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Xue J, Lin Y, Zhao D, Kannan K. Occurrence, removal, and fate of benzothiazoles (BTHs) and benzotriazoles (BTRs) in two wastewater treatment plants in New York State, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175090. [PMID: 39079646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Benzothiazoles (BTHs) and benzotriazoles (BTRs) are widely used in various consumer products. However, their occurrence and fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the United States remain poorly understood. In this study, wastewater and sludge samples were collected from two WWTPs from the Albany area of New York State (WWTPA and WWTPB) and the concentrations of three BTH derivatives (BTH, 2-OH-BTH, and 2-Me-S-BTH) and five BTR derivatives (1-OH-BTR, XTR, 4-OH-BTR, TTR, and BTR) were determined. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of Σ(BTHs) and Σ(BTRs) in influent were in the range of 7550-8690 and 4590-6240 ng/L, whereas those in effluent were 6650-7150 and 4620-6800 ng/L, respectively. In the influent of two WWTPs, BTH, BTR, and TTR were identified as the major chemicals at respective GM concentrations of 8440, 4200, and 1280 ng/L in WWTPA, and 7300, 1180, and 2090 ng/L in WWTPB. The removal efficiencies of BTHs and BTRs following activated sludge treatment were < 80 %, and Σ(BTRs) showed a negative removal in both WWTPs. The respective mass loadings of Σ(BTHs) and Σ(BTRs) were 7240 and 5200 mg/d/1000 individuals in WWTPA, and 3530 and 2140 mg/d/1000 individuals in WWTPB. The environmental emissions of Σ(BTHs) and Σ(BTRs) from WWTP discharges were estimated at 3110-6030 and 2160-5700 mg/d/1000 individuals, respectively. Overall, BTHs and BTRs are not efficiently removed in WWTP processes. This study provides baseline information regarding the loading, fate, and discharge of BTHs and BTRs from WWTPs in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Xue
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Ecological Security and Green Development, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, United States.
| | - Yiling Lin
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Ecological Security and Green Development, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daoming Zhao
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Ecological Security and Green Development, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, New York 12237, United States
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Moral A, Borrull F, Furton KG, Kabir A, Fontanals N, Marcé RM. Selective determination of 2-aminobenzothiazole in environmental water and organic extracts from fish and dust samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:439-448. [PMID: 37946037 PMCID: PMC10761388 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a homemade mixed-mode ion-exchange sorbent based on silica with embedded graphene microparticles is applied for the selective extraction of 2-aminobenzothiazole (NH2BT) followed by determination through liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The sorbent was evaluated for the solid-phase extraction of NH2BT from environmental water samples (river, effluent wastewater, and influent wastewater), and NH2BT was strongly retained through the selective cation-exchange interactions. Therefore, the inclusion of a clean-up step of 7 mL of methanol provided good selectivity for the extraction of NH2BT. The apparent recoveries obtained for environmental water samples ranged from 62 to 69% and the matrix effect from -1 to -14%. The sorbent was also evaluated in the clean-up step of the organic extract for the extraction of NH2BT from organic extracts of indoor dust samples (10 mL of ethyl acetate from pressurized liquid extraction) and fish (10 mL of acetonitrile from QuEChERS extraction). The organic extracts were acidified (adding a 0.1% of formic acid) to promote the cation-exchange interactions between the sorbent and the analyte. The apparent recoveries for fish samples ranged from 22 to 36% depending on the species. In the case of indoor dust samples, the recovery was 41%. It should be highlighted the low matrix effect encountered in such complex samples, with values ranging from -7 to 5% for fish and dust samples. Finally, various samples were analyzed. The concentration in river samples ranged from 31 to 136 ng/L; in effluent wastewater samples, from 55 to 191 ng/L; in influent wastewater samples, from 131 to 549 ng/L; in fish samples, from 14 to 57 ng/g dried weight; and in indoor dust samples, from
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Moral
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Kenneth G Furton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, International Forensic Research Institute, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, International Forensic Research Institute, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Núria Fontanals
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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Zhao ML, Ji X, He Z, Yang GP. Spatial distribution, partitioning, and ecological risk assessment of benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, and benzotriazole UV absorbers in the eastern shelf seas of China. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120885. [PMID: 38016257 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazoles (BTRs), benzothiazoles (BTHs), and benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVs) have attracted increasing attention due to their ubiquity in the environment, toxicity, and potential ecological risks. However, information on their distributions in the ocean is scarce. In this study, BTRs, BTHs, and BUVs were firstly determined in the surface seawater, sea-surface microlayer (SML), suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediments of the Yellow Sea (YS) and East China Sea (ECS). The spatial distributions of BTRs, BTHs, and BUVs in the YS and ECS showed offshore decreasing trend in their concentrations, indicating that terrestrial inputs from runoff and rivers had important influences on their distributions. The organic carbon normalized partition coefficients (log Koc) of target contaminants in surface seawater-SPM (3.06-4.16 L/g) and bottom seawater-sediment (2.55-4.82 L/kg) systems were determined. SPM showed greater sorption capacities for most target contaminants than the sediment. The burial capacities of BTHs, BTRs, and BUVs from SPM to surface sediments were evaluated using their respective log Kow values and their sedimentary fluxes in the YS and ECS were quantified. BTRs, BTHs, and BUVs were enriched in the SML, with the enrichment extents of the suspended particulate phase being obviously lower than those of the dissolved phase. The ecological risks of BTRs, BTHs, and BUVs were evaluated using the risk quotient (RQ) method, which showed no toxic risk to aquatic organisms throughout the water phases, but high risk in nearshore sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xuan Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhen He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Khare A, Jadhao P, Vaidya AN, Kumar AR. Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVs) as an emerging contaminant of concern: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:121370-121392. [PMID: 37996596 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVs) are a group of industrial chemicals used in various consumer products and industrial applications. Due to its large-scale production and use, BUVs have been detected in all environmental matrices. Humans are exposed to BUVs from environmental media, food, personal care products (PCPs), and consumer products. As a result, BUVs are detected in human breast milk, attracting researchers and regulatory bodies worldwide. BUVs such as UV-328 exhibit the characteristics of persistent organic pollutants (POPs); hence, it has been recently listed under Stockholm Convention POP list. The current review focuses on the occurrence of BUVs in the environment with emphasis on persistency, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT). Scarcity of scientific data on BUVs' properties, environmental occurrence, exposure levels, and effects on organisms poses significant challenges to the policymakers and regulatory bodies in adopting management strategies. The need for a science-based integrated framework for risk assessment and management of BUVs is recommended. Considering the potential threat of BUVs to human health and the environment, it is recommended that BUVs should be taken as a subject of priority research. Studies on the degradation and transformation route of BUVs need to be explored for the sound management of BUVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Khare
- Chemical and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pradip Jadhao
- Chemical and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Atul Narayan Vaidya
- Chemical and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Asirvatham Ramesh Kumar
- Chemical and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Extraction of selected benzothiazoles, benzotriazoles and benzenesulfonamides from environmental water samples using a home-made sol-gel silica-based mixed-mode zwitterionic sorbent modified with graphene. Talanta 2023; 256:124315. [PMID: 36739742 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel sol-gel silica-based mixed-mode zwitterionic sorbent modified with graphene microparticles was synthesized. Thanks to the inclusion of multiple functional groups and graphene microparticles to exert a wide range of intermolecular/interionic interactions including dipole-dipole interactions, ion-exchange interactions and π-π interactions, the sorbent showed high retention in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of benzothiazoles, benzotriazoles and benzenesulfonamides. The SPE protocol was optimized in terms of pH, sample loading volume and elution conditions using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The method based on SPE followed by LC-HRMS was validated. Apparent recoveries at two levels of concentration were in the range from 48 to 85% (in most cases) in matrices such as influent wastewater, matrix effect was lower than ±30% in most cases, method detection and quantification limits being lower than 20 ng/L and repeatability and reproducibility between days were lower than 18% (n = 4). River, effluent and influent wastewaters samples were analyzed, obtaining concentrations ranging from 3 to 175 ng/L in river samples, from 12 to 499 ng/L in effluent samples and from 15 to 632 ng/L in influent samples, when the compounds were above the method quantification limits.
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Castro Ó, Borrull S, Riu J, Gimeno-Monforte S, Montesdeoca-Esponda S, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ, Pocurull E, Borrull F. Seafood consumption as a source of exposure to high production volume chemicals: A comparison between Catalonia and the Canary Islands. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113729. [PMID: 36925040 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Seafood plays an important role in diet because of its health benefits. However, the fact that chemical compounds such as high production volume chemicals may be present in seafood means that its consumption can be a potential risk for population. To assess the occurrence of HPVs and estimate the exposure and risk associated with their consumption, specimens of the most consumed seafood species in Catalonia and the Canary Islands, Spain, were collected and analysed. Results showed higher levels of HPVs in samples from Catalonia and a prevalence of phthalate esters and benzenesulfonamides over the other target compounds in samples from both locations. Multivariate analysis showed spatial differences between the mean concentration profiles of HPVs for the samples from Catalonia and the Canary Islands. Exposures were higher for the samples from Catalonia, although the intake of HPVs via seafood was not of any real concern in either of the locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Castro
- Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domigo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Borrull
- Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domigo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Riu
- Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domigo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sandra Gimeno-Monforte
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jose Juan Santana-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domigo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domigo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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A Comparative Test on the Sensitivity of Freshwater and Marine Microalgae to Benzo-Sulfonamides, -Thiazoles and -Triazoles. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11177800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of the ecotoxicological effects of water pollutants is performed by using different aquatic organisms. The effects of seven compounds belonging to a class of widespread contaminants, the benzo-fused nitrogen heterocycles, on a group of simple organisms employed in reference ISO tests on water quality (unicellular algae and luminescent bacteria) have been assessed to ascertain their suitability in revealing different contamination levels in the water, wastewater, and sediments samples. Representative compounds of benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, and benzenesulfonamides, were tested at a concentration ranging from 0.01 to 100 mg L−1. In particular, our work was focused on the long-term effects, for which little information is up to now available. Species-specific sensitivity for any whole family of pollutants was not observed. On average, the strongest growth rate inhibition values were expressed by the freshwater Raphidocelis subcapitata and the marine Phaeodactylum tricornutum algae. R. subcapitata was the only organism for which growth was affected by most of the compounds at the lowest concentrations. The tests on the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fisheri gave completely different results, further underlining the need for an appropriate selection of the best biosensors to be employed in biotoxicological studies.
