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Ma Y, Lv H, Xing F, Xiang W, Wu Z, Feng Q, Wang H, Yang W. Cancer stem cell-immune cell crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment for liver cancer progression. Front Med 2024; 18:430-445. [PMID: 38600350 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Crosstalk between cancer cells and the immune microenvironment is determinant for liver cancer progression. A tumor subpopulation called liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) significantly accounts for the initiation, metastasis, therapeutic resistance, and recurrence of liver cancer. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the interaction between liver CSCs and immune cells plays a crucial role in shaping an immunosuppressive microenvironment and determining immunotherapy responses. This review sheds light on the bidirectional crosstalk between liver CSCs and immune cells for liver cancer progression, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms after presenting an overview of liver CSCs characteristic and their microenvironment. Finally, we discuss the potential application of liver CSCs-targeted immunotherapy for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Cancer Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Hongwei Lv
- Cancer Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 201805, China
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Fuxue Xing
- Cancer Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Cancer Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Zixin Wu
- Cancer Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Qiyu Feng
- Cancer Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Cancer Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 201805, China.
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepato-biliary Tumor Biology, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Wen Yang
- Cancer Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 201805, China.
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepato-biliary Tumor Biology, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Ali FEM, Ibrahim IM, Althagafy HS, Hassanein EHM. Role of immunotherapies and stem cell therapy in the management of liver cancer: A comprehensive review. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:112011. [PMID: 38581991 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Liver cancer (LC) is the sixth most common disease and the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality. The WHO predicts that more than 1 million deaths will occur from LC by 2030. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common form of primary LC. Today, the management of LC involves multiple disciplines, and multimodal therapy is typically selected on an individual basis, considering the intricate interactions between the patient's overall health, the stage of the tumor, and the degree of underlying liver disease. Currently, the treatment of cancers, including LC, has undergone a paradigm shift in the last ten years because of immuno-oncology. To treat HCC, immune therapy approaches have been developed to enhance or cause the body's natural immune response to specifically target tumor cells. In this context, immune checkpoint pathway inhibitors, engineered cytokines, adoptive cell therapy, immune cells modified with chimeric antigen receptors, and therapeutic cancer vaccines have advanced to clinical trials and offered new hope to cancer patients. The outcomes of these treatments are encouraging. Additionally, treatment using stem cells is a new approach for restoring deteriorated tissues because of their strong differentiation potential and capacity to release cytokines that encourage cell division and the formation of blood vessels. Although there is no proof that stem cell therapy works for many types of cancer, preclinical research on stem cells has shown promise in treating HCC. This review provides a recent update regarding the impact of immunotherapy and stem cells in HCC and promising outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt; Michael Sayegh, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aqaba University of Technology, Aqaba 77110, Jordan.
| | - Islam M Ibrahim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Hanan S Althagafy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
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Gao Y, Li Y, Zhu Y, Luo Q, Lu Y, Wen K, Du B, Xi X, Li G. Emodin is a Potential Drug Targeting CD44-positive Hepatocellular Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:510-518. [PMID: 38099524 DOI: 10.2174/0115680096256913231101103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer of the digestive system in our country. The most common subtype of this disease is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently, treatment options for HCC patients include surgical resection, liver transplantation, radiofrequency ablation, chemoembolization, and biologic-targeted therapy. However, the efficacy of these treatments is suboptimal, as they are prone to drug resistance, metastasis, spread, and recurrence. These attributes are closely related to cancer stem cells (CSCs). Therefore, the utilization of drugs targeting CSCs may effectively inhibit the development and recurrence of HCC. METHODS HepG2 and Huh7 cells were used to analyze the antitumor activity of emodin by quantifying cell growth and metastasis, as well as to study its effect on stemness. RESULTS Emodin effectively suppressed the growth and movement of HCC cells. Emodin also significantly inhibited the proliferation of CD44-positive hepatoma cells. CONCLUSION Emodin shows promise as a potential therapeutic agent for HCC by targeting CD44-- positive hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of General Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
| | - Youling Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yunhe Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Luo
- Department of General Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Lu
- Department of General Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of General Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
| | - Boyu Du
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xueyan Xi
- Department of General Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of General Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
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Wang X, Zhao Y, Bai T, Ye J, Lu S, Wu F, Li L, Chen J. Serum immune biomarker levels combined with hepatitis B virus infection status predict early recurrence of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion after liver resection. Acta Chir Belg 2023; 123:659-665. [PMID: 36222747 DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2022.2136051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tumor immune response plays a vital role in cancer recurrence in patients with malignancies. We aim to clarify the risk factors for early recurrence and investigate the efficacy of blood-based biomarkers to predict the risk of early recurrence in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with microvascular invasion (MVI) after hepatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 101 cases of HCC with MVI who underwent liver resection were enrolled. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors of early recurrence. We calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to evaluate the performance of the four biomarkers identified as risk factors for early recurrence. RESULTS Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that complement (C)4, cluster of differentiation (CD)4+, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA of greater than 500 IU/mL were correlated with early recurrence of HCC. The area under the curve was greater for the combination model than for the HBV DNA, CD4+, IgA, or C4 models alone. CONCLUSION Preoperative serum CD4+, C4, IgA, and HBV DNA levels were linked with early recurrence of early-stage HCC with MVI and the combination model was of considerable predictive value for the prognosis of HCC with MVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanquan Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Tao Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Jiazhou Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Shaolong Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Feixiang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Lequn Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
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Lam KH, Ma S. Noncellular components in the liver cancer stem cell niche: Biology and potential clinical implications. Hepatology 2023; 78:991-1005. [PMID: 35727189 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are now recognized as one of the major root causes of therapy failure and tumor recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Early studies in the field focused primarily on the intrinsic regulators of CSC maintenance, but in recent years, mounting evidence has demonstrated the presence and role of extrinsic regulators in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the control of liver CSCs. In addition to direct interaction with cellular components, noncellular components, including the extracellular matrix, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and secreted molecules within the tumor stroma and hepatitis viruses, also play a critical role in shaping the CSC niche. In this review, we highlight how various noncellular components in the TME play a role in regulating CSCs and how CSCs secrete components to interact with the TME to generate their own niche, working hand in hand to drive tumor physiology in HCC. In addition, we describe the potential clinical applications of these findings and propose perspectives on future research of noncellular components in the liver CSC niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Hei Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences , Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences , Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong
- The University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen Hospital , Hong Kong , Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong
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Yadav S. Advanced therapeutics avenues in hepatocellular carcinoma: a novel paradigm. Med Oncol 2023; 40:239. [PMID: 37442842 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent type of primary liver cancer, and it poses a significant risk to patients health and longevity due to its high morbidity and fatality rates. Surgical ablation, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and, most recently, immunotherapy have all been investigated for HCC, but none have yielded the desired outcomes. Several unique nanocarrier drug delivery techniques have been studied for their potential therapeutic implications in the treatment of HCC. Nanoparticle-based imaging could be effective for more accurate HCC diagnosis. Since its inception, nanomedicine has significantly transformed the approach to both the treatment and diagnostics of liver cancer. Nanoparticles (NPs) are being studied as a potential treatment for liver cancer because of their ability to carry small substances, such as treatment with chemotherapy, microRNA, and therapeutic genes. The primary focus of this study is on the most current discoveries and practical uses of nanomedicine-based diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for liver cancer. In this section, we had gone over what we know about metabolic dysfunction in HCC and the treatment options that attempt to fix it by targeting metabolic pathways. Furthermore, we propose a multi-target metabolic strategy as a viable HCC treatment option. Based on the findings given here, the scientists believe that smart nanomaterials have great promise for improving cancer theranostics and opening up new avenues for tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Plot No.2, Sector 17-A, Yamuna Expressway, Gautam Buddhnagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.
