1
|
Zhang S, Zhang J, Yang Y, Zang W, Cao J. Activation of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Alleviates the Pain Induced by the Lesion of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5636. [PMID: 38891832 PMCID: PMC11171649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons is the fundamental pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). PD causes chronic pain in two-thirds of patients. Recent studies showed that the activation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) can effectively relieve inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain. The PPTg is located in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum, a target of deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment in PD, and is involved in motor control and sensory integration. To test whether the lesion of midbrain DA neurons induced pain hypersensitivity, and whether the chemogenetic activation of the PPTg could modulate the pain, the AAV-hM3Dq receptor was transfected and expressed into the PPTg neurons of 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned mice. In this study, von Frey, open field, and adhesive tape removal tests were used to assess animals' pain sensitivity, locomotor activity, and sensorimotor function and somatosensory perception, respectively. Here, we found that the lesion of midbrain DA neurons induced a minor deficit in voluntary movement but did not affect sensorimotor function and somatosensory perception in the tape removal test. The results showed that lesion led to pain hypersensitivity, which could be alleviated both by levodopa and by the chemogenetic activation of the PPTg. Activating the PPTg may be a potential therapeutic strategy to relieve pain phenotypes in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yihao Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Weidong Zang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jing Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo Y, Li Y, Yuan J. The regulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in sleep-wake states. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2024; 22:5-11. [PMID: 38469582 PMCID: PMC10900045 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-023-00489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) plays a vital role in sleep/wake states. There are three main kinds of heterogeneous neurons involved: cholinergic, glutamatergic, and gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurons. However, the precise roles of cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic PPTg cell groups in regulating sleep-wake are unknown. Recent work suggests that the cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons of the PPTg may activate the main arousal-promoting nucleus, thus exerting their wakefulness effects. We review the related projection pathways and functions of various neurons of the PPTg, especially the mechanisms of the PPTg in sleep-wake, thus providing new perspectives for research of sleep-wake mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No.149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No.149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No.149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang L, Cai XT, Zu MD, Zhang J, Deng ZR, Wang Y. Decreased Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Periaqueductal Gray in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Comorbid With Migraine. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636202. [PMID: 34122295 PMCID: PMC8189422 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are at high risk for having a comorbid condition of migraine, and these two common diseases are proposed to have some shared pathophysiological mechanisms. Our recent study indicated the dysfunction of periaqueductal gray (PAG), a key pain-modulating structure, contributes to the development of pain hypersensitivity and epileptogenesis in epilepsy. This study is to investigate the functional connectivity of PAG network in epilepsy comorbid with migraine. Methods: Thirty-two patients with TLE, including 16 epilepsy patients without migraine (EwoM) and 16 epilepsy patients with comorbid migraine (EwM), and 14 matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited and underwent resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans to measure the resting-state functional connectivity (RsFC) of PAG network. The frequency and severity of migraine attacks were assessed using the Migraine Disability Assessment Questionnaire (MIDAS) and Visual Analog Scale/Score (VAS). In animal experiments, FluoroGold (FG), a retrograde tracing agent, was injected into PPN and its fluorescence detected in vlPAG to trace the neuronal projection from vlPAG to PPN. FG traced neuron number was used to evaluate the neural transmission activity of vlPAG-PPN pathway. The data were processed and analyzed using DPARSF and SPSS17.0 software. Based on the RsFC finding, the excitatory transmission of PAG and the associated brain structure was studied via retrograde tracing in combination with immunohistochemical labeling of excitatory neurons. Results: Compared to HCs group, the RsFC between PAG and the left pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), between PAG and the corpus callosum (CC), was decreased both in EwoM and EwM group, while the RsFC between PAG and the right PPN was increased only in EwoM group but not in EwM group. Compared to EwoM group, the RsFC between PAG and the right PPN was decreased in EwM group. Furthermore, the RsFC between PAG and PPN was negatively correlated with the frequency and severity of migraine attacks. In animal study, a seizure stimulation induced excitatory transmission from PAG to PPN was decreased in rats with chronic epilepsy as compared to that in normal control rats. Conclusion: The comorbidity of epilepsy and migraine is associated with the decreased RsFC between PAG and PPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second People Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
