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Manoharan A, Jayan J, Rangarajan TM, Bose K, Benny F, Ipe RS, Kumar S, Kukreti N, Abdelgawad MA, Ghoneim MM, Kim H, Mathew B. "Click Chemistry": An Emerging Tool for Developing a New Class of Structural Motifs against Various Neurodegenerative Disorders. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:44437-44457. [PMID: 38046293 PMCID: PMC10688180 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Click chemistry is a set of easy, atom-economical reactions that are often utilized to combine two desired chemical entities. Click chemistry accelerates lead identification and optimization, reduces the complexity of chemical synthesis, and delivers extremely high yields without undesirable byproducts. The most well-known click chemistry reaction is the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes to form 1,2,3-triazoles. The resulting 1,2,3-triazoles can serve as both bioisosteres and linkers, leading to an increase in their use in the field of drug discovery. The current Review focuses on the use of click chemistry to identify new molecules for treating neurodegenerative diseases and in other areas such as peptide targeting and the quantification of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Manoharan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, India
| | - Jayalakshmi Jayan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, India
| | - T. M. Rangarajan
- Department
of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Kuntal Bose
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, India
| | - Feba Benny
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, India
| | - Reshma Susan Ipe
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, India
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School
of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department
of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department
of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, India
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2
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Preeti, Raza A, Anand A, Henry N, Sharma AK, Roussel P, Kumar V. Stereo/regio-selective access to substituted 3-hydroxy-oxindoles with anti-proliferative assessment and in silico validation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28434-28443. [PMID: 37771919 PMCID: PMC10523091 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05869g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The manuscript focuses on a highly stereo-/regioselective approach for synthesizing a diverse array of substituted-3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles. The synthesized compounds were subsequently subjected to anti-proliferative assessment against various cell lines, including colorectal carcinoma, ovarian cancer, and human metastatic melanoma cancer. The structural characterization of the synthesized scaffolds was unambiguously confirmed using X-ray diffraction analysis. Among the synthesized compounds, one compound demonstrated exceptional potency within the series. It exhibited 1.2, 2.12, and 1.55 times greater potency than cisplatin against the HCT116, OVCAR10, and 1205Lu cell lines, respectively. These results were further supported by in vitro caspase-mediated apoptosis studies. Molecular docking studies of these compounds on the target VEGFR2 protein revealed their binding capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar India
| | - Asif Raza
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey PA 17033 USA
| | - Amit Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Khalsa College Amritsar India
| | - Natacha Henry
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS) F-59000 Lille France
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey PA 17033 USA
| | - Pascal Roussel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS) F-59000 Lille France
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar India
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3
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Bora D, Samir KM, Sharma A, Chilvery S, Bansod S, John SE, Ali Khan M, Godugu C, Shankaraiah N. Exploration of cytotoxic potential and tubulin polymerization inhibition activity of cis-stilbene-1,2,3-triazole congeners. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:482-490. [PMID: 36970147 PMCID: PMC10034215 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00400c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To scrutinize cis-stilbene based molecules with potential anticancer and tubulin polymerization inhibition activity, a new series of cis-stilbene-1,2,3-triazole congeners was designed and synthesized via a click chemistry protocol. The cytotoxicity of these compounds 9a-j and 10a-j was screened against lung, breast, skin and colorectal cancer cell lines. Based on the results of MTT assay, we further evaluated the selectivity index of the most active compound 9j (IC50 3.25 ± 1.04 μM on HCT-116) by comparing its IC50 value (72.24 ± 1.20 μM) to that of the normal human cell line. Further, to confirm apoptotic cell death, cell morphology and staining studies (AO/EB, DAPI and Annexin V/PI) were carried out. The outcomes of studies showed apoptotic features like change in cell shape, cornering of nuclei, micronuclei formation, fragmented, bright, horseshoe-shaped nuclei, etc. Moreover, active compound 9j displayed G2/M phase cell cycle arrest with significant tubulin polymerization inhibition activity with an IC50 value of 4.51 μM. Additionally, in silico ADMET, molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies of 9j with 3E22 protein proved the binding of the compound at the colchicine binding site of tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Bora
