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Yang L, Zhang J, Liu S, Zhang Y, Wang L, Wang X, Wang S, Li K, Wei M, Zhang C. Establishment of transgenic fluorescent mice for labeling synapses and screening synaptogenic adhesion molecules. eLife 2024; 13:e81884. [PMID: 38450720 PMCID: PMC10948142 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Synapse is the fundamental structure for neurons to transmit information between cells. The proper synapse formation is crucial for developing neural circuits and cognitive functions of the brain. The aberrant synapse formation has been proved to cause many neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are thought to play a major role in achieving mechanistic cell-cell recognition and initiating synapse formation via trans-synaptic interactions. Due to the diversity of synapses in different brain areas, circuits and neurons, although many synaptic CAMs, such as Neurexins (NRXNs), Neuroligins (NLGNs), Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (SynCAMs), Leucine-rich-repeat transmembrane neuronal proteins (LRRTMs), and SLIT and NTRK-like protein (SLITRKs) have been identified as synaptogenic molecules, how these molecules determine specific synapse formation and whether other molecules driving synapse formation remain undiscovered are unclear. Here, to provide a tool for synapse labeling and synaptic CAMs screening by artificial synapse formation (ASF) assay, we generated synaptotagmin-1-tdTomato (Syt1-tdTomato) transgenic mice by inserting the tdTomato-fused synaptotagmin-1 coding sequence into the genome of C57BL/6J mice. In the brain of Syt1-tdTomato transgenic mice, the tdTomato-fused synaptotagmin-1 (SYT1-tdTomato) signals were widely observed in different areas and overlapped with synapsin-1, a widely-used synaptic marker. In the olfactory bulb, the SYT1-tdTomato signals are highly enriched in the glomerulus. In the cultured hippocampal neurons, the SYT1-tdTomato signals showed colocalization with several synaptic markers. Compared to the wild-type (WT) mouse neurons, cultured hippocampal neurons from Syt1-tdTomato transgenic mice presented normal synaptic neurotransmission. In ASF assays, neurons from Syt1-tdTomato transgenic mice could form synaptic connections with HEK293T cells expressing NLGN2, LRRTM2, and SLITRK2 without immunostaining. Therefore, our work suggested that the Syt1-tdTomato transgenic mice with the ability to label synapses by tdTomato, and it will be a convenient tool for screening synaptogenic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Sen Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yanning Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Li Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ke Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mengping Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
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Brandebura AN, Morehead M, Heller DT, Holcomb P, Kolson DR, Jones G, Mathers PH, Spirou GA. Glial Cell Expansion Coincides with Neural Circuit Formation in the Developing Auditory Brainstem. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:1097-1116. [PMID: 30136399 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuit formation involves maturation of neuronal, glial and vascular cells, as well as cell proliferation and cell death. A fundamental understanding of cellular mechanisms is enhanced by quantification of cell types during key events in synapse formation and pruning and possessing qualified genetic tools for cell type-specific manipulation. Acquiring this information in turn requires validated cell markers and genetic tools. We quantified changing proportions of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) during neural circuit development. Cell type-specific markers, light microscopy and 3D virtual reality software, the latter developed in our laboratory, were used to count cells within distinct cell populations at postnatal days (P)3 and P6, bracketing the period of nerve terminal growth and pruning in this system. These data revealed a change from roughly equal numbers of neurons and glia at P3 to a 1.5:1 ratio of glia to neurons at P6. PCNA and PH3 labeling revealed that proliferation of oligodendrocytes contributed to the increase in glial cell number during this timeframe. We next evaluated Cre driver lines for selectivity in labeling cell populations. En1-Cre was specific for MNTB neurons. PDGFRα-Cre and Aldh1L1-Cre, thought to be mostly specific for oligodendrocyte lineage cells and astrocytes, respectively, both labeled significant numbers of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes and are non-specific genetic tools in this neural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Brandebura
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Graduate program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael Morehead
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Daniel T Heller
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Paul Holcomb
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Douglas R Kolson
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Garrett Jones
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Peter H Mathers
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - George A Spirou
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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3
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Koszinowski S, La Padula V, Edlich F, Krieglstein K, Busch H, Boerries M. Bid Expression Network Controls Neuronal Cell Fate During Avian Ciliary Ganglion Development. Front Physiol 2018; 9:797. [PMID: 30008673 PMCID: PMC6034111 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian ciliary ganglion (CG) development involves a transient execution phase of apoptosis controlling the final number of neurons, but the time-dependent molecular mechanisms for neuronal cell fate are largely unknown. To elucidate the molecular networks regulating important aspects of parasympathetic neuronal development, a genome-wide expression analysis was performed during multiple stages of avian CG development between embryonic days E6 and E14. The transcriptome data showed a well-defined sequence of events, starting from neuronal migration via neuronal fate cell determination, synaptic transmission, and regulation of synaptic plasticity to growth factor associated signaling. In particular, we extracted a neuronal apoptosis network that characterized the cell death execution phase at E8/E9 and apoptotic cell clearance at E14 by combining the gene time series analysis with network synthesis from the chicken interactome. Network analysis identified TP53 as key regulator and predicted involvement of the BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID). A virus-based RNAi knockdown approach in vivo showed a crucial impact of BID expression on the execution of ontogenetic programmed cell death (PCD). In contrast, Bcl-XL expression did not impact PCD. Therefore, BID-mediated apoptosis represents a novel cue essential for timing within CG maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Koszinowski
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Veronica La Padula
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Edlich