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Huang H, Tsui YM, Ng IOL. Fueling HCC Dynamics: Interplay Between Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Initiating Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:1105-1116. [PMID: 36736664 PMCID: PMC10036749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) is a common cancer worldwide. It is an aggressive cancer, with high rates of tumor relapse and metastasis, high chemoresistance, and poor prognosis. Liver tumor-initiating cells (LTICs) are a distinctive subset of liver cancer cells with self-renewal and differentiation capacities that contribute to intratumoral heterogeneity, tumor recurrence, metastasis, and chemo-drug resistance. LTICs, marked by different TIC markers, have high plasticity and use diverse signaling pathways to promote tumorigenesis and tumor progression. LTICs are nurtured in the tumor microenvironment (TME), where noncellular and cellular components participate to build an immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting niche. As a result, the TME has emerged as a promising anticancer therapeutic target, as exemplified by some successful applications of tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the plasticity of LTICs in terms of cellular differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and cellular metabolism. We also discuss the various components of the TME, including its noncellular and cellular components. Thereafter, we discuss the mutual interactions between TME and LTICs, including recently reported molecular mechanisms. Lastly, we summarize and describe new ideas concerning novel approaches and strategies for liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Huang
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yu-Man Tsui
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Chen J, Jin H, Zhou H, Hei X, Liu K. Research into the characteristic molecules significantly affecting liver cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1029427. [PMID: 36860864 PMCID: PMC9968832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1029427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The past decade has witnessed unprecedented scientific breakthroughs, including immunotherapy, which has great potential in clinical applications for liver cancer. Methods Public data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) databases and analyzed with R software. Results The LASSO and SVM-RFE machine learning algorithms identified 16 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to immunotherapy, namely, GNG8, MYH1, CHRNA3, DPEP1, PRSS35, CKMT1B, CNKSR1, C14orf180, POU3F1, SAG, POU2AF1, IGFBPL1, CDCA7, ZNF492, ZDHHC22, and SFRP2. Moreover, a logistic model (CombinedScore) was established based on these DEGs, showing an excellent prediction performance for liver cancer immunotherapy. Patients with a low CombinedScore might respond better to immunotherapy. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis showed that many metabolism pathways were activated in patients with a high CombinedScore, including butanoate metabolism, bile acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, glycine serine and threonine metabolism, and propanoate metabolism. Our comprehensive analysis showed that the CombinedScore was negatively correlated with the levels of most tumor-infiltrating immune cells and the activities of key steps of cancer immunity cycles. Continually, the CombinedScore was negatively associated with the expression of most immune checkpoints and immunotherapy response-related pathways. Moreover, patients with a high and a low CombinedScore exhibited diverse genomic features. Furthermore, we found that CDCA7 was significantly correlated with patient survival. Further analysis showed that CDCA7 was positively associated with M0 macrophages and negatively associated with M2 macrophages, suggesting that CDCA7 could influence the progression of liver cancer cells by affecting macrophage polarization. Next, single-cell analysis showed that CDCA7 was mainly expressed in prolif T cells. Immunohistochemical results confirmed that the staining intensity of CDCA7 was prominently increased in the nucleus in primary liver cancer tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues. Conclusions Our results provide novel insights into the DEGs and factors affecting liver cancer immunotherapy. Meanwhile, CDCA7 was identified as a potential therapeutic target in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery II, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengwei Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery II, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery II, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xufei Hei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery II, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery II, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Méndez-Barbero N, San Sebastian-Jaraba I, Blázquez-Serra R, Martín-Ventura JL, Blanco-Colio LM. Annexins and cardiovascular diseases: Beyond membrane trafficking and repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1000760. [PMID: 36313572 PMCID: PMC9614170 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The main cause underlying CVD is associated with the pathological remodeling of the vascular wall, involving several cell types, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and leukocytes. Vascular remodeling is often related with the development of atherosclerotic plaques leading to narrowing of the arteries and reduced blood flow. Atherosclerosis is known to be triggered by high blood cholesterol levels, which in the presence of a dysfunctional endothelium, results in the retention of lipoproteins in the artery wall, leading to an immune-inflammatory response. Continued hypercholesterolemia and inflammation aggravate the progression of atherosclerotic plaque over time, which is often complicated by thrombus development, leading to the possibility of CV events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Annexins are a family of proteins with high structural homology that bind phospholipids in a calcium-dependent manner. These proteins are involved in several biological functions, from cell structural organization to growth regulation and vesicle trafficking. In vitro gain- or loss-of-function experiments have demonstrated the implication of annexins with a wide variety of cellular processes independent of calcium signaling such as immune-inflammatory response, cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and membrane repair. In the last years, the use of mice deficient for different annexins has provided insight into additional functions of these proteins in vivo, and their involvement in different pathologies. This review will focus in the role of annexins in CVD, highlighting the mechanisms involved and the potential therapeutic effects of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Méndez-Barbero
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Blázquez-Serra
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L. Martín-Ventura
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
- Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M. Blanco-Colio
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Luis M. Blanco-Colio,
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10
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Peck AB, Ambrus JL. A Temporal Comparative RNA Transcriptome Profile of the Annexin Gene Family in the Salivary versus Lacrimal Glands of the Sjögren's Syndrome-Susceptible C57BL/6.NOD- Aec1Aec2 Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11709. [PMID: 36233010 PMCID: PMC9570365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A generally accepted hypothesis for the initial activation of an immune or autoimmune response argues that alarmins are released from injured, dying and/or activated immune cells, and these products complex with receptors that activate signal transduction pathways and recruit immune cells to the site of injury where the recruited cells are stimulated to initiate immune and/or cellular repair responses. While there are multiple diverse families of alarmins such as interleukins (IL), heat-shock proteins (HSP), Toll-like receptors (TLR), plus individual molecular entities such as Galectin-3, Calreticulin, Thymosin, alpha-Defensin-1, RAGE, and Interferon-1, one phylogenetically conserved family are the Annexin proteins known to promote an extensive range of biomolecular and cellular products that can directly and indirectly regulate inflammation and immune activities. For the present report, we examined the temporal expression profiles of the 12 mammalian annexin genes (Anxa1-11 and Anxa13), applying our temporal genome-wide transcriptome analyses of ex vivo salivary and lacrimal glands from our C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mouse model of Sjögren's Syndrome (SS), a human autoimmune disease characterized primarily by severe dry mouth and dry eye symptoms. Results indicate that annexin genes Anax1-7 and -11 exhibited upregulated expressions and the initial timing for these upregulations occurred as early as 8 weeks of age and prior to any covert signs of a SS-like disease. While the profiles of the two glands were similar, they were not identical, suggesting the possibility that the SS-like disease may not be uniform in the two glands. Nevertheless, this early pre-clinical and concomitant upregulated expression of this specific set of alarmins within the immune-targeted organs represents a potential target for identifying the pre-clinical stage in human SS as well, a fact that would clearly impact future interventions and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammon B Peck
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100125, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Julian L Ambrus
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, SUNY Buffalo School of Medicine, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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11
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Ozturk A. Role of annexin A3 in breast cancer (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2022; 16:111. [PMID: 35620213 PMCID: PMC9112397 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2022.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexins are a large group of proteins occurring in numerous cell types. Annexins have roles in events such as coagulation inhibition, endocytosis, exocytosis, signal transduction, proliferation and programmed cell death. The association of annexins with numerous diseases has been reported. There are 12 annexin proteins in total and the association of annexin A3 (ANXA3) with numerous malignant tumor types, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer and colon cancer, has been reported. Studies investigating the relationship between ANXA3 and breast cancer were analyzed in the present review and it was observed that ANXA3 is expressed at higher levels in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, high ANXA3 levels are a poor prognostic factor, increase the invasion ability of breast cancer cells and may be a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpaslan Ozturk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amasya University Faculty of Medicine, Amasya 05100, Turkey
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12
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Marin JJG, Romero MR, Herraez E, Asensio M, Ortiz-Rivero S, Sanchez-Martin A, Fabris L, Briz O. Mechanisms of Pharmacoresistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: New Drugs but Old Problems. Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42:87-103. [PMID: 34544160 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy with poor prognosis when diagnosed at advanced stages in which curative treatments are no longer applicable. A small group of these patients may still benefit from transarterial chemoembolization. The only therapeutic option for most patients with advanced HCC is systemic pharmacological treatments based on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immunotherapy. Available drugs only slightly increase survival, as tumor cells possess additive and synergistic mechanisms of pharmacoresistance (MPRs) prior to or enhanced during treatment. Understanding the molecular basis of MPRs is crucial to elucidate the genetic signature underlying HCC resistome. This will permit the selection of biomarkers to predict drug treatment response and identify tumor weaknesses in a personalized and dynamic way. In this article, we have reviewed the role of MPRs in current first-line drugs and the combinations of immunotherapeutic agents with novel TKIs being tested in the treatment of advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J G Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.,Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta R Romero
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.,Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Herraez
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.,Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maitane Asensio
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.,Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Ortiz-Rivero
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Anabel Sanchez-Martin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Liver Center (YLC), School of Medicine, Yale University New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Oscar Briz
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.,Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma - from origin to clinical implications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:26-44. [PMID: 34504325 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive disease with a poor clinical outcome. The cancer stem cell (CSC) model states that tumour growth is powered by a subset of tumour stem cells within cancers. This model explains several clinical observations in HCC (as well as in other cancers), including the almost inevitable recurrence of tumours after initial successful chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, as well as the phenomena of tumour dormancy and treatment resistance. The past two decades have seen a marked increase in research on the identification and characterization of liver CSCs, which has encouraged the design of novel diagnostic and treatment strategies for HCC. These studies revealed novel aspects of liver CSCs, including their heterogeneity and unique immunobiology, which are suggestive of opportunities for new research directions and potential therapies. In this Review, we summarize the present knowledge of liver CSC markers and the regulators of stemness in HCC. We also comprehensively describe developments in the liver CSC field with emphasis on experiments utilizing single-cell transcriptomics to understand liver CSC heterogeneity, lineage-tracing and cell-ablation studies of liver CSCs, and the influence of the CSC niche and tumour microenvironment on liver cancer stemness, including interactions between CSCs and the immune system. We also discuss the potential application of liver CSC-based therapies for treatment of HCC.