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad - 500 037 India
| | - Khan Mehtab Samir
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad - 500 037 India
| | - Anamika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad - 500 037 India
| | - Shrilekha Chilvery
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad - 500 037 India
| | - Sapana Bansod
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad - 500 037 India
| | - Stephy Elza John
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad - 500 037 India
| | - Mursalim Ali Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad - 500 037 India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad - 500 037 India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad - 500 037 India
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4
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Liu Q, Zhao M, Song C, Sun J, Tao J, Sun B, Jiang J. Click Triazole as a Linker for Pretargeting Strategies: Synthesis, Docking Investigations, Fluorescence Diagnosis, and Antibacterial Action Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062758. [PMID: 36985730 PMCID: PMC10057994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, three compounds A1, A2, and A3 and fluorescent probes T1, T2, T3, and T4 were designed and synthesized. 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS characterization and elemental analysis were used to confirm A1-A3 and T1-T4. A1-A3 and T1-T4 formed diagnostic molecules by "click" reactions. A1-A3 and T1-T4 did not significantly increase cell death at concentrations of 80 μmol/L. Preliminary screening of the compounds for antibacterial activity revealed that A2 has better antibacterial activity against Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The synthesized compounds and fluorescent probes can be targeted and combined in the physiological condition to form diagnostic molecules for fluorescence detection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The binding sites of A1-A3 were deduced theoretically using the AutoDock Vina software docking tool. Further study of the mechanism of the antibacterial action of these compounds is likely to identify new agents against resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Mingxia Zhao
- Department of Mining Engineering, Shanxi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Yangquan 045000, China
| | - Cairong Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jiankang Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jiali Tao
- Department of Mining Engineering, Shanxi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Yangquan 045000, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Mining Engineering, Shanxi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Yangquan 045000, China
| | - Junbing Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Department of Mining Engineering, Shanxi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Yangquan 045000, China
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5
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Laxmikeshav K, Sayali M, Devabattula G, Valapil DG, Mahale A, Sharma P, George J, Phanindranath R, Godugu C, Kulkarni OP, Nagesh N, Shankaraiah N. Triazolo-linked benzimidazoles as tubulin polymerization inhibitors and DNA intercalators: Design, synthesis, cytotoxicity, and docking studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200449. [PMID: 36807372 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
A simple "click" protocol was employed in the quest of synthesizing 1,2,3-triazole-linked benzimidazoles as promising anticancer agents on various human cancer cell lines such as A549, HCT116, SK-Mel-28, HT-29, and MCF-7. Compound 12j demonstrated significant cytotoxic potential towards SK-Mel-28 cancer cells (IC50 : 4.17 ± 0.09 µM) and displayed no cytotoxicity (IC50 : > 100 µM) against normal human BEAS-2B cells inferring its safety towards normal healthy cells. Further to comprehend the underlying apoptosis mechanisms, AO/EB, dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining were performed, which revealed the nuclear and morphological alterations. Compound 12j displayed impairment in cellular migration and inhibited colony formation. The annexin V binding assay and JC-1 were implemented to evaluate the scope of apoptosis and the loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential in SK-Mel-28 cells. Cell-cycle analysis revealed that compound 12j arrested the cells at the G2/M phase in a dose-dependent manner. Target-based assays established the inhibition of tubulin polymerization by 12j at an IC50 value of 5.65 ± 0.05 μM and its effective binding with circulating tumor DNA as a DNA intercalator. The detailed binding interactions of 12j with tubulin and DNA were examined by docking studies on PDB ID: 3E22 and DNA hexamer (PDB ID: 1NAB), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Laxmikeshav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mone Sayali
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Geetanjali Devabattula
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Durgesh G Valapil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashutosh Mahale
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pravesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Joel George
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Hyderabad, India
| | - Regur Phanindranath
