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Sustainable Reuse of Waste Tire Textile Fibers (WTTF) as Reinforcements. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193933. [PMID: 36235881 PMCID: PMC9570946 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste tire textile fibers (WTTF), as a by-product (10–15% by weight of tires) of end-of-life tires (ELT) mechanical recycling (grinding), are classified as hazardous wastes and traditionally burnt (thermal recycling) or buried (landfilling), leading to several environmental and ecological issues. Thus, WTTF still represent an important challenge in today’s material recycling streams. It is vital to provide practical and economical solutions to convert WTTF into a source of inexpensive and valuable raw materials. In recent years, tire textile fibers have attracted significant attention to be used as a promising substitute to the commonly used natural/synthetic reinforcement fibers in geotechnical engineering applications, construction/civil structures, insulation materials, and polymer composites. However, the results available in the literature are limited, and practical aspects such as fiber contamination (~65% rubber particles) remain unsolved, limiting WTTF as an inexpensive reinforcement. This study provides a comprehensive review on WTTF treatments to separate rubber and impurities and discusses potential applications in expansive soils, cement and concrete, asphalt mixtures, rubber aerogels and polymer composites.
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Kanari N, Menad NE, Filippov LO, Shallari S, Allain E, Patisson F, Yvon J. Some Aspects of the Thermochemical Route for the Valorization of Plastic Wastes, Part I: Reduction of Iron Oxides by Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154129. [PMID: 34361321 PMCID: PMC8348790 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mass production of synthetic plastics began in the last century and today they have become one of the most abundant man-made materials. The disposal or the beneficiation of end-of-life plastics represent a great challenge for society especially in the case of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This study is focused on the use of PVC waste as a useful agent for the direct reduction of hematite (Fe2O3) after a thermal treatment at 300 °C for removing the chlorine contained in PVC. Thermal reduction tests were conducted from 600 °C to 1100 °C with (Fe2O3 + PVC + clay) pellet mixtures in which clay was used as plasticizing and binder agent of the pellets. The starting samples and treatment residues were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy through energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to monitor the chemical behavior and reactivity of the pellet constituents during their thermal treatment. The stepwise reduction of hematite up to metallic iron was achieved at temperatures approaching 1000 °C, confirming the capability of using PVC waste for the direct reduction of iron oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndue Kanari
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources, F-54000 Nancy, France; (L.O.F.); (E.A.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-372-744-530
| | - Nour-Eddine Menad
- Waste and Raw Materials and Recycling Unit, Water, Environment Process and Analysis Department, BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009, CEDEX, F-45060 Orléans, France;
| | - Lev O. Filippov
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources, F-54000 Nancy, France; (L.O.F.); (E.A.); (J.Y.)
| | - Seit Shallari
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1029 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Eric Allain
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources, F-54000 Nancy, France; (L.O.F.); (E.A.); (J.Y.)
| | - Fabrice Patisson
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Labex DAMAS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Jacques Yvon
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources, F-54000 Nancy, France; (L.O.F.); (E.A.); (J.Y.)
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Abstract
Steelmaking in the electric arc furnace (EAF), either scrap-based or based on hydrogen direct reduced iron, will in future contribute substantially to the reduction of CO2 emissions in the iron and steel industry. However, there still will be the need to introduce carbon into the EAF process either to carburize the steel or to create foaming slag to improve the energy efficiency of the melting process. So, to reach the emission reduction goals set around the world, it will be necessary to substitute fossil charge and injection carbon used in EAF steelmaking with alternative carbon sources. This review presents the recent research on carbon-neutral biomass-based and circular rubber or plastics-based carbon sources and their potential to substitute fossil charge or injection carbon in the EAF process. It also discusses the current state-of-the art and suggests further opportunities and needs for research and development to use alternative carbon sources to produce a really green and carbon neutral and/or fully circular steel.
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Conejo AN, Birat JP, Dutta A. A review of the current environmental challenges of the steel industry and its value chain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 259:109782. [PMID: 32072951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The steel industry is the largest consumer of energy in the world among industrial sectors. It is generally acknowledged that energy and environment are intimately related. Steel production is an energy intensive process that has a significant environmental impact. This paper reviews the progress made on energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and water consumption in the steel industry worldwide. The reduction in the availability of fresh water resources combined with the effects of global warming and climate change have increased pressure on industries, especially steel, to reduce its overall pollution, and specifically its water and carbon footprint. The implications of these effects on the value chain is discussed in this review. The contribution of new emerging technologies of iron and steelmaking is also reviewed. Finally, the important issues that contribute to define a sustainable industrial activity such as the recycling of steel and of by-products of steel production are studied. The history of steel industry is full of lessons, one of which is the need to keep the dreams alive. There are indeed expectations to solve problems created by technical progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto N Conejo
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China; Ferrous Metallurgy Research Institute (FeMRI), Circuito Paseo de Las Flores 700, 58080, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | | | - Abhishek Dutta
- KU Leuven, Departement Materiaalkunde, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 Bus 2450, B-3001, Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium.
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Coutinho de Paula E, Amaral MCS. Extending the life-cycle of reverse osmosis membranes: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2017; 35:456-470. [PMID: 28097920 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x16684383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The reverse osmosis (RO) technology for desalination and demineralization serves the global water crisis context, both technically and economically, and its market is growing. However, RO membranes have a limited life-cycle and are often disposed of in landfills. The impacts caused by the disposal of thousands of tonnes per annum of RO membranes have grown dramatically around the world. Waste prevention should have a high priority and take effect before the end-of-life phase of a product is reached. In this review, a summary is presented of the main advances in the performance of the RO technology and the membrane lifespan. Afterwards, this paper reviews the most important relevant literature and summarizes the key findings of the research on reusing and recycling the discarded modules for the purpose of extending the life-cycle of the RO membranes. In addtion, there are some recent researches that indicated recycling RO membranes for use by the microfiltration or ultrafiltration separation processes is a promising solution to the disposal problem. However, there are many gaps and differences in procedures and results. This article also discusses and brings to light key parameters involved and controversies about oxidative treatment of discarded RO membranes.
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Rajarao R, Farzana R, Khanna R, Sahajwalla V. Synthesis of SiC/Si3N4 nanocomposite by using automotive waste tyres as resource. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sahajwalla V, Zaharia M, Kongkarat S, Khanna R, Rahman M, Saha-Chaudhury N, O’Kane P, Dicker J, Skidmore C, Knights D. Recycling End-of-Life Polymers in an Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking Process: Fundamentals of Polymer Reactions with Slag and Metal. ENERGY & FUELS 2012; 26:58-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ef201175t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veena Sahajwalla
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT@UNSW), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Magdalena Zaharia
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT@UNSW), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Somoyote Kongkarat
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT@UNSW), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rita Khanna
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT@UNSW), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Muhammad Rahman
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT@UNSW), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Narendra Saha-Chaudhury
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT@UNSW), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Paul O’Kane
- OneSteel, Rooty Hill, Sydney, New South Wales 2766, Australia
| | - Jonathan Dicker
- OneSteel, Rooty Hill, Sydney, New South Wales 2766, Australia
| | | | - David Knights
- OneSteel, Rooty Hill, Sydney, New South Wales 2766, Australia
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