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Liao X, Zou T, Chen M, Song Y, Yang C, Qiu B, Chen ZF, Tsang SY, Qi Z, Cai Z. Contamination profiles and health impact of benzothiazole and its derivatives in PM 2.5 in typical Chinese cities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142617. [PMID: 33045602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although benzothiazole and its derivatives (BTHs) are considered emerging contaminants in diverse environments and organisms, little information is available about their contamination profiles and health impact in ambient particles. In this study, an optimized method of ultrasound-assisted extraction coupled with the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode of GC-EI-MS/MS was applied to characterize and analyze PM2.5-bound BTHs from three cities of China (Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Taiyuan) during the winter of 2018. The total BTH concentration (ΣBTHs) in PM2.5 samples from the three cities decreased in the order of Guangzhou > Shanghai > Taiyuan, independently of the PM2.5 concentration. Despite the large variation in concentration of ΣBTHs in PM2.5, 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (OTH) was always the predominant compound among the PM2.5-bound BTHs and accounted for 50-80% of total BTHs in the three regions. Results from human exposure assessment and toxicity screening indicated that the outdoor exposure risk of PM2.5-bound BTHs in toddlers was much higher than in adults, especially for OTH. The developmental and reproduction toxicity of OTH was further explored in vivo and in vitro. Exposure of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to OTH for 48 h significantly increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced DNA damage and apoptosis via the functionally activating p53 expression. In addition, the growth and development of zebrafish embryos were found to be severely affected after OTH treatment. An overall metabolomics study was conducted on the exposed zebrafish larvae. The results indicated that exposure to OTH inhibited the phenylalanine hydroxylation reaction, which further increased the accumulation of toxic phenylpyruvate and acetylphenylalanine in zebrafish. These findings provide important insights into the contamination profiles of PM2.5-bound BTHs and emphasize the health risk of OTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bojun Qiu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Suk Ying Tsang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Nuñez A, Vallecillos L, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Occurrence and risk assessment of benzothiazole, benzotriazole and benzenesulfonamide derivatives in airborne particulate matter from an industrial area in Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:135065. [PMID: 31787291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study we monitored benzothiazole (BTHs), benzotriazole (BTRs) and benzenesulfonamide (BSAs) derivatives in airborne particulate matter from four sampling sites near the port of Tarragona (Spain) over a one-year period. To do so, we developed a method based on ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (USAE) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We also studied concentrations of NO2 and airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PMcoarse) for a year. Our results showed NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations below the maximum average values established by the Europen Directive 2008/50/EC in the zone under study. Moreover, NO2 values are directly proportional to changes in weather conditions and traffic emissions, while PMcoarse and PM2.5 concentrations do not follow a clear trend as these may be generated from multiple sources (loading and unloading activities and traffic emissions). Regarding BTHs, BTRs and BSAs concentrations in particulate matter, the compounds found at the highest concentrations were 1-H-benzothiazole, 2-methylbenzothiazole, 2-chlorobenzothiazole, 1-H-benzotriazole, 4-methyl-1-H-benzotriazole, 2-(methylthio)-benzothiazole, 5-methyl-1-H-benzotriazole and bromobenzenesulfonamide with average concentrations ranging from 0.19 to 1.54 ng m-3 in PMcoarse and from 0.09 to 0.61 ng m-3 in PM2.5. The remaining compounds were below the method quantification limits (MQLs) or were undetected in the samples analysed. Health risk values associated with the inhalation of the studied compounds were between 1.80 × 10-3 and 1.27 × 10-2 in the worst-exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Nuñez
- Centre Tecnològic de la Química-Eurecat, Marcel·lí Domingo n° 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Laura Vallecillos
- Centre Tecnològic de la Química-Eurecat, Marcel·lí Domingo n° 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Centre Tecnològic de la Química-Eurecat, Marcel·lí Domingo n° 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
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