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14
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Wang J, Su Q, Wu Q, Chen K, Ullah A, Ghauri MA, Zhang Y. Sanguinarine impairs lysosomal function and induces ROS-dependent mitophagy and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:1025-1036. [PMID: 34751932 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumor types globally. Despite the progress made in surgical procedures and therapeutic options, HCC remains a considerable cause of cancer-related mortality. In this study, we investigated the antitumor effects of sanguinarine (Sang) on HCC and its potential mechanisms. Our findings showed that Sang impairs the acidic environment of lysosomes by inhibiting cathepsin D maturation. In addition, Sang inhibited the formation of autolysosomes in RFP-GFP-LC3 transfected cells, subsequently suppressing late mitophagy. Sang also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent autophagy and apoptosis in HCC cells, which was significantly attenuated following treatment with a ROS scavenger. Further investigation using autophagy inhibitors revealed that sanguinarine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy led to mitochondrial apoptosis in HCC cells. Immunohistochemical staining of sanguinarine-treated xenograft samples revealed that it initiated and blocked autophagy. In summary, our findings suggest that in HCC cells, Sang impairs lysosomal function and induces ROS-dependent mitophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Street, #54, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Su
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Street, #54, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Street, #54, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Street, #54, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Asmat Ullah
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Street, #54, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohsin Ahmad Ghauri
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Street, #54, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Street, #54, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Abstract
Annexin A3 (ANXA3), an annexin family member, contains 36 kDa and 33 kDa isoforms. Similar to other annexin members, ANXA3 plays an important role in the development of human diseases. Recent studies have reported that abnormal ANXA3 expression is closely associated with the development, progression, metastasis, drug resistance and prognosis of several malignant tumours, such as breast cancer, lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. ANXA3 exerts its role by regulating cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis via the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), c-JUN N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signalling pathways. ANXA3 may act as a novel target for the early diagnosis and treatment of tumours. The present review summarises the recent progress in the role of ANXA3 and its regulatory pathways in tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Guijian Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Xue Feng
- Clinical Laboratory, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
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16
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Hepatic Cancer Stem Cells: Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Implications, and Circulating Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184550. [PMID: 34572776 PMCID: PMC8472624 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancers. HCC is associated with multiple risk factors and is characterized by a marked tumor heterogeneity that makes its molecular classification difficult to apply in the clinics. The lack of circulating biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to treatments further undermines the possibility of developing personalized therapies. Accumulating evidence affirms the involvement of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumor heterogeneity, recurrence, and drug resistance. Owing to the contribution of CSCs to treatment failure, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic strategies targeting, not only the tumor bulk, but also the CSC subpopulation. Clarification of the molecular mechanisms influencing CSC properties, and the identification of their functional roles in tumor progression, may facilitate the discovery of novel CSC-based therapeutic targets to be used alone, or in combination with current anticancer agents, for the treatment of HCC. Here, we review the driving forces behind the regulation of liver CSCs and their therapeutic implications. Additionally, we provide data on their possible exploitation as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in patients with HCC.
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17
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Yang L, Lu P, Yang X, Li K, Qu S. Annexin A3, a Calcium-Dependent Phospholipid-Binding Protein: Implication in Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:716415. [PMID: 34355022 PMCID: PMC8329414 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.716415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A3 (ANXA3), also known as lipocortin III and placental anticoagulant protein III, has been reported to be dysregulated in tumor tissues and cancer cell lines, and harbors pronounced diagnostic and prognostic value for certain malignancies, such as breast, prostate, colorectal, lung and liver cancer. Aberrant expression of ANXA3 promotes tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and therapy resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic drugs including platinum-based agents, fluoropyrimidines, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and docetaxel. Genetic alterations on the ANXA3 gene have also been reported to be associated with the propensity to form certain inherited, familial tumors. These diverse functions of ANXA3 in tumors collectively indicate that ANXA3 may serve as an attractive target for novel anticancer therapies and a powerful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for early tumor detection and population risk screening. In this review, we dissect the role of ANXA3 in cancer in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Pingan Lu
- Faculty of Medicine, Amsterdam Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Kaiguo Li
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Song Qu
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
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18
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Wu F, Wei H, Liu G, Zhang Y. Bioinformatics Profiling of Five Immune-Related lncRNAs for a Prognostic Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:667904. [PMID: 34123835 PMCID: PMC8195283 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.667904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common tumors worldwide, has the fifth highest mortality rate, which is increasing every year. At present, many studies have revealed that immunotherapy has an important effect on many malignant tumors. The main purpose of our research was to verify and establish a new immune-related lncRNA model and to explore the potential immune mechanisms. We analysed the pathways and mechanisms of immune-related lncRNAs by bioinformatics analysis, screened key lncRNAs based on Cox regression analysis, and determined the characteristics of the immune-related lncRNAs. On this basis, a predictive model was established. Through a comparison of specificity and sensitivity, we found that the constructed model was superior to the known markers of HCC. Then, the cell types were identified by the relative subgroup (CIBERSORT) algorithm for RNA transcripts. A signature model was eventually constructed, and we proved that it was a survival factor for HCC. Moreover, five kinds of immune cells were significantly positively correlated with the signature. The results indicated that these five kinds of lncRNAs may be related to the immune infiltration of hepatocellular carcinoma. To verify these findings, we selected the top coexpressed lncRNA, AC099850.3, for further study. We found that AC099850.3 could promote the migration and proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. RT-PCR experiments found that AC099850.3 could promote the expression of the cell cycle molecules BUB1, CDK1, PLK1, and TTK, and western blotting to prove that the expression of the molecules CD155 and PD-L1 was inhibited in the interference group. In conclusion, we used five kinds of immune-related lncRNAs to construct prognostic signatures to explore the mechanism, which provides a new way to study therapies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hangzhi Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guiyuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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19
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Zhang Z, Deng M, Huang J, Wu J, Li Z, Xing M, Wang J, Guo Q, Zou W. Microglial annexin A3 downregulation alleviates bone cancer-induced pain through inhibiting the Hif-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway. Pain 2021; 161:2750-2762. [PMID: 32569086 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone cancer-induced pain (BCP) is a challenging clinical problem because traditional therapies are often only partially effective. Annexin A3 (ANXA3) is highly expressed in microglia in the spinal cord, and its expression is upregulated during BCP. However, the roles of microglial ANXA3 in the development and maintenance of BCP and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study was performed on male mice using a metastatic lung BCP model. Adeno-associated virus shANXA3 (AAV-shANXA3) was injected intrathecally 14 days before and 7 days after bone cancer induction, and relevant pain behaviors were assessed by measuring the paw withdrawal mechanical threshold, paw withdrawal thermal latency, and spontaneous hind limb lifting. ANXA3 protein expression was downregulated in microglial N9 cells by lentiviral transfection (LV-shANXA3). ANXA3, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression levels, and Hif-1α transactivation activity regulated by ANXA3 were measured. As a result, ANXA3 was expressed in microglia, and its expression significantly increased during BCP. ANXA3 knockdown reversed pain behaviors but did not prevent pain development. Moreover, ANXA3 knockdown significantly reduced Hif-1α and VEGF expression levels in vitro and in vivo. And overexpression of Hif-1α or VEGF blocked the effects of AAV-shANXA3 on BCP. ANXA3 knockdown in N9 cells significantly decreased the p-PKC protein expression in the cocultured neurons. Finally, ANXA3 overexpression significantly increased Hif-1α transactivation activity in 293T cells. Therefore, microglial ANXA3 downregulation alleviates BCP by inhibiting the Hif-1α/VEGF signaling pathway, which indicates that ANXA3 may be a potential target for the treatment of BCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengli Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meiling Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiangju Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengyiqi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Manyu Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wangyuan Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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20
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Grewal T, Rentero C, Enrich C, Wahba M, Raabe CA, Rescher U. Annexin Animal Models-From Fundamental Principles to Translational Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073439. [PMID: 33810523 PMCID: PMC8037771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Routine manipulation of the mouse genome has become a landmark in biomedical research. Traits that are only associated with advanced developmental stages can now be investigated within a living organism, and the in vivo analysis of corresponding phenotypes and functions advances the translation into the clinical setting. The annexins, a family of closely related calcium (Ca2+)- and lipid-binding proteins, are found at various intra- and extracellular locations, and interact with a broad range of membrane lipids and proteins. Their impacts on cellular functions has been extensively assessed in vitro, yet annexin-deficient mouse models generally develop normally and do not display obvious phenotypes. Only in recent years, studies examining genetically modified annexin mouse models which were exposed to stress conditions mimicking human disease often revealed striking phenotypes. This review is the first comprehensive overview of annexin-related research using animal models and their exciting future use for relevant issues in biology and experimental medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (U.R.); Tel.: +61-(0)2-9351-8496 (T.G.); +49-(0)251-83-52121 (U.R.)
