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Bai Y, He J, Ran R, Zhou W, Wang W, Shao Z. Complex Metal Oxides as Emerging Inorganic Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310227. [PMID: 38196154 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved revolutionary progress during the past decades with a rapidly boosting rate in power conversion efficiencies from 3.8% to 26.1%. However, high-efficiency PSCs with organic hole-transporting materials (HTMs) suffer from inferior long-term stability and high costs. The replacement of organic HTMs with inorganic counterparts such as metal oxides can solve the above-mentioned problems to realize highly robust and cost-effective PSCs. Nevertheless, the widely used simple metal oxide-based HTMs are limited by the low conductivity and poor light transmittance due to the fixed atomic environment. As an emerging family of inorganic HTMs, complex metal oxides with superior structural/compositional flexibility have attracted rapidly increasing interest recently, showing superior carrier conductivity/mobility and superb light transmittance. Herein, the recent advancements in the design and development of complex metal oxide-based HTMs for high-performance PSCs are summarized by emphasizing the superiority of complex metal oxides as HTMs over simple metal oxide-based counterparts. Consequently, several distinct strategies for the design of complex metal oxide-based HTMs are proposed. Last, the future directions and remaining challenges of inorganic complex metal oxide-based HTMs for PSCs are also presented. This review aims to provide valuable guidelines for the further advancements of robust, high-efficiency, and low-cost PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jingsheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ran Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zongping Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
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Mai C, Xiong Q, Li X, Chen J, Chen J, Chen C, Xu J, Liu C, Yeh C, Gao P. Thermally Stable
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2h
Symmetric Donor‐π‐Donor Porphyrins as Hole‐Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209365. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi‐Lun Mai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Haixi Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan
| | - Qiu Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Haixi Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 P. R. China
| | - Xiong Li
- Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells (MGC) Wuhan Photoelectric National Research Center (WNLO) Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Jiann‐Yeu Chen
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (i-CAST) and Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA) National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan
| | - Jung‐Yao Chen
- Department of Photonics National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701 Taiwan
| | - Ching‐Chin Chen
- Department of Chemistry National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan
| | - Jianbin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Haixi Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 P. R. China
| | - Chunming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Haixi Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 P. R. China
| | - Chen‐Yu Yeh
- Department of Chemistry National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan
| | - Peng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Haixi Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 P. R. China
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Srivishnu KS, Rajesh MN, Banerjee D, Soma VR, Giribabu L. Novel phosphorus(V) tetrabenzotriazacorroles: synthesis, characterization, optical, electrochemical, and femtosecond nonlinear optical studies. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13779-13794. [PMID: 36039610 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02298b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of three novel tetrabenzotriazacorroles (TBCs) designed with an alkyl substituent tert-butyl group (TBC-tert), an electron donor phenothiazine group (TBC-PTZ) and an energy donor carbazole group (TBC-CBZ) on the peripheral position with phosphorus metal in the cavity have been synthesized. All three compounds were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques and we assessed their femtosecond third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. TBCs exhibit the properties of both phthalocyanines and corroles as they are derived from parent phthalocyanines. The optical studies revealed a new band at ∼450 nm, which was absent in the parent phthalocyanine molecules, and all three compounds obeyed Beer-Lambert's law. Singlet-state quantum yields were measured in different solvents and were found to be in the range of 0.3 to 0.6 for TBC-tert, 0.21 to 0.25 in the case of TBC-PTZ and 0.31 to 0.41 for TBC-CBZ. Time-resolved fluorescence studies revealed lifetimes in the ns regime (typically few ns). The redox properties of the TBCs suggest that they are easier to oxidize and harder to reduce and exhibit multiple oxidation and reduction potentials. Using the Z-scan technique, the third-order NLO properties were investigated with kilohertz and megahertz repetition rate femtosecond pulses at 800 nm. We report the first observation of strong three-photon absorption in these molecules with coefficients of ∼10-22 cm3 W-2 (∼10-13 cm3 W-2) with kHz (MHz) repetition rate fs pulse excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Srivishnu
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, Tarnaka, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Manne Naga Rajesh
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, Tarnaka, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Dipanjan Banerjee
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Venugopal Rao Soma
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Lingamallu Giribabu
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, Tarnaka, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Mai CL, Xiong Q, Li X, Chen JY, Chen JY, Chen CC, Xu J, Liu C, Yeh CY, Gao P. Thermally Stable D2h Symmetric Donor‐π‐Donor Porphyrins as Hole‐Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Lun Mai
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials CHINA
| | - Qiu Xiong
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials No.1300 Jimei Road Jimei District 361021 Xiamen CHINA
| | - Xiong Li
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Photoelectric National Research Center (WNLO) CHINA
| | - Jiann-Yeu Chen
- National Chung Hsing University i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology TAIWAN
| | - Jung-Yao Chen
- National Cheng Kung University i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology TAIWAN