| | - Xin-Ting Cai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mei-Dan Zu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zi-Ru Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang L, Shen J, Cai XT, Tao WW, Wan YD, Li DL, Tan XX, Wang Y. Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Gray Matter Neurochemical Lesion Facilitates Epileptogenesis and Enhances Pain Sensitivity in Epileptic Rats. Neuroscience 2019; 411:105-118. [PMID: 31158436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of migraine and few studies have shown that vlPAG might be involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. But its roles in epileptogenesis and comorbid relationship between migraine and epilepsy have never been reported. In this study, the impairments of vlPAG neuronal network during spontaneous recurrent seizure (SRS) development after status epilepticus (SE) were investigated, and the pain sensitivity as well as the SRS investigated after neurochemical lesion to vlPAG to determine the role of vlPAG in epileptogenesis and in migraine comorbidity with epilepsy. Neuronal loss and alterations of excitatory and inhibitory neural transmission within vlPAG accompanied the development of epileptogenesis induced by SE. On the other hand, neurochemical lesion to vlPAG enhanced frequency and duration of spontaneous seizure event and frequency of epileptiform inter-ictal spike discharges in electroencephalography (EEG), but decreased pain threshold in epileptic rats. This indicates an involvement of the pain regulating structure, vlPAG, in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. This may imply that vlPAG network alterations could be a possible underlying mechanism of the interactive comorbid relationship between epilepsy and migraine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xin-Ting Cai
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Wei-Wei Tao
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Ya-Di Wan
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Dong-Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Tan
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China; Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Huaihai Avenue 100, Hefei 230000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Genaro K, Fabris D, Prado WA. The antinociceptive effect of anterior pretectal nucleus stimulation is mediated by distinct neurotransmitter mechanisms in descending pain pathways. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:164-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
6
|
de Oliveira RC, de Oliveira R, Falconi-Sobrinho LL, Biagioni AF, Almada RC, dos Anjos-Garcia T, Bazaglia-de-Sousa G, Khan AU, Coimbra NC. Neurotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus impair the elaboration of postictal antinociception. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:162-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
7
|
Does pain sensitivity increase during ictal period? Evidence from absence epileptic WAG/Rij rats. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 87:14-17. [PMID: 30153651 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hyperexcitable brain provides a common ground for comorbidity of pain syndromes and epilepsy. There are controversial reports about pain sensitivity during the ictal period. We analyzed the pain sensitivity during the ictal period in the genetic absence epilepsy animal model, Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats. METHODS The ictal and interictal pain sensitivities of symptomatic WAG/Rij rats (8 months old, n = 19) were determined and compared with those of age-matched control Wistar rats (n = 19). Pain sensitivity was assessed by applying heat stimulation to hind paws and measuring the paw-withdrawal latency using a thermal plantar analgesia meter in awake and freely moving animals. All measurements were made during the interictal and ictal periods and confirmed by simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) through intracranially implanted electrodes. RESULTS The nociceptive stimulus-induced withdrawal latency during the ictal period in absence epilepsy WAG/Rij rats was significantly shorter when compared with that during the interictal period (p = 0.007) and when compared with that in the control Wistar rats (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Our data indicate higher pain sensitivity during the ictal period in absence epilepsy rats. Considering the fact that subjects are less responsive during spike-wave discharges, there is a decrease in the level of consciousness and/or responsiveness ictally during all generalized genetic seizures, this increased pain sensitivity is rather surprising during the ictal period. Although the mechanism remains unknown, this novel finding deserves further investigation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Velioglu SK, Gedikli O, Yıldırım M, Ayar A. Epilepsy may cause increased pain sensitivity: Evidence from absence epileptic WAG/Rij rats. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 75:146-150. [PMID: 28866333 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The comorbidity of epilepsy and pain disorders as well as effectiveness of certain therapeutic approaches in both conditions attracted attention to epilepsy-pain interactions. This lead to the discovery of significantly shared pathophysiological mechanisms although many aspects remain largely unknown. To test the hypothesis that epilepsy may be associated with altered pain sensitivity, we analyzed interictal pain sensitivity using epilepsy prone WAG/Rij rats, a genetic model exhibiting age-related-onset absence epilepsy. METHODS Two series of experiments were conducted. In experiment I, pain sensitivity of symptomatic WAG/Rij rats were compared with age-matched control Wistar rats. In experiment II, pain sensitivity of WAG/Rij rats were monitored longitudinally when they were presymptomatic (at 2months) and symptomatic (after maturation, at 8months), and compared with age-matched control Wistar rats. Pain sensitivity was assessed by applying heat stimuli to hind paws and measuring the paw-withdrawal latency using thermal plantar analgesia meter in awake and freely moving animals. All pain measurements were made during the interictal period, confirmed by simultaneous electroencephalography through intracranially implanted electrodes. RESULTS In experiment I, the interictal pain withdrawal latency of symptomatic WAG/Rij rats was significantly shorter than control Wistar rats (P<0.01). In experiment II, WAG/Rij rats had significantly shorter latency of withdrawal response than control Wistar rats, both at presymptomatic (P<0.05) and symptomatic stage (P<0.0001). Matured (8months old) control Wistar rats demonstrated significantly increased withdrawal latency compared to the 2months animals (P<0.01), but the WAG/Rij rats did not (P>0.5). CONCLUSION Epileptic WAG/Rij rats present significantly increased pain sensitivity when compared to control Wistar rats, suggesting comorbidity of epilepsy and pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel K Velioglu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Neurology Department, Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Oznur Gedikli
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Department, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yıldırım
- University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Physiology Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ayar
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Department, Trabzon, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
de Oliveira RC, de Oliveira R, Biagioni AF, Falconi-Sobrinho LL, Dos Anjos-Garcia T, Coimbra NC. Nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors are recruited by acetylcholine-mediated neurotransmission within the locus coeruleus during the organisation of post-ictal antinociception. Brain Res Bull 2016; 127:74-83. [PMID: 27561839 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Post-ictal antinociception is characterised by an increase in the nociceptive threshold that accompanies tonic and tonic-clonic seizures (TCS). The locus coeruleus (LC) receives profuse cholinergic inputs from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Different concentrations (1μg, 3μg and 5μg/0.2μL) of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist atropine and the nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonist mecamylamine were microinjected into the LC of Wistar rats to investigate the role of cholinergic mechanisms in the severity of TCS and the post-ictal antinociceptive response. Five minutes later, TCS were induced by systemic administration of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (64mg/kg). Seizures were recorded inside the open field apparatus for an average of 10min. Immediately after seizures, the nociceptive threshold was recorded for 130min using the tail-flick test. Pre-treatment of the LC with 1μg, 3μg and 5μg/0.2μL concentrations of both atropine and mecamylamine did not cause a significant effect on seizure severity. However, the same treatments decreased the post-ictal antinociceptive phenomenon. In addition, mecamylamine caused an earlier decrease in the post-ictal antinociception compared to atropine. These results suggest that muscarinic and mainly nicotinic cholinergic receptors of the LC are recruited to organise tonic-clonic seizure-induced antinociception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rithiele Cristina de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil; Health Sciences Institute, Mato Grosso Federal University Medical School (UFMT), Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Reserva 35, Setor Industrial 78550-000, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Audrey Franceschi Biagioni
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Luciano Falconi-Sobrinho
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Tayllon Dos Anjos-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dorsal raphe nucleus acetylcholine-mediated neurotransmission modulates post-ictal antinociception: The role of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Brain Res 2016; 1631:80-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Xu AJ, Liu TT, He ZG, Hong QX, Xiang HB. STN-PPTg circuits and REM sleep dysfunction in drug-refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 51:277-80. [PMID: 26312990 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Jun Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Tao-Tao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Qing-Xiong Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, PR China.
| | - Hong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Almada RC, Coimbra NC. Recruitment of striatonigral disinhibitory and nigrotectal inhibitory GABAergic pathways during the organization of defensive behavior by mice in a dangerous environment with the venomous snakeBothrops alternatus(Reptilia,Viperidae). Synapse 2015; 69:299-313. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Carvalho Almada
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology; Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP); Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
- Institute of Neuroscience and Behaviour (INeC); Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14050-220 Brazil
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology; Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP); Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
- Institute of Neuroscience and Behaviour (INeC); Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14050-220 Brazil
- NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE); Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|