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.); (C.E.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.); (C.E.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed Wahba
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Carsten A. Raabe
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE) and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Center (CiM), Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE) and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Center (CiM), Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (U.R.); Tel.: +61-(0)2-9351-8496 (T.G.); +49-(0)251-83-52121 (U.R.)
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21
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Wang W, Bai L, Xu D, Li W, Cui J. Immunotherapy: A Potential Approach to Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:117-131. [PMID: 32364076 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200504111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor recurrence and drug resistance are two of the key factors affecting the prognosis of cancer patients. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a group of cells with infinite proliferation potential which are not sensitive to traditional therapies, including radio- and chemotherapy. These CSCs are considered to be central to tumor recurrence and the development of drug resistance. In addition, CSCs are important targets in cancer immunotherapy because of their expression of novel tumorassociated antigens, which result from mutations in cancer cells over the course of treatment. Emerging immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines, checkpoint blockade therapies, and transferred immune cell therapies, have all been shown to be more effective when they selectively target CSCs. Such therapies may also provide novel additions to the current therapeutic milieu and may offer new therapeutic combinations for treatment. This review summarizes the relationships between various immunotherapies and CSCs and provides novel insights into potential therapeutic applications for these approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Bai
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
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22
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Du K, Ren J, Fu Z, Wu X, Zheng J, Li X. ANXA3 is upregulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and promotes colon cancer growth. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:7440-7449. [PMID: 35117344 PMCID: PMC8797770 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Annexin A3 (ANXA3) is overexpressed in various cancers and is a potential target for cancer treatment. However, clinical implication and biological function of ANXA3 in colon cancer remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and ANXA3, and explore the function of ANXA3 in colon carcinoma. Methods Expression levels of HIF-1α and ANXA3 in human colon carcinoma specimens and colon cancer cell lines were detected by immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. The proliferation of colon cancer cells was examined. Nude mice were used for xenograft tumor model, and HIF-1α siRNA or control adenovirus was injected into the tumor. Results HIF-1α and ANXA3 expression levels were higher in colon cancer tissues than their expression levels in normal colon tissues. In addition, HIF-1α and ANXA3 expression increased in colon cancer cells under hypoxic condition. Knockdown of HIF-1α decreased HIF-1α and ANXA3 expression, and inhibited the proliferation and growth of colon cancer cells. In nude mouse model, silencing HIF-1α decreased volume of xenograft tumor and ANXA3 expression. Conclusions ANXA3 expression is upregulated by HIF-1α in colon cancer in response to hypoxic stress and contributes to colon tumor growth. ANXA3 may represent a new therapeutic target for colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunli Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiahui Ren
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, Xi'an Mayinglong Anorectal Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongxue Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingye Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianyong Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Li
- Nanjing Yuheming Medical Nutrition Research Institute, Nanjing, China
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23
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Zhu Q, Pan QZ, Zhong AL, Hu H, Zhao JJ, Tang Y, Hu WM, Li M, Weng DS, Chen MY, Ma G, Xia JC. Annexin A3 upregulates the infiltrated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio to remodel the immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107139. [PMID: 33191179 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that inflammation is required for the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The annexin family protein, which has a highly similar structure, has been demonstrated to participate in pro- or anti-inflammatory regulation in the developing of tumours. However, the potential effects of ANXA3 in the immune microenvironment of HCC remain unknown. In present study, we found that increased ANXA3 expression is associated with a higher infiltrated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (iNLR) in HCC. Moreover, HCC patients with a high iNLR and high ANXA3 expression confer the highest risk of death. ANXA3 can be detected in both cell lysates and culture supernatants. However, the secretory ANXA3 did not directly regulate the iNLR. Further study demonstrated that ANXA3 upregulated the iNLR by inducing chemokine CXCL8 and CCL25 release from HCC cells. We further confirmed that ANXA3 promotes tumourigenesis and detected the same associations between ANXA3 and the iNLR or chemokines in vivo. Our findings indicate that ANXA3 regulates the chemokine to remodel the iNLR and promotes tumourigenicity in HCC. These results further expanded our understanding of ANXA3 in the microenvironment of HCC and might provide novel targets for the investigation of molecular treatments for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Qiu-Zhong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Ai-Lin Zhong
- Office of International Exchange and Cooperation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Radiation Therapy, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Yan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Wan-Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - De-Sheng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Ming-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Gang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China.
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Weisz J, Uversky VN. Zooming into the Dark Side of Human Annexin-S100 Complexes: Dynamic Alliance of Flexible Partners. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165879. [PMID: 32824294 PMCID: PMC7461550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Annexins and S100 proteins form two large families of Ca2+-binding proteins. They are quite different both structurally and functionally, with S100 proteins being small (10–12 kDa) acidic regulatory proteins from the EF-hand superfamily of Ca2+-binding proteins, and with annexins being at least three-fold larger (329 ± 12 versus 98 ± 7 residues) and using non-EF-hand-based mechanism for calcium binding. Members of both families have multiple biological roles, being able to bind to a large cohort of partners and possessing a multitude of functions. Furthermore, annexins and S100 proteins can interact with each other in either a Ca2+-dependent or Ca2+-independent manner, forming functional annexin-S100 complexes. Such functional polymorphism and binding indiscrimination are rather unexpected, since structural information is available for many annexins and S100 proteins, which therefore are considered as ordered proteins that should follow the classical “one protein–one structure–one function” model. On the other hand, the ability to be engaged in a wide range of interactions with multiple, often unrelated, binding partners and possess multiple functions represent characteristic features of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs); i.e., functional proteins or protein regions lacking unique tertiary structures. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the functional roles of human annexins and S100 proteins, and to use the protein intrinsic disorder perspective to explain their exceptional multifunctionality and binding promiscuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Weisz
- Departments of Gynecology and Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-813-974-5816 (ext. 123); Fax: +1-813-974-7357
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25
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The Significance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Real-Time Monitoring and Moving Targets for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071734. [PMID: 32610709 PMCID: PMC7408113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is ranked as the sixth most common cancer around the world. With the emergence of the state-of-the-art modalities lately, such as liver transplantation, image-guided ablation, and chemoembolization, the death rate is still high due to high metastasis rate after therapy. Observation by biannual ultrasonography allows effective diagnosis at an early stage for candidates with no extrahepatic metastasis, but its effectiveness still remains unsatisfactory. Developing a new test with improved effectiveness and specificity is urgently needed for HCC diagnosis, especially for patients after first line therapy. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a small sub-population of tumor cells in human peripheral blood, they release from the primary tumor and invade into the blood circulatory system, thereby residing into the distal tissues and survive. As CTCs have specific and aggressive properties, they can evade from immune defenses, induce gene alterations, and modulate signal transductions. Ultimately, CTCs can manipulate tumor behaviors and patient reactions to anti-tumor treatment. Given the fact that in HCC blood is present around the immediate vicinity of the tumor, which allows thousands of CTCs to release into the blood circulation daily, so CTCs are considered to be the main cause for HCC occurrence, and are also a pivotal factor for HCC prognosis. In this review, we highlight the characteristics and enrichment strategies of CTCs, and focus on the use of CTCs for tumor evaluation and management in patients with HCC.
