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Marisetty AL, Lu L, Veo BL, Liu B, Coarfa C, Kamal MM, Kassem DH, Irshad K, Lu Y, Gumin J, Henry V, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Rao G, Baladandayuthapani V, Lang FF, Fuller GN, Majumder S. REST-DRD2 mechanism impacts glioblastoma stem cell-mediated tumorigenesis. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:775-785. [PMID: 30953587 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal, heterogeneous human brain tumor, with regulatory mechanisms that have yet to be fully characterized. Previous studies have indicated that the transcriptional repressor REST (repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor) regulates the oncogenic potential of GBM stem cells (GSCs) based on level of expression. However, how REST performs its regulatory role is not well understood. METHODS We examined 2 independent high REST (HR) GSC lines using genome-wide assays, biochemical validations, gene knockdown analysis, and mouse tumor models. We analyzed in-house patient tumors and patient data present in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RESULTS Genome-wide transcriptome and DNA-binding analyses suggested the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene, a dominant regulator of neurotransmitter signaling, as a direct target of REST. Biochemical analyses and mouse intracranial tumor models using knockdown of REST and double knockdown of REST and DRD2 validated this target and suggested that DRD2 is a downstream target of REST regulating tumorigenesis, at least in part, through controlling invasion and apoptosis. Further, TCGA GBM data support the presence of the REST-DRD2 axis and reveal that high REST/low DRD2 (HRLD) and low REST/high DRD2 (LRHD) tumors are specific subtypes, are molecularly different from the known GBM subtypes, and represent functional groups with distinctive patterns of enrichment of gene sets and biological pathways. The inverse HRLD/LRHD expression pattern is also seen in in-house GBM tumors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that REST regulates neurotransmitter signaling pathways through DRD2 in HR-GSCs to impact tumorigenesis. They further suggest that the REST-DRD2 mechanism forms distinct subtypes of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantha L Marisetty
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bethany L Veo
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mohamed Mostafa Kamal
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dina Hamada Kassem
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khushboo Irshad
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yungang Lu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joy Gumin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Verlene Henry
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gregory N Fuller
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sadhan Majumder
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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REST overexpression in mice causes deficits in spontaneous locomotion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12083. [PMID: 30108242 PMCID: PMC6092433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of REST has been implicated in brain tumors, ischemic insults, epilepsy, and movement disorders such as Huntington’s disease. However, owing to the lack of a conditional REST overexpression animal model, the mechanism of action of REST overexpression in these disorders has not been established in vivo. We created a REST overexpression mouse model using the human REST (hREST) gene. Our results using these mice confirm that hREST expression parallels endogenous REST expression in embryonic mouse brains. Further analyses indicate that REST represses the dopamine receptor 2 (Drd2) gene, which encodes a critical nigrostriatal receptor involved in regulating movement, in vivo. Overexpression of REST using Drd2-Cre in adult mice results in increased REST and decreased DRD2 expression in the striatum, a major site of DRD2 expression, and phenocopies the spontaneous locomotion deficits seen upon global DRD2 deletion or specific DRD2 deletion from indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons. Thus, our studies using this mouse model not only reveal a new function of REST in regulating spontaneous locomotion but also suggest that REST overexpression in DRD2-expressing cells results in spontaneous locomotion deficits.
