Characteristics of physically modified starches

Starch is an abundant natural, non-toxic, biodegradable polymer. Due to its low price, it is used for various purposes in various fields such as the cosmetic, paper, and construction industries as well as the food industry. Due to recent consumer interest in clean label materials, physically modified starch is attracting attention. Manufacturing methods of physically modified starch include pregelatinization, hydrothermal treatment such as heat moisture treatment and annealing, hydrostatic pressure treatment, ultrasonic treatment, milling, and freezing. In this study, toward development of clean label materials, manufacturing methods and characteristics of physically modified starches were discussed.

Effect of acetyl esterification on physicochemical properties of chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.) starch

Acetyl esterification of isolated Bengal gram starch was carried out using acetic anhydride as reactant. Modification of native starch at variant concentrations of acetic anhydride (6, 8 and 10 %, w/w) resulted in modified starch with 2.14, 3.35, 4.47% acetyl content and 0.082, 0.130 and 0.176° of substitution (DS) respectively. The acetyl esterification of native starch brought significant changes in physicochemical properties with respect to pasting behavior, granule morphology, thermal properties and retrogradation profile. Acetyl modifications of native starch increased swelling capacity, water absorption power and oil absorption capability by 17, 13 and 20 % respectively. Acetylation has decreased pasting temperature, pasting time, final viscosity and set back viscosity due to increase in amylsoe content, hydrogen bonding and porosity of starch granule. The acetyl modification was confirmed by IR spectra with the presence of an ester carbonyl group (C = O) at 1720.3 cm(-1) and absorption band at 174.8 cm(-1). In DSC evaluation there was decrease in To, Tp, Tc and ΔH of acetylated starch than native starch which resulted in reduced retrogradation by 56 %.

Effect of cross-linking degree on selected properties of retrograded starch adipate

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the concentration of paste used to produce retrograded starch, and esterification degree, on selected properties of the resultant distarch adipate. Starch paste was prepared from native potato starch (1, 4, 10, 18 or 30 g/100g), frozen, defrosted and dried. Thus produced preparations of retrograded starch were cross-linked with various doses of a cross-linking agent (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 ml per 100g of starch). Properties of the produced adipates depended on both the concentration of paste used to produce retrograded starch and the degree of substitution with adipic acid residues. Solubility in water and swelling power of the cross-linked preparations of retrograded starch, as well as pasting temperature and viscosity of produced pastes, all decreased along with the increasing degree of substitution with adipic acid residues.

Physicochemical, morphological, thermal and IR spectral changes in the properties of waxy rice starch modified with vinyl acetate

Waxy rice starch was modified with vinyl acetate at levels of 4, 6, 8, and 10 % with degree of substitution of 0.021, 0.023, 0.032 and 0.056. The modified starches were studied for physicochemical, morphological, thermal and infra red spectral properties. Waxy starch acetates had high water holding capacity and did not sediment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed surface damage of the granules and their fusion. X ray diffractography showed that crystalline peak intensity had increased on acetylation. Differential scanning calorimetry studies showed changes in thermal properties. While gelatinization temperatures of modified starches were higher than the native starch, their transition enthalpies were lower than the native starch. IR spectra of the starch acetates did not show the peak typical for acetyl group. Thus, modification of waxy rice starch with vinyl acetate caused changes in the starch properties. The high water holding capacity of starch acetates can be exploited for specific applications.