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Fan G, Wei X, Xu X. Is the era of sorafenib over? A review of the literature. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920927602. [PMID: 32518599 PMCID: PMC7252361 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920927602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most severe diseases worldwide. For the different stages of HCC, there are different clinical treatment strategies, such as surgical therapy for the early stage, and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) for intermediate-stage disease. Systemic treatment, which uses mainly targeted drugs, is the standard therapy against advanced HCC. Sorafenib is an important first-line therapy for advanced HCC. As a classically effective drug, sorafenib can increase overall survival markedly. However, it still has room for improvement because of the heterogeneity of HCC and acquired resistance. Scientists have reported the acquired sorafenib resistance is associated with the anomalous expression of certain genes, most of which are also related with HCC onset and development. Combining sorafenib with inhibitors targeting these genes may be an effective treatment. Combined treatment may not only overcome drug resistance, but also inhibit the expression of carcinoma-related genes. This review focuses on the current status of sorafenib in advanced HCC, summarizes the inhibitors that can combine with sorafenib in the treatment against HCC, and provides the rationale for clinical trials of sorafenib in combination with other inhibitors in HCC. The era of sorafenib in the treatment of HCC is far from over, as long as we find better methods of medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghan Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, CAMS; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, CAMS; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, CAMS; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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27
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Tsui YM, Chan LK, Ng IOL. Cancer stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanisms and translational potential. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:1428-1440. [PMID: 32231294 PMCID: PMC7217836 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stemness, referring to the stem-cell-like phenotype of cancer cells, has been recognised to play important roles in different aspects of hepatocarcinogenesis. A number of well-established cell-surface markers already exist for liver cancer stem cells, with potential new markers of liver cancer stem cells being identified. Both genetic and epigenetic factors that affect various signalling pathways are known to contribute to cancer stemness. In addition, the tumour microenvironment—both physical and cellular—is known to play an important role in regulating cancer stemness, and the potential interaction between cancer stem cells and their microenvironment has provided insight into the regulation of the tumour-initiating ability as well as the cellular plasticity of liver CSCs. Potential specific therapeutic targeting of liver cancer stemness is also discussed. With increased knowledge, effective druggable targets might be identified, with the aim of improving treatment outcome by reducing chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Man Tsui
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lo-Kong Chan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. .,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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28
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Anwanwan D, Singh SK, Singh S, Saikam V, Singh R. Challenges in liver cancer and possible treatment approaches. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188314. [PMID: 31682895 PMCID: PMC6981221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 642] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Globally, liver cancer is the most frequent fatal malignancy; in the United States, it ranks fifth. Patients are often diagnosed with liver cancer in advanced stages, contributing to its poor prognosis. Of all liver cancer cases, >90% are hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) for which chemotherapy and immunotherapy are the best options for therapy. For liver cancer patients, new treatment options are necessary. Use of natural compounds and/or nanotechnology may provide patients with better outcomes with lower systemic toxicity and fewer side effects. Improved treatments can lead to better prognoses. Finally, in this review, we present some of the problems and current treatment options contributing to the poor outcomes for patients with liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Anwanwan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Cancer Health Equity Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Cancer Health Equity Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Shriti Singh
- Department of Kriya Sharir, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221 005, India
| | - Varma Saikam
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Cancer Health Equity Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.
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Zhuang C, Wang P, Sun T, Zheng L, Ming L. Expression levels and prognostic values of annexins in liver cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6657-6669. [PMID: 31807177 PMCID: PMC6876331 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Annexins are a superfamily of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins that are implicated in a wide range of biological processes. The annexin superfamily comprises 13 members in humans (ANXAs), the majority of which are frequently dysregulated in cancer. However, the expression patterns and prognostic values of ANXAs in liver cancer are currently largely unknown. The present study aimed to analyze the expression levels of ANXAs and survival data in patients with liver cancer from the Oncomine, GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter and cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics databases. The results demonstrated that ANXA1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 were upregulated, whereas ANXA10 was downregulated in liver cancer compared with normal liver tissues. The expression of ANXA10 was associated with pathological stage. High expression levels of ANXA2 and A5 were significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) rate whereas ANXA7 and A10 were associated with increased OS. The prognostic values of ANXAs in liver cancer were determined based on sex and clinical stage, which revealed that ANXA2, A5, A7 and A10 were associated with OS in male, but not in female patients. In addition, the potential biological functions of ANXAs were identified by Gene Ontology functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes Genomes pathway analysis; the results demonstrated that ANXAs may serve a role in liver cancer through the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that ANXA1, A2, A3, A4, A5 and A10 may be potential therapeutic targets for liver cancer treatment, and that ANXA2, A5, A7 and A10 may be potential prognostic biomarkers of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Liang Ming
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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30
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Zeng X, Wang S, Gui P, Wu H, Li Z. Expression and significance of Annexin A3 in the osteosarcoma cell lines HOS and U2OS. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2583-2590. [PMID: 31524248 PMCID: PMC6691243 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A3 (ANXA3) is highly expressed in different types of cancers, but the impact of ANXA3 in bone tumors is still not clear. In the present study, the expression of ANXA3 in osteosarcoma cells was first confirmed by cellular immunofluorescence. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of ANXA3 in osteoblasts in the osteosarcoma cell lines U2OS and HOS. Furthermore, small interfering (si)‑RNA were transfected into U2OS and HOS cells via a liposome‑mediated method. Then once ANXA3 had been successfully downregulated in U2OS and HOS cells, the cells were collected and total protein was extracted after 48 h of transfection. Western blot analysis was used to confirm successful ANXA3 transfection into osteosarcoma cells and the apoptotic rate of HOS and U2OS was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of ANXA3 in the osteosarcoma cell lines HOS and U2OS were first observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and was then detected by RT‑qPCR and western blotting. The mRNA and protein levels of ANXA3 in the osteosarcoma cell lines HOS and U2OS were significantly increased compared with osteoblasts, particularly in HOS cells. When siRNA was transfected into HOS and U2OS cells, the protein expression level of ANXA3 was measured via western blotting. The results indicated that the expression of ANXA3 was significantly decreased. In addition, to determine whether ANXA3 knockdown induced cell apoptosis, the present study analyzed the apoptotic rate by flow cytometry. The results revealed that ANXA3 knockdown markedly increased HOS and U2OS cell apoptosis. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to confirm that ANXA3 is highly expressed in the osteosarcoma cell lines HOS and U2OS. In addition, downregulation of ANXA3 expression in HOS and U2OS cells could increase apoptotic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Shengtao Wang
- Department of Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Peng Gui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
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Li N, Zhu Y. Targeting liver cancer stem cells for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2019; 12:1756284818821560. [PMID: 30719075 PMCID: PMC6348509 DOI: 10.1177/1756284818821560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors and prognosis remains poor. It has been increasingly recognized that liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) are responsible for the carcinogenesis, recurrence, metastasis and chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Targeting LCSCs is promising to be a new direction for the treatment of HCC. Herein, we summarize the potentially therapeutic targets in LCSCs at the level of genes, molecules and cells, such as knockout of oncogenes or oncoproteins, restoring the silent tumor suppressor genes, inhibition of the transcription factors and regulation of noncoding RNAs (including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs) in LCSCs at the genetic level; inhibition of markers and blockade of the key signaling pathways of LCSCs at the molecular level; and inhibiting autophagy and application of oncolytic adenoviruses in LCSCs at the cellular level. Moreover, we analyze the potential targets in LCSCs to eliminate chemoresistance of HCC. Thereinto, the suppression of autophagy and Nanog by chloroquine and shRNA respectively may be the most promising targeting approaches. These targets may provide novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HCC by targeting LCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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32
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Efficacy of annexin A3 blockade in sensitizing hepatocellular carcinoma to sorafenib and regorafenib. J Hepatol 2018; 69:826-839. [PMID: 29885413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal malignancy with limited treatment options. Sorafenib is the only FDA-approved first-line targeted drug for advanced HCC, but its effect on patient survival is limited. Further, patients ultimately present with disease progression. A better understanding of the causes of sorafenib resistance, enhancing the efficacy of sorafenib and finding a reliable predictive biomarker are crucial to achieve efficient control of HCC. METHODS The functional effects of ANXA3 in conferring sorafenib resistance to HCC cells were analyzed in apoptotic and tumorigenicity assays. The role of ANXA3/PKCδ-mediated p38 signaling, and subsequently altered autophagic and apoptotic events, was assessed by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy assays. The prognostic value of ANXA3 in predicting response to sorafenib was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The therapeutic value of targeting ANXA3 to combat HCC with anti-ANXA3 monoclonal antibody alone or in combination with sorafenib/regorafenib was investigated ex vivo and in vivo. RESULTS ANXA3 conferred HCC cells with resistance to sorafenib. ANXA3 was found enriched in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells and patient-derived xenografts. Mechanistically, overexpression of ANXA3 in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells suppressed PKCδ/p38 associated apoptosis and activated autophagy for cell survival. Clinically, ANXA3 expression correlated positively with the autophagic marker LC3B in HCC and was associated with a worse overall survival in patients who went on to receive sorafenib treatment. Anti-ANXA3 monoclonal antibody therapy combined with sorafenib/regorafenib impaired tumor growth in vivo and significantly increased survival. CONCLUSION Anti-ANXA3 therapy in combination with sorafenib/regorafenib represents a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment. ANXA3 represents a useful predictive biomarker to stratify patients with HCC for sorafenib treatment. LAY SUMMARY This study represents the most extensive pre-clinical characterization of anti-ANXA3 monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma to date. These results support the clinical trial development of anti-ANXA3 antibodies in combination with sorafenib/regorafenib. Further studies will optimize patient target selection and identify the best treatment combinations.