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Luebeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Management of Alzheimer’s disease—An insight of the enzymatic and other novel potential targets. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:700-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Subunit-specific synaptic delivery of AMPA receptors by auxiliary chaperone proteins TARPγ8 and GSG1L in classical conditioning. Neurosci Lett 2017; 645:53-59. [PMID: 28219790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AMPA receptor (AMPAR) trafficking has emerged as a fundamental concept for understanding mechanisms of learning and memory as well as many neurological disorders. Classical conditioning is a simple and highly conserved form of associative learning. Our studies use an ex vivo brainstem preparation in which to study cellular mechanisms underlying learning during a neural correlate of eyeblink conditioning. Two stages of AMPAR synaptic delivery underlie conditioning utilizing sequential trafficking of GluA1-containing AMPARs early in conditioning followed by replacement with GluA4 subunits later. Subunit-selective trafficking of AMPARs is poorly understood. Here, we focused on identification of auxiliary chaperone proteins that traffic AMPARs. The results show that auxiliary proteins TARPγ8 and GSG1L are colocalized with AMPARs on abducens motor neurons that generate the conditioning. Significantly, TARPγ8 was observed to chaperone GluA1-containing AMPARs during synaptic delivery early in conditioning while GSG1L chaperones GluA4 subunits later in conditioning. Interestingly, TARPγ8 remains at the membrane surface as GluA1 subunits are withdrawn and associates with GluA4 when they are delivered to synapses. These data indicate that GluA1- and GluA4-containing AMPARs are selectively chaperoned by TARPγ8 and GSG1L, respectively. Therefore, sequential subunit-selective trafficking of AMPARs during conditioning is achieved through the timing of their interactions with specific auxiliary proteins.
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Kolson DR, Wan J, Wu J, Dehoff M, Brandebura AN, Qian J, Mathers PH, Spirou GA. Temporal patterns of gene expression during calyx of held development. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:166-89. [PMID: 26014473 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Relating changes in gene expression to discrete developmental events remains an elusive challenge in neuroscience, in part because most neural territories are comprised of multiple cell types that mature over extended periods of time. The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is an attractive vertebrate model system that contains a nearly homogeneous population of neurons, which are innervated by large glutamatergic nerve terminals called calyces of Held (CH). Key steps in maturation of CHs and MNTB neurons, including CH growth and competition, occur very quickly for most cells between postnatal days (P)2 and P6. Therefore, we characterized genome-wide changes in this system, with dense temporal sampling during the first postnatal week. We identified 541 genes whose expression changed significantly between P0-6 and clustered them into eight groups based on temporal expression profiles. Candidate genes from each of the eight profile groups were validated in separate samples by qPCR. Our tissue sample permitted comparison of known glial and neuronal transcripts and revealed that monotonically increasing or decreasing expression profiles tended to be associated with glia and neurons, respectively. Gene ontology revealed enrichment of genes involved in axon pathfinding, cell differentiation, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix. The latter category included elements of perineuronal nets, a prominent feature of MNTB neurons that is morphologically distinct by P6, when CH growth and competition are resolved onto nearly all MNTB neurons. These results provide a genetic framework for investigation of general mechanisms responsible for nerve terminal growth and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Kolson
- Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jun Wan
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Wu
- Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Marlin Dehoff
- Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ashley N Brandebura
- Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jiang Qian
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter H Mathers
- Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - George A Spirou
- Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
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7
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Rodriguez A, McKay K, Graham M, Dittrich J, Holgado AM. Analysis of differential gene expression profiles in Caenorhabditis elegans knockouts for the v-SNARE master protein 1. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:772-82. [PMID: 24615917 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
At chemical synapses, neurons communicate information to other cells by secreting neurotransmitters or neuropeptides into the synaptic cleft, which then bind to receptors on the target cell. Preliminary work performed in our laboratory has shown that mutant nematodes lacking a protein called VSM-1 have increased synaptic density compared with the wild type. Consequently, we hypothesized that genes expressed in vsm-1 mutants mediate enhanced synaptogenesis. To identify these genes of interest, we utilized microarray technology and quantitative PCR. To this end, first we isolated the total RNA from young-adult wild-type and vsm-1 mutant Caenorhabditis elegans. Next, we synthesized cDNA from reverse transcription of the isolated RNA. Hybridization of the cDNA to a microarray was performed to facilitate gene expression profiling. Finally, fluorescently labeled microarrays were analyzed, and the identities of induced and repressed genes were uncovered in the open-source software Magic Tool. Analyses of microarray experiments performed using three independent biological samples per strain and three technical replicas and dye swaps showed induction of genes coding for major sperm proteins and repression of SPP-2 in vsm-1 mutants. Microarray results were also validated and quantified by using quantitative PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, Oklahoma
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8
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New insights into the roles of the contactin cell adhesion molecules in neural development. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:165-94. [PMID: 25300137 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the contactin (CNTN) family of neural cell recognition molecules includes six related cell adhesion molecules that play non-overlapping roles in the formation and maintenance of the nervous system. CNTN1 and CNTN2 are the prototypical members of the family and have been involved, through cis- and trans-interactions with distinct cell adhesion molecules, in neural cell migration, axon guidance, and the organization of myelin subdomains. In contrast, the roles of CNTN3-6 are less well characterized although the generation of null mice and the recent identification of a common extracellular binding partner have considerably advanced our grasp of their physiological roles in particular as they relate to the wiring of sensory tissues. In this review, we aim to present a summary of our current understanding of CNTN functions and give an overview of the challenges that lie ahead in understanding the roles these proteins play in nervous system development and maintenance.