| | - Ching-Chin Chen
- National Chung Hsing University Department of Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials CHINA
| | - Chunming Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials CHINA
| | - Chen-Yu Yeh
- National Chung Hsing University Department of Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Peng Gao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Xiamen Institute on Research of Rare earth Materials West Yangqiao road 361021 Fuzhou CHINA
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Studies on the Structure, Optical, and Electrical Properties of Doped Manganese (III) Phthalocyanine Chloride Films for Optoelectronic Device Applications. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, significant advances have been achieved in the development of organic semiconductors for use in optoelectronic devices. This work reports the doping and deposition of semiconducting organic thin films based on manganese (III) phthalocyanine chloride (MnPcCl). In order to enhance the semiconducting properties of the MnPcCl films, different types of pyridine-based chalcones were used as dopants, and their influence on the optical and electric properties of the films was analyzed. The morphology and structure of the films were studied using IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optical properties of MnPcCl–chalcone films were investigated via UV–Vis spectroscopy, and the absorption spectra showed the Q band located between 630 and 800 nm, as well as a band related to charge transfer (CT) in the region between 465 and 570 nm and the B band in the region between 280 and 460 nm. Additionally, the absorption coefficient measurements indicated that the films had an indirect transition with two energy gaps: the optical bandgap of around 1.40 eV and the fundamental gap of around 2.35 eV. The electrical behavior is strongly affected by the type of chalcone employed; for this reason, electrical conductivity at room temperature may vary from 1.55 × 10−5 to 3.02 × 101 S·cm−1 at different voltages (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 V). Additionally, the effect of temperature on conductivity was also measured; electrical conductivity increases by two orders of magnitude with increasing temperature from 25 to 100 °C. The doping effect of chalcone favors electronic transport, most likely due to its substituents and structure with delocalized π-electrons, the formation of conduction channels caused by anisotropy, and the bulk heterojunction induced by the dopant. In terms of optical and electrical properties, the results suggest that the best properties are obtained with chalcones that have the methoxy group as a substituent. However, all MnPcCl–chalcone films are candidates for use in optoelectronic devices.
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Srivishnu K, Naresh M, Laxmikanth Rao J, Giribabu L. Photo-induced intramolecular electron transfer in phenoxazine-phthalocyanine donor-acceptor systems. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Donor-Acceptor (D-A) systems based on phenoxazine – phthalocyanine (PXZ-Pc) and phenoxazine – zinc phthalocyanine (PXZ-ZnPc) have been designed and synthesized. Both D-A systems are characterized using various spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques including in-situ methods. Optical absorption studies suggest that both Soret and Q bands of these D-A systems are hypsochromically and bathochromically shifted, when compared to its individual constituents. The study supported by theoretical calculations shows clearly that there exists a negligible electronic communication in the ground state between donor phenoxazine and acceptor phthalocyanine. However, attractively, both D-A systems exhibit noteworthy fluorescence emission quenching (90–99%) of the phthalocyanine emission compared to its reference compounds. The fluorescence emission quenching featured at the excited-state intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer from ground state of phenoxazine to the excited state of phthalocyaine/zinc phthalocyanine. The rates of electron-transfer ([Formula: see text] of these D-A systems are found in the range of 5.7 × 108 to 2.8 × 109 s[Formula: see text] and are according to solvent polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.S. Srivishnu
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, New Delhi 201002, India
| | - Madarapu Naresh
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - J. Laxmikanth Rao
- Catalysis & Fine Chemical Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Lingamallu Giribabu
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, New Delhi 201002, India
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Self-assembly of a symmetrical dimethoxyphenyl substituted Zn(II) phthalocyanine into nanoparticles with enhanced NIR absorbance for singlet oxygen generation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Gangadhar PS, Reddy G, Prasanthkumar S, Giribabu L. Phenothiazine functional materials for organic optoelectronic applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14969-14996. [PMID: 34231592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01185e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenothiazine (PTZ) is one of the most extensively investigated S, N heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons due to its unique optical, electronic properties, flexibility of functionalization, low cost, and commercial availability. Hence, PTZ and its derivative materials have been attractive in various optoelectronic applications in the last few years. In this prospective, we have focused on the most significant characteristics of PTZ and highlighted how the structural modifications such as different electron donors or acceptors, length of the π-conjugated system or spacers, polar or non-polar chains, and other functional groups influence the optoelectronic properties. This prospective provides a recent account of the advances in phenothiazine derivative materials as an active layer(s) for optoelectronic (viz. dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), perovskite solar cells (PSCs), organic solar cells (OSCs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field-effect transistor (OFETs), chemosensing, nonlinear optical materials (NLOs), and supramolecular self-assembly applications. Finally, future prospects are discussed based on the structure-property relationship in PTZ-derivative materials. This overview will pave the way for researchers to design and develop new PTZ-functionalized structures and use them for various organic optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palivela Siva Gangadhar
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, TS, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Govind Reddy
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, TS, India.