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Li J, Zhou T, Liu L, Ju YC, Chen YT, Tan ZR, Wang J. The regulatory role of Annexin 3 in a nude mouse bearing a subcutaneous xenograft of MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1719-1725. [PMID: 30236487 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The following study investigated the effects of Annexin A3 (ANXA3) on breast cancer biological behavior in vivo, using nude mouse model bearing a subcutaneous tumor. A total of 18 female nude mice were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6): negative control group which was inoculated with MDA-MB-231 cells, blank control group which was inoculated with MDA-MB-231-NC cells, and the transfection group which was inoculated with MDA-MB-231-Sh cells. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks, during which mice conditions, diet and defecation were monitored on a daily basis. Body weight, as well as tumor diameters, which were assessed using standard caliper method, were measured once a week. In vivo imaging was performed to detect the activity of transplanted tumors. H&E staining was used to analyze the histological structure of tumor tissues in three groups, while flow cytometry and fluorescent RT-PCR were performed to measure cell proliferation and the expression of ANXA3 mRNA. Briefly, significantly slower tumor growth and tumor activity were observed in the transfection group compared to negative and blank controls, while the tumor weight and volume in this group were also significantly lower compared to the other two groups (P < 0.01). Sparse tumor cells accompanied with massive fibrous connective tissue proliferation, and lower new blood vessels formation were observed in transfection group compared to other groups. Moreover, mRNA and protein levels of ANXA3 were significantly lower in transfection group compared to the other two groups (P < 0.01). In addition, lower proliferation index and higher G0/1 cell count were observed in transfection group compared to negative and blank controls (P < 0.01). To sum up, these results suggested that ANXA3 silencing regulates the proliferation and inhibits the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Consequently, ANXA3 might be used as a potential target for gene therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Division of Medical Affairs, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Breast Disease Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, PR China.
| | - Ying Chao Ju
- Animal Experimental Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, PR China
| | - Yue Tong Chen
- Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, PR China
| | - Zi Rui Tan
- Division of Medical Affairs, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, PR China
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Mukaida N, Nakamoto Y. Emergence of immunotherapy as a novel way to treat hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1839-1858. [PMID: 29740200 PMCID: PMC5937202 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i17.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunity proceeds through multiple processes, which consist of antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) to educate effector cells and destruction by the effector cytotoxic cells. However, tumor immunity is frequently repressed at tumor sites. Malignantly transformed cells rarely survive the attack by the immune system, but cells that do survive change their phenotypes to reduce their immunogenicity. The resultant cells evade the attack by the immune system and form clinically discernible tumors. Tumor microenvironments simultaneously contain a wide variety of immune suppressive molecules and cells to dampen tumor immunity. Moreover, the liver microenvironment exhibits immune tolerance to reduce aberrant immune responses to massively-exposed antigens via the portal vein, and immune dysfunction is frequently associated with liver cirrhosis, which is widespread in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Immune therapy aims to reduce tumor burden, but it is also expected to prevent non-cancerous liver lesions from progressing to HCC, because HCC develops or recurs from non-cancerous liver lesions with chronic inflammatory states and/or cirrhosis and these lesions cannot be cured and/or eradicated by local and/or systemic therapies. Nevertheless, cancer immune therapy should augment specific tumor immunity by using two distinct measures: enhancing the effector cell functions such as antigen presentation capacity of APCs and tumor cell killing capacity of cytotoxic cells, and reactivating the immune system in immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments. Here, we will summarize the current status and discuss the future perspective on immune therapy for HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/therapy
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yasunari Nakamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Ma XL, Jiang M, Zhao Y, Wang BL, Shen MN, Zhou Y, Zhang CY, Sun YF, Chen JW, Hu B, Gong ZJ, Zhang X, Cao Y, Pan BS, Zhou J, Fan J, Yang XR, Guo W. Application of Serum Annexin A3 in Diagnosis, Outcome Prediction and Therapeutic Response Evaluation for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:1686-1694. [PMID: 29626309 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Annexin A3 (ANXA3) could induce progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via promoting stem cell traits of CD133-positive cells. Moreover, serum ANXA3 showed preliminary diagnostic potential, however further validation was required. Meanwhile, the prognostic value of ANXA3 remained elusive. The present study aimed to validate diagnostic performance and further systematically investigate the prognostic value of serum ANXA3. METHODS Serum ANXA3 of 368 HCC patients was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); 295 of these patients underwent resection and 73 underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Diagnostic performance of ANXA3 was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and the prognostic value was evaluated by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. To evaluate the relationship between serum ANXA3 and circulating CD133 mRNA-positive tumor cells (CD133mRNA+ CTCs), real-time polymerase chain reaction was conducted in 69 patients who underwent resection. RESULTS Serum ANXA3 provided greater diagnostic performance than α-fetoprotein (area under the curve [AUC] 0.869 vs. 0.782), especially in early diagnosis (AUC 0.852 vs. 0.757) and discriminating HCC from patients at risk (0.832 vs. 0.736). Pretreatment ANXA3 was an independent predictor of tumor recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-2.76, p = 0.002)/progression (HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.04-3.43, p = 0.038) and survival (resectable: HR 2.26, 95% CI 1.44-3.56, p = 0.001; unresectable: HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.10-4.05, p = 0.025), and retained its performance in low-recurrence-risk subgroups. Specifically, dynamic changes of ANXA3-positive status was associated with worse prognosis. ANXA3 was positively correlated with CD133mRNA+ CTCs (r = 0.601, p < 0.001). In patients with detectable CD133mRNA+ CTC, high ANXA3 was positively associated with a higher risk of recurrence and shorter overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Serum ANXA3 shows promise as a biomarker for diagnosis, outcome prediction, and therapeutic response evaluation in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Jiang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-Li Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Na Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Fan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Wen Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Jun Gong
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Bai-Shen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Rong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Yu J, Li X, Zhong C, Li D, Zhai X, Hu W, Guo C, Yuan Y, Zheng S. High-throughput proteomics integrated with gene microarray for discovery of colorectal cancer potential biomarkers. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75279-75292. [PMID: 27661117 PMCID: PMC5342740 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins, as executives of genes' instructions, are responsible for cellular phenotypes. Integrating proteomics with gene microarray, we conducted this study to identify potential protein biomarkers of colorectal cancer (CRC). Isobaric tags with related and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) labeling mass spectrometry (MS) was applied to screen and identify differentially expressed proteins between paired CRC and adjacent normal mucosa. Meanwhile, Affymetrix U133plus2.0 microarrays were used to perform gene microarray analysis. Verification experiments included immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of selected proteins. Overall, 5469 differentially expressed proteins were detected with iTRAQ-MS from 24 matched CRC and adjacent normal tissues. And gene microarray identified 39859 differential genes from 52 patients. Of these, 3083 differential proteins had corresponding differentially expressed genes, with 245 proteins and their genes showed >1.5-fold change in expression level. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that up-regulated proteins were more involved in cell adhesion and motion than down-regulated proteins. In addition, up-regulated proteins were more likely to be located in nucleus and vesicles. Further verification experiments with IHC confirmed differential expression levels of 5 proteins (S100 calcium-binding protein A9, annexin A3, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, carboxylesterase 2 and calcium activated chloride channel A1) between CRC and normal tissues. Besides, western blot showed a stepwise increase of annexin A3 abundance in normal colorectal mucosa, adenoma and CRC tissues. ELISA results revealed significantly higher serum levels of S100 calcium-binding protein A9 and annexin A3 in CRC patients than healthy controls, validating diagnostic value of these proteins. Cell experiments showed that inhibition of annexin A3 could suppress CRC cell proliferation and aggressiveness. S100 calcium-binding protein A9, annexin A3, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, carboxylesterase 2 and calcium activated chloride channel A1 were probably potential biomarkers of colorectal cancer. Annexin A3 was a potentially valuable therapeutic target of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiekai Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiaofen Li