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Xu Z, Chu X, Jiang H, Schilling H, Chen S, Feng J. Induced dopaminergic neurons: A new promise for Parkinson's disease. Redox Biol 2017; 11:606-612. [PMID: 28110217 PMCID: PMC5256671 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor symptoms that define Parkinson’s disease (PD) are caused by the selective loss of nigral dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Cell replacement therapy for PD has been focused on midbrain DA neurons derived from human fetal mesencephalic tissue, human embryonic stem cells (hESC) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Recent development in the direct conversion of human fibroblasts to induced dopaminergic (iDA) neurons offers new opportunities for transplantation study and disease modeling in PD. The iDA neurons are generated directly from human fibroblasts in a short period of time, bypassing lengthy differentiation process from human pluripotent stem cells and the concern for potentially tumorigenic mitotic cells. They exhibit functional dopaminergic neurotransmission and relieve locomotor symptoms in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. In this review, we will discuss this recent development and its implications to Parkinson’s disease research and therapy. Fibroblasts can be directly converted to induced dopaminergic neurons by transcription factors. Many different types of cells can be converted to induced neurons in vitro and in vivo. Appropriate cell culture conditions enhance the direct conversion to induced neurons. The conversion to induced neurons is enhanced by G1 arrest and p53 attenuation. iDA neurons is a promising tool for PD research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Xu
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xingkun Chu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Houbo Jiang
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Haley Schilling
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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The master negative regulator REST/NRSF controls adult neurogenesis by restraining the neurogenic program in quiescent stem cells. J Neurosci 2011; 31:9772-86. [PMID: 21715642 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1604-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is a critical mechanism in the birth, specification, and differentiation of granule neurons in the adult hippocampus. One of the first negative-acting transcriptional regulators implicated in vertebrate development is repressor element 1-silencing transcription/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF)--thought to regulate hundreds of neuron-specific genes--yet its function in the adult brain remains elusive. Here we report that REST/NRSF is required to maintain the adult neural stem cell (NSC) pool and orchestrate stage-specific differentiation. REST/NRSF recruits CoREST and mSin3A corepressors to stem cell chromatin for the regulation of pro-neuronal target genes to prevent precocious neuronal differentiation in cultured adult NSCs. Moreover, mice lacking REST/NRSF specifically in NSCs display a transient increase in adult neurogenesis that leads to a loss in the neurogenic capacity of NSCs and eventually diminished granule neurons. Our work identifies REST/NRSF as a master negative regulator of adult NSC differentiation and offers a potential molecular target for neuroregenerative approaches.
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Singh A, Rokes C, Gireud M, Fletcher S, Baumgartner J, Fuller G, Stewart J, Zage P, Gopalakrishnan V. Retinoic acid induces REST degradation and neuronal differentiation by modulating the expression of SCF(β-TRCP) in neuroblastoma cells. Cancer 2011; 117:5189-202. [PMID: 21523764 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is a repressor of neuronal genes. Its expression is associated with poor neuronal differentiation in many neuroblastoma patient samples and cell lines. Because retinoic acid promotes neuronal differentiation, the authors postulated that it involves modulation of REST expression. METHODS The expression of REST and of an S-phase kinase-associated protein 1/cullin 1/F-box (SCF) protein complex that contains the F-box protein β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TRCP) (SCF(β-TRCP) ) in neuroblastoma tumor samples and cell lines was analyzed by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. SK-N-SH and SK-N-AS cells were treated with retinoic acid and MG-132 to measure proteasomal degradation of REST by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. Immunoprecipitation and coimmunoprecipitation assays were done in SK-N-AS cells that were transfected either with a control plasmid or with an enhanced green fluorescent protein-SCF(β-TRCP) -expressing plasmid. RESULTS Several neuroblastoma patient samples and cell lines displayed elevated REST expression. Although, REST transcription increased upon retinoic acid treatment in SK-N-SH and SK-N-AS cells, REST protein levels declined, concomitant with the induction of neuronal differentiation, in SK-N-SH cells but not in SK-N-AS cells. MG-132 treatment countered the retinoic acid-mediated decline in REST protein. SCF(β-TRCP) , a known REST-specific E3-ligase, was poorly expressed in many neuroblastoma samples, and its expression increased upon retinoic acid treatment in SK-N-SH cells but declined in SK-N-AS cells. Ectopic expression of SCF(β-TRCP) in SK-N-AS cells promoted REST ubiquitination and degradation and neuronal differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicated that elevated transcription of REST compounded by its impaired degradation by SCF(β-TRCP) may contribute to the failure of these tumors to differentiate in response to retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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