Anchorage-independence as an index of proliferative potential and maturational age: a comparison of the growth of normal, primary explanted bovine granulosa cells in semisolid agar and in liquid culture

A correlation between ovarian follicular maturity and anchorage-independent growth of bovine granulosa cells

Previous studies have shown that a subset of bovine ovarian granulosa cells can proliferate to form clones of functional cells in suspension in a semisolid agar matrix, without the requirement for attachment to the substratum. These clonogenic anchorage-independent granulosa cells are responsive to epidermal growth factor and exhibit properties of a primitive progenitor cell population. We have used this assay system to analyze the proliferation of granulosa cells during ovarian follicular maturation. As the follicle increases in size, there is a progressive decline in the ability of granulosa cells to clone in agar, and the proliferative potential of these cells as measured by colony size also decreases. The ratio of large colonies with high proliferative potential (greater than 250 micron in diameter) to small colonies with limited capacity for growth falls from 1.92 in follicles less than 7 mm in diameter, to 0.32 in follicles larger than 10 mm in diameter. This occurs as the follicular content of granulosa cells with more limited capacity for clonal growth in agar undergoes expansion. Analysis of colony-forming cells in follicles harvested at early and late estrus suggests that these cells are regulated by complex intraovarian factors rather than circulating gonadotropin levels. Our data indicate that the granulosa cell lineage is an age-structured continuum of maturing and differentiating cells with a progressively restricted proliferative capacity.