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Chenhan Zhong
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Dan Li
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhai
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Wangxiong Hu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
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Wang K, Li J. Overexpression of ANXA3 is an independent prognostic indicator in gastric cancer and its depletion suppresses cell proliferation and tumor growth. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86972-86984. [PMID: 27894078 PMCID: PMC5349965 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Tumour metastasis is one of the leading causes of death in GC patients. This study aims to investigate the significance of ANXA3 expression and the mechanism by which ANXA3 is involved in the epithelial–mensenchymal transition (EMT) of gastric cancer cells. Results Our results confirmed that ANXA3 was high expression at the mRNA and protein level in GC cancer tissues and the majority of GC cell lines. In clinicopathological analysis, we found that increased expression of ANXA3 in tumors was closely associated with a poor prognosis. Xogenous ANXA3 transduction promoted proliferation, clone formation, migration, and invasion. Small interfering RNA silencing of ANXA3 inhibited these processes. Silence of ANXA3 inhibited tumorigenicity in vivo. Additionally, ANXA3 expression is associated with the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Methods Firstly, we investigated the ANXA3 expression on mRNA and protein level with RT-PCR and Western blot. Secondly, 183 GC patients tissues were used the to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis through immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, The functions of ANXA3 were analyzed in the cell proliferation, Colony Formation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of GC cell lines. Conclusions Our research suggests that ANXA3 plays important roles in gastric cancer carcinogenesis and metastasis, and provides a valuable prognostic marker and potential target for treatment of gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
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Downregulation of annexin A3 inhibits tumor metastasis and decreases drug resistance in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:126. [PMID: 29374148 PMCID: PMC5833718 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A3 (ANXA3) is dysregulated and plays an important role in various cancers. However, the role of ANXA3 in breast cancer is still unclear. Here, we observed that the expression level of ANXA3 was significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues. ANXA3 knockdown inhibited cell invasion but promoted cell proliferation in both in vitro and in vivo assays. Furthermore, we found that ANXA3 knockdown inhibited the NFκB pathway via upregulating IκBα, resulting in mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) and a heterogeneity change of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). In addition, we demonstrated that ANXA3 knockdown increased the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin by increasing the drug uptake. The combination of ANXA3 knockdown and doxorubicin treatment simultaneously inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. This study described the role and mechanisms of ANXA3 in regulating BCSCs and breast cancer growth and metastasis, indicating that downregulating ANXA3 together with chemotherapy might be a novel therapeutic strategy for treating breast cancer.
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Yang Q, Roehrl MH, Wang JY. Proteomic profiling of antibody-inducing immunogens in tumor tissue identifies PSMA1, LAP3, ANXA3, and maspin as colon cancer markers. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3996-4019. [PMID: 29423100 PMCID: PMC5790517 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that cancer tissue immunogens - antigens capable of inducing specific antibody production in patients - are promising targets for development of precision diagnostics and humoral immunotherapies. We developed an innovative immuno-proteomic strategy and identified new immunogenic markers of colon cancer. Proteins from cancers and matched normal tissues were separated by 2D gel electrophoresis and blotted with serum antibodies from the same patients. Antibody-reactive proteins were sequenced by mass spectrometry and validated by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. 170 serum antibody-reactive proteins were identified only in cancerous but not matched normal. Among these, proteasome subunit alpha type 1 (PSA1), leucine aminopeptidase 3 (LAP3), annexin A3 (ANXA3), and maspin (serpin B5) were reproducibly found in tissues from three patients. Differential expression patterns were confirmed in samples from eight patients with various stages of colon adenocarcinoma and liver metastases. These tumor-resident proteins and/or their associated serum antibodies may be promising markers for colon cancer screening and early diagnosis. Furthermore, tumor tissue-specific antibodies could potentially be exploited as immunotherapeutic targets against cancer. More generally, proteomic profiling of antibody-inducing cancer-associated immunogens represents a powerful generic method for uncovering the tumor antigen-ome, i.e., the totality of immunogenic tumor-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael H Roehrl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia Y Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Curandis, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Zhang XF, Weng DS, Pan K, Zhou ZQ, Pan QZ, Zhao JJ, Tang Y, Jiang SS, Chen CL, Li YQ, Zhang HX, Chang AE, Wicha MS, Zeng YX, Li Q, Xia JC. Dendritic-cell-based immunotherapy evokes potent anti-tumor immune responses in CD105+ human renal cancer stem cells. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2499-2511. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - De-sheng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-zhong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Alfred E. Chang
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Max S. Wicha
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | | | - Qiao Li
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
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Castelli G, Pelosi E, Testa U. Liver Cancer: Molecular Characterization, Clonal Evolution and Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9090127. [PMID: 28930164 PMCID: PMC5615342 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9090127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death. The major forms of primary liver cancer are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). Both these tumors develop against a background of cirrhotic liver, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic liver damage and fibrosis. HCC is a heterogeneous disease which usually develops within liver cirrhosis related to various etiologies: hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (frequent in Asia and Africa), hepatitis C virus (HCV), chronic alcohol abuse, or metabolic syndrome (frequent in Western countries). In cirrhosis, hepatocarcinogenesis is a multi-step process where pre-cancerous dysplastic macronodules transform progressively into HCC. The patterns of genomic alterations observed in these tumors were recently identified and were instrumental for the identification of potential targeted therapies that could improve patient care. Liver cancer stem cells are a small subset of undifferentiated liver tumor cells, responsible for cancer initiation, metastasis, relapse and chemoresistance, enriched and isolated according to immunophenotypic and functional properties: cell surface proteins (CD133, CD90, CD44, EpCAM, OV-6, CD13, CD24, DLK1, α2δ1, ICAM-1 and CD47); the functional markers corresponding to side population, high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and autofluorescence. The identification and definition of liver cancer stem cells requires both immunophenotypic and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Castelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00141, Italy.
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00141, Italy.
| | - Ugo Testa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00141, Italy.