| | - Seelam Prasanthkumar
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, TS, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Lingamallu Giribabu
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, TS, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Matsuo Y, Ogumi K, Jeon I, Wang H, Nakagawa T. Recent progress in porphyrin- and phthalocyanine-containing perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:32678-32689. [PMID: 35516522 PMCID: PMC9056672 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03234d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the application of porphyrins and phthalocyanines in perovskite solar cells to date. Since the first porphyrin- and phthalocyanine-based perovskite solar cells were reported in 2009, their power conversion efficiency has dramatically increased from 3.9% to over 20%. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines have mostly been used as the charge selective layers in these cells. In some cases, they have been used inside the perovskite photoactive layer to form two-dimensional perovskite structures. In other cases, they were used at the interface to engineer the surface energy level. This review gives a chronological introduction to the application of porphyrins and phthalocyanines for perovskite solar cells depending on their role. This review article also provides the history of porphyrin and phthalocyanine derivative development from the perspective of perovskite solar cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuo
- Institute of Materials Innovation, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Keisuke Ogumi
- Institute of Materials Innovation, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute 2-4-10 Aomi, Koto-ku Tokyo 135-0064 Japan
| | - Il Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Huan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Takafumi Nakagawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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Development of a magnetic nanohybrid for multifunctional application: From immobile photocatalysis to efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting: A combined experimental and computational study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zanotti G, Angelini N, Mattioli G, Paoletti AM, Pennesi G, Caschera D, Sobolev AP, Beverina L, Calascibetta AM, Sanzone A, Di Carlo A, Berionni Berna B, Pescetelli S, Agresti A. [1]Benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene-Phthalocyanine Derivatives: A Subclass of Solution-Processable Electron-Rich Hole Transport Materials. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2376-2386. [PMID: 32406580 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) planar system was used to functionalize the phthalocyanine ring aiming at synthesizing novel electron-rich π-conjugated macrocycles. The resulting ZnPc-BTBT and ZnPc-(BTBT)4 derivatives are the first two examples of a phthalocyanine subclass having potential use as solution-processable p-type organic semiconductors. In particular, the combination of experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations suggests compatible energy level alignments with mixed halide hybrid perovskite-based devices. Furthermore, ZnPc-(BTBT)4 features a high aggregation tendency, a useful tool to design compact molecular films. When tested as hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells under 100 mA cm-2 standard AM 1.5G solar illumination, ZnPc-(BTBT)4 gave power conversion efficiencies as high as 14.13 %, irrespective of the doping process generally required to achieve high photovoltaic performances. This work is a first step toward a new phthalocyanine core engineerization to obtain robust, yet more efficient and cost-effective materials for organic electronics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Zanotti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Nicola Angelini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mattioli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Paoletti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pennesi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Daniela Caschera
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | | | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milano, I-20125, Italy
| | - Adiel Mauro Calascibetta
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milano, I-20125, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sanzone
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milano, I-20125, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy.,CHOSE- Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,LASE - Laboratory of Advanced Solar Energy, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninsky prospect 4, 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - Beatrice Berionni Berna
- CHOSE- Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Pescetelli
- CHOSE- Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Agresti
- CHOSE- Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,LASE - Laboratory of Advanced Solar Energy, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninsky prospect 4, 119049, Moscow, Russia
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