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Paschou M, Paraskevopoulou MD, Vlachos IS, Koukouraki P, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Doxakis E. miRNA regulons associated with synaptic function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46189. [PMID: 23071543 PMCID: PMC3468272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential RNA localization and local protein synthesis regulate synapse function and plasticity in neurons. MicroRNAs are a conserved class of regulatory RNAs that control mRNA stability and translation in tissues. They are abundant in the brain but the extent into which they are involved in synaptic mRNA regulation is poorly known. Herein, a computational analysis of the coding and 3′UTR regions of 242 presynaptic and 304 postsynaptic proteins revealed that 91% of them are predicted to be microRNA targets. Analysis of the longest 3′UTR isoform of synaptic transcripts showed that presynaptic mRNAs have significantly longer 3′UTR than control and postsynaptic mRNAs. In contrast, the shortest 3′UTR isoform of postsynaptic mRNAs is significantly shorter than control and presynaptic mRNAs, indicating they avert microRNA regulation under specific conditions. Examination of microRNA binding site density of synaptic 3′UTRs revealed that they are twice as dense as the rest of protein-coding transcripts and that approximately 50% of synaptic transcripts are predicted to have more than five different microRNA sites. An interaction map exploring the association of microRNAs and their targets revealed that a small set of ten microRNAs is predicted to regulate 77% and 80% of presynaptic and postsynaptic transcripts, respectively. Intriguingly, many of these microRNAs have yet to be identified outside primate mammals, implicating them in cognition differences observed between high-level primates and non-primate mammals. Importantly, the identified miRNAs have been previously associated with psychotic disorders that are characterized by neural circuitry dysfunction, such as schizophrenia. Finally, molecular dissection of their KEGG pathways showed enrichment for neuronal and synaptic processes. Adding on current knowledge, this investigation revealed the extent of miRNA regulation at the synapse and predicted critical microRNAs that would aid future research on the control of neuronal plasticity and etiology of psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paschou
- Basic Neurosciences Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria D. Paraskevopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming” Vari, Greece
| | - Ioannis S. Vlachos
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming” Vari, Greece
| | - Pelagia Koukouraki
- Basic Neurosciences Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis G. Hatzigeorgiou
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming” Vari, Greece
- Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Epaminondas Doxakis
- Basic Neurosciences Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Differences in AMPA and kainate receptor interactomes facilitate identification of AMPA receptor auxiliary subunit GSG1L. Cell Rep 2012; 1:590-8. [PMID: 22813734 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptor (AMPA-R) complexes consist of channel-forming subunits, GluA1-4, and auxiliary proteins, including TARPs, CNIHs, synDIG1, and CKAMP44, which can modulate AMPA-R function in specific ways. The combinatorial effects of four GluA subunits binding to various auxiliary subunits amplify the functional diversity of AMPA-Rs. The significance and magnitude of molecular diversity, however, remain elusive. To gain insight into the molecular complexity of AMPA and kainate receptors, we compared the proteins that copurify with each receptor type in the rat brain. This interactome study identified the majority of known interacting proteins and, more importantly, provides candidates for additional studies. We validate the claudin homolog GSG1L as a newly identified binding protein and unique modulator of AMPA-R gating, as determined by detailed molecular, cellular, electrophysiological, and biochemical experiments. GSG1L extends the functional variety of AMPA-R complexes, and further investigation of other candidates may reveal additional complexity of ionotropic glutamate receptor function.
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11
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12
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Dityatev A, Seidenbecher CI, Schachner M. Compartmentalization from the outside: the extracellular matrix and functional microdomains in the brain. Trends Neurosci 2011; 33:503-12. [PMID: 20832873 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the central nervous system is well recognized as a migration and diffusion barrier that allows for the trapping and presentation of growth factors to their receptors at the cell surface. Recent data highlight the importance of ECM molecules as synaptic and perisynaptic scaffolds that direct the clustering of neurotransmitter receptors in the postsynaptic compartment and that present barriers to reduce the lateral diffusion of membrane proteins away from synapses. The ECM also contributes to the migration and differentiation of stem cells in the neurogenic niche and organizes the polarized localization of ion channels and transporters at contacts between astrocytic processes and blood vessels. Thus, the ECM contributes to functional compartmentalization in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dityatev
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, Genova, Italy.
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