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Microarray-based SNP genotyping to identify genetic risk factors of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in South Indian population. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 442:1-10. [PMID: 28918577 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the view of aggressive nature of Triple-Negative Breast cancer (TNBC) due to the lack of receptors (ER, PR, HER2) and high incidence of drug resistance associated with it, a case-control association study was conducted to identify the contributing genetic risk factors for Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). A total of 30 TNBC patients and 50 age and gender-matched controls of Indian origin were screened for 9,00,000 SNP markers using microarray-based SNP genotyping approach. The initial PLINK association analysis (p < 0.01, MAF 0.14-0.44, OR 10-24) identified 28 non-synonymous SNPs and one stop gain mutation in the exonic region as possible determinants of TNBC risk. All the 29 SNPs were annotated using ANNOVAR. The interactions between these markers were evaluated using Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis. The interactions were in the following order: exm408776 > exm1278309 > rs316389 > rs1651654 > rs635538 > exm1292477. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) was performed to construct decision tree useful in predicting TNBC risk. As shown in this analysis, rs1651654 and exm585172 SNPs are found to be determinants of TNBC risk. Artificial neural network model was used to generate the Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC), which showed high sensitivity and specificity (AUC-0.94) of these markers. To conclude, among the 9,00,000 SNPs tested, CCDC42 exm1292477, ANXA3 exm408776, SASH1 exm585172 are found to be the most significant genetic predicting factors for TNBC. The interactions among exm408776, exm1278309, rs316389, rs1651654, rs635538, exm1292477 SNPs inflate the risk for TNBC further. Targeted analysis of these SNPs and genes alone also will have similar clinical utility in predicting TNBC.
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Zou W, Xu W, Song Z, Zhong T, Weng Y, Huang C, Li M, Zhang C, Zhan X, Guo Q. Proteomic Identification of an Upregulated Isoform of Annexin A3 in the Spinal Cords of Rats in a Neuropathic Pain Model. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:484. [PMID: 28928629 PMCID: PMC5591859 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is induced by nerve damage or a disturbance in the peripheral or central nervous systems. Nerve damage causes the activation of sensitizing mechanisms in the peripheral and central nervous systems, which induces transcriptional and post-transcriptional alterations in sensory nerves. However, the underlying mechanisms of NP remain elusive. In the study, Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE)-based comparative proteomics identified 38 differential gel spots, and 15 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the sham and the chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain rats. Of them, Annexin A3 (ANXA3) was significantly increased after CCI with Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence imaging. A lentivirus delivering ANXA3 shRNA (LV-shANXA3) was administered intrathecally to determine the analgesic effects of ANXA3 on allodynia and hyperalgesia in a CCI-induced neuropathic pain model in rats. Further study showed that LV-shANXA3 reversed the upregulation of ANXA3, alleviated CCI-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. The study indicated that ANXA3 may play an important role in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyuan Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Zongbin Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Yingqi Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Changsheng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Maoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Chuanlei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
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44
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Nakamoto Y. Promising new strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:251-265. [PMID: 27558453 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. It usually arises based on a background of chronic liver diseases, defined as the hypercarcinogenic state. The current treatment options for HCC ranging from locoregional treatments to chemotherapies, including sorafenib, effectively regulate the limited sizes and numbers of the nodules. However, these treatments remain unsatisfactory because they have insufficient antitumor effects on the large and numerous nodules associated with HCC and because of a high recurrence rate in the surrounding inflamed liver. To develop novel and promising therapies with higher antitumor effects, recent progress in identifying molecular targets and developing immunological procedures for HCC are reviewed. The molecular targets discussed include the intracellular signaling pathways of protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin and RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase, Wnt/β-catenin and glutamine synthetase, insulin-like growth factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, nuclear factor-κB and telomerase reverse transcriptase, and c-MET. Immunological studies have focused mainly on target identification, T cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, natural killer T cells, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Nakamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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45
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Annexin A3 Knockdown Suppresses Lung Adenocarcinoma. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2016; 2016:4131403. [PMID: 27995049 PMCID: PMC5138443 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4131403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study identified an elevated abundance of annexin A3 (Anxa3) as a novel prognostic biomarker of lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) through quantitative proteomics analysis. However, the biological functions of Anxa3 in LADC are not fully clear. In this study, in vitro and in vivo assays were performed to investigate the effects of Anxa3 downregulation on the growth, migration, invasion, metastasis, and signaling pathway activation of LADC cells. After Anxa3 downregulation, the growth of A549 and LTEP-a2 LADC cells was slowed and they showed decreased migration and invasion in vitro. Anxa3 knockdown significantly inhibited tumor formation by A549 cells in vivo; while many metastases were formed by control A549 cells, there were obvious reductions in the numbers of lung, liver, and brain metastases formed by Anxa3 knockdown in A549 cells. Furthermore, Anxa3 knockdown significantly decreased MMP-2 and N-cadherin expression and increased E-cadherin expression both in cell lines in vitro and in tumor nodules examined during in vivo tumorigenesis assays. Interestingly, Anxa3 downregulation reduced the phosphorylated levels of MEK and ERK. In summary, Anxa3 knockdown inhibited the growth, migration, invasion, and metastasis of LADC, decreased the activation of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, and modulated the expression of MMP-2, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin.
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CD51 correlates with the TGF-beta pathway and is a functional marker for colorectal cancer stem cells. Oncogene 2016; 36:1351-1363. [PMID: 27593923 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the top three most prevalent and deadly cancers. A cancer stem cell (CSC) sub-population that is characterized by the abilities of tumor initiation, self-renewal, metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy can suggest new therapeutic targets. However, no such sub-population has been conclusively identified for CRC, and we lack any marker to identify cells with all of the above characteristics. Here, we report that CD51+ CRC cells displayed greater sphere-forming and tumorigenic capacities, increased migratory and invasive potentials, and enhanced chemoresistance compared with CD51- CRC cells. CD51 knockdown reduced the side population, sphere formation, cell motility and inhibited tumor incidence and metastasis in an in vivo tumor model. Furthermore, CD51 could bind transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptors, and that it upregulated TGF-β/Smad signaling. These results indicate that CD51 is a novel functional marker for colorectal CSCs which may provide an therapeutic target for the efficient elimination of colorectal CSCs.
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Antigen-specific T cell response from dendritic cell vaccination using side population cell-associated antigens targets hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11267-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Cheng Z, Li X, Ding J. Characteristics of liver cancer stem cells and clinical correlations. Cancer Lett 2015; 379:230-8. [PMID: 26272183 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is an aggressive malignant disease with a poor prognosis. Patients with liver cancer are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and thus miss the opportunity for surgical resection. Chemotherapy and radiofrequency ablation, which target tumor bulk, have exhibited limited therapeutic efficacy to date. Liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of undifferentiated cells existed in liver cancer, which are considered to be responsible for liver cancer initiation, metastasis, relapse and chemoresistance. Elucidating liver CSC characteristics and disclosing their regulatory mechanism might not only deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis of liver cancer but also facilitate the development of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches to improve the clinical management of liver cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in liver CSC research in terms of the origin, identification, regulation and clinical correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Cheng
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Center of Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Center of Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jin Ding
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Center of Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Tong M, Fung TM, Luk ST, Ng KY, Lee TK, Lin CH, Yam JW, Chan KW, Ng F, Zheng BJ, Yuan YF, Xie D, Lo CM, Man K, Guan XY, Ma S. ANXA3/JNK Signaling Promotes Self-Renewal and Tumor Growth, and Its Blockade Provides a Therapeutic Target for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:45-59. [PMID: 26095609 PMCID: PMC4618447 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent tumor relapse in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been commonly attributed to the presence of residual cancer stem cells (CSCs) after conventional treatments. We have previously identified and characterized CD133 to mark a specific CSC subset in HCC. In the present study, we found endogenous and secretory annexin A3 (ANXA3) to play pivotal roles in promoting cancer and stem cell-like features in CD133+ liver CSCs through a dysregulated JNK pathway. Blockade of ANXA3 with an anti-ANXA3 monoclonal antibody in vitro as well as in human HCC xenograft models resulted in a significant reduction in tumor growth and self-renewal. Clinically, ANXA3 expression in HCC patient sera closely associated with aggressive clinical features. Our results suggest that ANXA3 can serve as a novel diagnostic biomarker and that the inhibition of ANXA3 may be a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of CD133+ liver-CSC-driven HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Tong
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tsun-Ming Fung
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Steve T Luk
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Yu Ng
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Terence K Lee
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ho Lin
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Judy W Yam
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Wah Chan
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fai Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yun-Fei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chung-Mau Lo
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwan Man
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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