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Intermittent Hypoxic Conditioning Rescues Cognition and Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Profile in the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010461. [PMID: 33466445 PMCID: PMC7796478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of effective disease-modifying therapeutics to tackle Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is unsettling considering the actual prevalence of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Intermittent hypoxic conditioning (IHC) is a powerful non-pharmacological procedure known to enhance brain resilience. In this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the potential long-term protective impact of IHC against AD-related phenotype, putting a special focus on cognition and mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics. For this purpose, six-month-old male triple transgenic AD mice (3×Tg-AD) were submitted to an IHC protocol for two weeks and the behavioral assessment was performed at 8.5 months of age, while the sacrifice of mice occurred at nine months of age and their brains were removed for the remaining analyses. Interestingly, IHC was able to prevent anxiety-like behavior and memory and learning deficits and significantly reduced brain cortical levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) in 3×Tg-AD mice. Concerning brain energy metabolism, IHC caused a significant increase in brain cortical levels of glucose and a robust improvement of the mitochondrial bioenergetic profile in 3×Tg-AD mice, as mirrored by the significant increase in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and respiratory control ratio (RCR). Notably, the improvement of mitochondrial bioenergetics seems to result from an adaptative coordination of the distinct but intertwined aspects of the mitochondrial quality control axis. Particularly, our results indicate that IHC favors mitochondrial fusion and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and transport and mitophagy in the brain cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice. Lastly, IHC also induced a marked reduction in synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25) levels and a significant increase in both glutamate and GABA levels in the brain cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice, suggesting a remodeling of the synaptic microenvironment. Overall, these results demonstrate the effectiveness of the IHC paradigm in forestalling the AD-related phenotype in the 3×Tg-AD mouse model, offering new insights to AD therapy and forcing a rethink concerning the potential value of non-pharmacological interventions in clinical practice.
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Becerra-González M, Varman Durairaj R, Ostos Valverde A, Gualda EJ, Loza-Alvarez P, Portillo Martínez W, Gómez-González GB, Buffo A, Martínez-Torres A. Response to Hypoxic Preconditioning of Glial Cells from the Roof of the Fourth Ventricle. Neuroscience 2020; 439:211-229. [PMID: 31689390 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum harbors a specialized area on the roof of the fourth ventricle that is composed of glial cells and neurons that interface with the cerebrospinal fluid. This region includes the so-called ventromedial cord (VMC), which is composed of cells that are glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive and nestin-positive and distributes along the midline in association with blood vessels. We hypothesized that these cells should compare to GFAP and nestin-positive cells that are known to exist in other areas of the brain, which undergo proliferation and differentiation under hypoxic conditions. Thus, we tested whether cells of the VMC would display a similar reaction to hypoxic preconditioning (HPC). Indeed, we found that the VMC does respond to HPC by reorganizing its cellular components before it gradually returns to its basal state after about a week. This response we documented by monitoring global changes in the expression of GFAP-EGFP in transgenic mice, using light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) revealed a dramatic loss of EGFP upon HPC, and was paralleled by retraction of Bergmann glial cell processes. This EGFP loss was supported by western blot analysis, which also showed a loss in the astrocyte-markers GFAP and ALDH1L1. On the other hand, other cell-markers appeared to be upregulated in the blots (including nestin, NeuN, and Iba1). Finally, we found that HPC does not remarkably affect the incorporation of BrdU into cells on the cerebellum, but strongly augments BrdU incorporation into periventricular cells on the floor of the fourth ventricle over the adjacent medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marymar Becerra-González
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Ragu Varman Durairaj
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Aline Ostos Valverde
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Emilio J Gualda
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Pablo Loza-Alvarez
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Wendy Portillo Martínez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Laboratorio de Plasticidad y Conducta Sexual, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Berenice Gómez-González
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
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Hu Y, Lv X, Zhang J, Meng X. Comparative Study on the Protective Effects of Salidroside and Hypoxic Preconditioning for Attenuating Anoxia-Induced Apoptosis in Pheochromocytoma (PC12) Cells. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4082-4091. [PMID: 27794583 PMCID: PMC5091243 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is an important sign that can result from body injuries or a special condition such as being at a high altitude or deep water diving. In the current studies, hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) plays a key role in reducing hypoxia-induced apoptosis. We aimed to study the pharmacologic preconditioning effects of salidroside versus those of HPC in hypoxia-/anoxia-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells (pheochromocytoma). MATERIAL AND METHODS PC12 cells were treated by different experimental conditions: control condition, hypoxia condition, HPC condition, low-/middle-/high-dose condition of salidroside, cyclosporine A (CsA), and oratractyloside (ATR). The cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular Ca2+, caspase-3 activity, and expression of Bcl-2 were detected in PC12 cells after the hypoxia treatment. Salidroside, extracted from the traditional Chinese herb Rhodiola rosea L, plays an essential role in reducing hypoxia-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by the mitochondrial pathway. RESULTS Salidroside decreased the apoptosis and increased the viability of hypoxia-induced PC12 cells more effectively than HPC Moreover, salidroside markedly stabilized MMP and intracellular Ca2+, reduced or inhibited LDH and caspase-3 activity, and up-regulated Bcl-2; CsA and ATR showed corresponding function. CONCLUSIONS Salidroside administration restrains apoptosis induced by hypoxia in PC12 cells. The protective effects are mediated by preservation of mitochondrial integrity and MMP to inhibit the excessive Ca2+ influx and caspase-3 activity and to promote the Bcl-2 expression, providing a potential clinical and effective therapeutic mechanism to reduce deaths from ischemic or hypoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- Corresponding Author: Jing Zhang, e-mail:
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Zhang YB, Guo ZD, Li MY, Li SJ, Niu JZ, Yang MF, Ji XM, Lv GW. Cerebrospinal fluid from rats given hypoxic preconditioning protects neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1471-6. [PMID: 26604909 PMCID: PMC4625514 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.165519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic preconditioning activates endogenous mechanisms that protect against cerebral ischemic and hypoxic injury. To better understand these protective mechanisms, adult rats were housed in a hypoxic environment (8% O2/92% N2) for 3 hours, and then in a normal oxygen environment for 12 hours. Their cerebrospinal fluid was obtained to culture cortical neurons from newborn rats for 1 day, and then the neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 1.5 hours. The cerebrospinal fluid from rats subjected to hypoxic preconditioning reduced oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury, increased survival rate, upregulated Bcl-2 expression and downregulated Bax expression in the cultured cortical neurons, compared with control. These results indicate that cerebrospinal fluid from rats given hypoxic preconditioning protects against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury by affecting apoptosis-related protein expression in neurons from newborn rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zheng-Dong Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei-Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Taishan Chronic Disease Hospital, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Si-Jie Li
- Hypoxia Medical Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Zhong Niu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming-Feng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xun-Ming Ji
- Hypoxia Medical Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Wei Lv
- Hypoxia Medical Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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