predicted the lateral PFM response, which was revealed to be in very good qualitative agreement with the experimental observations. This work positions PFM as a relevant tool to evaluate the potential of complex ferroelectric nanostructures to be used as sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athulya K Muraleedharan
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kevin Co
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Laboratoire SPMS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maxime Vallet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Laboratoire SPMS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Abdelali Zaki
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Laboratoire SPMS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fabienne Karolak
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Laboratoire SPMS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christine Bogicevic
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Laboratoire SPMS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karen Perronet
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Brahim Dkhil
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Laboratoire SPMS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Charles Paillard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Laboratoire SPMS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Smart Ferroic Materials Center, Institute for Nanoscience & Engineering and Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701 Arkansas, United States
| | | | - François Treussart
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Sun M, Wang J, Huang X, Hang R, Han P, Guo J, Yao X, Chu PK, Zhang X. Ultrasound-driven radical chain reaction and immunoregulation of piezoelectric-based hybrid coating for treating implant infection. Biomaterials 2024; 307:122532. [PMID: 38493670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The poor efficiency of US-responsive coatings on implants restricts their practical application. Immunotherapy that stimulates immune cells to enhance their antibacterial activity is expected to synergize with sonodynamic therapy for treating implant infection effectively and safely. Herein, US-responsive hybrid coatings composed of the oxygen-deficient BaTiO3 nanorod arrays and l-arginine (BaTiO3-x/LA) are designed and prepared on titanium implants for sonocatalytic therapy-cooperated immunotherapy to treat Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. BaTiO3-x/LA can generate more oxidizing reactive oxygen species (ROS, hydroxyl radical (·OH)) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS, peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-)). The construction of nanorod arrays and oxygen defects balances the piezoelectric properties and sonocatalytic capability during US treatment. The generated piezoelectric electric field provides a sufficient driving force to separate electrons and holes, and the oxygen defects attenuate the electron-hole recombination efficiency, consequently increasing the yield of ROS during the US treatment. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO) released by l-arginine reacts with the superoxide radical (·O2-) to produce ONOO-. Since, this radical chain reaction improves the oxidizing ability between bacteria and radicals, the cell membrane (argB, secA2) and DNA (dnaBGXN) are destroyed. The bacterial self-repair mechanism indirectly accelerates bacterial death based on the transcriptome analysis. In addition to participating in the radical chain reaction, NO positively affects macrophage M1 polarization to yield potent phagocytosis to MRSA. As a result, without introducing an extra sonosensitizer, BaTiO3-x/LA exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against MRSA after the US treatment for 15 min. Furthermore, BaTiO3-x/LA facilitates macrophage M2 polarization after implantation and improves osteogenic differentiation. The combined effects of sonodynamic therapy and immunoregulation lead to an effective and safe treatment method for implant-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Jiameng Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Ruiqiang Hang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Peide Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Jiqiang Guo
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China; Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
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Jeong C, Lee J, Jo H, Oh J, Baik H, Go KJ, Son J, Choi SY, Prosandeev S, Bellaiche L, Yang Y. Revealing the three-dimensional arrangement of polar topology in nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3887. [PMID: 38719801 PMCID: PMC11078976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the early 2000s, low dimensional ferroelectric systems were predicted to have topologically nontrivial polar structures, such as vortices or skyrmions, depending on mechanical or electrical boundary conditions. A few variants of these structures have been experimentally observed in thin film model systems, where they are engineered by balancing electrostatic charge and elastic distortion energies. However, the measurement and classification of topological textures for general ferroelectric nanostructures have remained elusive, as it requires mapping the local polarization at the atomic scale in three dimensions. Here we unveil topological polar structures in ferroelectric BaTiO3 nanoparticles via atomic electron tomography, which enables us to reconstruct the full three-dimensional arrangement of cation atoms at an individual atom level. Our three-dimensional polarization maps reveal clear topological orderings, along with evidence of size-dependent topological transitions from a single vortex structure to multiple vortices, consistent with theoretical predictions. The discovery of the predicted topological polar ordering in nanoscale ferroelectrics, independent of epitaxial strain, widens the research perspective and offers potential for practical applications utilizing contact-free switchable toroidal moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaehwa Jeong
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyeok Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Energy Geosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hyesung Jo
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewhan Oh
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hionsuck Baik
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-June Go
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwoo Son
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Young Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Center for Van der Waals Quantum Solids, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sergey Prosandeev
- Smart Ferroic Materials Center (SFMC), Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Laurent Bellaiche
- Smart Ferroic Materials Center (SFMC), Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Yongsoo Yang
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Xu B, Ma L, Wang W, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Liang C, Zhou L, Wang L, Zhang Y, Chen L, Zhang C, Wei W. Orderly Arranged Dipoles Regulate Anion-Derived Solid-Electrolyte Interphase for Stable Lithium Metal Chemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311938. [PMID: 38294074 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) metal batteries are considered the most promising high-energy-density electrochemical energy storage devices of the next generation. However, the unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) derived from electrolytes usually leads to high impedance, Li dendrites growth, and poor cyclability. Herein, the ferroelectric BaTiO3 with orderly arranged dipoles (BTOV) is integrated into the polypropylene separator as a functional layer. Detailed characterizations and theoretical calculations indicate that surface oxygen vacancies drive the phase transition of BaTiO3 materials and promote the ordered arrangement of dipoles. The strong dipole moments in BTOV can adsorb TFSI- and NO3 - anions selectively and promote their preferential reduction to form a SEI film enriched with inorganic LiF and LiNxOy species, thus facilitating the rapid transfer of Li+ and restraining the growth of Li dendrites. As a result, the Li-Li cell with the BTOV functional layer exhibits enhanced Li plating/stripping cycling with an ultra-long life of over 7000 h at 0.5 mA cm-2/1.0 mAh cm-2. The LiFePO4 || Li (50 µm) full cells display excellent cycling performance exceeding 1760 cycles and superior rate performance. This work provides a new perspective for regulating SEI chemistry by introducing ordered dipoles to control the distribution and reaction of anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Wenran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hai Zhu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis, Changsha University, Changsha, Hunan, 410022, P. R. China
| | - Youquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Chaoping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Liangjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Libao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
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He F, Li W, Liu B, Zhong Y, Jin Q, Qin X. Progress of Piezoelectric Semiconductor Nanomaterials in Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:298-312. [PMID: 38124374 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy is an emerging noninvasive tumor treatment method that utilizes ultrasound to stimulate sonosensitizers to produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species, inducing tumor cell death. Though sonodynamic therapy has very promising prospects in cancer treatment, the application of early organic sonosensitizers has been limited in efficacy due to the high blood clearance-rate, poor water solubility, and low stability. Inorganic sonosensitizers have thus been developed, among which piezoelectric semiconductor materials have received increasing attention in sonodynamic therapy due to their piezoelectric properties and strong stability. In this review, we summarized the designs, principles, modification strategies, and applications of several commonly used piezoelectric materials in sonodynamic therapy and prospected the future clinical applications for piezoelectric semiconductor materials in sonodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Hubei Province, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenqu Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Hubei Province, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Hubei Province, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Hubei Province, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiaofeng Jin
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Hubei Province, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qin
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Hubei Province, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
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Zheng H, Ma Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ye J, Debroye E, Zhang L, Liu T, Xie Y. Perovskite Oxide as A New Platform for Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316097. [PMID: 37985423 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic nitrogen oxidation reaction (NOR) offers an efficient and sustainable approach for conversion of widespread nitrogen (N2 ) into high-value-added nitrate (NO3 - ) under mild conditions, representing a promising alternative to the traditional approach that involves harsh Haber-Bosch and Ostwald oxidation processes. Unfortunately, due to the weak absorption/activation of N2 and the competitive oxygen evolution reaction, the kinetics of NOR process is extremely sluggish accompanied with low Faradaic efficiencies and NO3 - yield rates. In this work, an oxygen-vacancy-enriched perovskite oxide with nonstoichiometric ratio of strontium and ruthenium (denoted as Sr0.9 RuO3 ) was synthesized and explored as NOR electrocatalyst, which can exhibit a high Faradaic efficiency (38.6 %) with a high NO3 - yield rate (17.9 μmol mg-1 h-1 ). The experimental results show that the amount of oxygen vacancies in Sr0.9 RuO3 is greatly higher than that of SrRuO3 , following the same trend as their NOR performance. Theoretical simulations unravel that the presence of oxygen vacancies in the Sr0.9 RuO3 can render a decreased thermodynamic barrier toward the oxidation of *N2 to *N2 OH at the rate-determining step, leading to its enhanced NOR performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, International Joint Research Laboratory for Nano Energy Composites, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ziwei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, International Joint Research Laboratory for Nano Energy Composites, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yunxia Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, International Joint Research Laboratory for Nano Energy Composites, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jinyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Elke Debroye
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Longsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, International Joint Research Laboratory for Nano Energy Composites, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Tianxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, International Joint Research Laboratory for Nano Energy Composites, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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Razouq H, Neuhauser K, Zickler G, Berger T, Diwald O. Water-Mediated Conversion of BaTiO 3 Nanoparticles into BaCO 3 Nanorods in Electrospun Polymer Fibers: Implications for Carbon Capture Applications. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:19887-19895. [PMID: 37969782 PMCID: PMC10644300 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c03703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Under ambient conditions and in aqueous environments, transformations of nanoparticle-based ferroelectric components can raise important stability issues that are relevant for applications as multilayer capacitors, flexible piezoelectrics, or biomedical devices. We show that X-ray amorphous BaTiO3 nanoparticles that were grown by flame spray pyrolysis and which can be incorporated into electrospun polymer fibers undergo incongruent Ba2+ dissolution in the presence of water. At pH > 5 and in contact with air, corresponding Ba solutes spontaneously convert into crystalline BaCO3 needles to produce characteristic nano- and microstructures. We compared the reactivity of amorphous BaTiO3 nanoparticle powders with those of nanocrystals after annealing-induced crystallization. The stability of aqueous nanoparticle-polymer formulations, which are typically part of nanoparticle encapsulation in polymers and electrospinning, was included in this analysis. Nanoparticle size, crystallinity, surface area, the presence of carbonaceous surface contaminants, and the effect of surface passivation with polymers are addressed to underline the critical role of condensed water during the synthesis, storage, and processing of BaTiO3 nanoparticle-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Razouq
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University
Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Straße 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kerstin Neuhauser
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University
Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Straße 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gregor Zickler
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University
Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Straße 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University
Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Straße 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Oliver Diwald
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University
Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Straße 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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