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Hyderabad, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Onkar P Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Narayana Nagesh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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6
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Goswami T, Naithani S, Kumar A, Kumar S. Morphology controlled Cu nanostructures grafted over rGO as highly efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalysts to develop 1,2,3-triazole derivatives under click conditions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.130982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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7
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Chafran L, Carfagno A, Altalhi A, Bishop B. Green Hydrogel Synthesis: Emphasis on Proteomics and Polymer Particle-Protein Interaction. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4755. [PMID: 36365747 PMCID: PMC9656617 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of drug discovery has seen significant progress in recent years. These advances drive the development of new technologies for testing compound's effectiveness, as well as their adverse effects on organs and tissues. As an auxiliary tool for drug discovery, smart biomaterials and biopolymers produced from biodegradable monomers allow the manufacture of multifunctional polymeric devices capable of acting as biosensors, of incorporating bioactives and biomolecules, or even mimicking organs and tissues through self-association and organization between cells and biopolymers. This review discusses in detail the use of natural monomers for the synthesis of hydrogels via green routes. The physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of these polymers are described, in addition to emphasizing polymer-particle-protein interactions and their application in proteomics studies. To highlight the diversity of green synthesis methodologies and the properties of the final hydrogels, applications in the areas of drug delivery, antibody interactions, cancer therapy, imaging and biomarker analysis are also discussed, as well as the use of hydrogels for the discovery of antimicrobial and antiviral peptides with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Chafran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110 , USA
| | | | | | - Barney Bishop
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110 , USA
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8
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Marotta L, Rossi S, Ibba R, Brogi S, Calderone V, Butini S, Campiani G, Gemma S. The green chemistry of chalcones: Valuable sources of privileged core structures for drug discovery. Front Chem 2022; 10:988376. [PMID: 36172001 PMCID: PMC9511966 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.988376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The sustainable use of resources is essential in all production areas, including pharmaceuticals. However, the aspect of sustainability needs to be taken into consideration not only in the production phase, but during the whole medicinal chemistry drug discovery trajectory. The continuous progress in the fields of green chemistry and the use of artificial intelligence are contributing to the speed and effectiveness of a more sustainable drug discovery pipeline. In this light, here we review the most recent sustainable and green synthetic approaches used for the preparation and derivatization of chalcones, an important class of privileged structures and building blocks used for the preparation of new biologically active compounds with a broad spectrum of potential therapeutic applications. The literature here reported has been retrieved from the SciFinder database using the term “chalcone” as a keyword and filtering the results applying the concept: “green chemistry”, and from the Reaxys database using the keywords “chalcone” and “green”. For both databases the time-frame was 2017–2022. References were manually selected based on relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Marotta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Roberta Ibba
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simone Brogi, ; Giuseppe Campiani,
| | | | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simone Brogi, ; Giuseppe Campiani,
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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9
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Saeed R, Sakla AP, Shankaraiah N. An update on the progress of cycloaddition reactions of 3-methyleneindolinones in the past decade: versatile approaches to spirooxindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7768-7791. [PMID: 34549231 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01176f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cycloaddition reactions are of great interest due to their potential and rapid construction of optically enriched spiro-cyclic products. 3-Methyleneindolinones have been proven to be a valuable precursor in cycloaddition reactions for the construction of diverse 3,3'-spirocyclic oxindoles. Their versatile reactivity has provided a new forum for the development of a variety of building blocks and synthetic compounds, including bioactive molecules. Herein, significant accomplishments in the cycloaddition reactions of 3-methyleneindolinones for the synthesis of spirooxindoles have been summarised and elaborated. The review is outlined according to the type of cycloaddition such as [2 + 1], [2 + 2], [3 + 2], [4 + 2] and [5 + 2] cycloaddition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiya Saeed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad-500037, India.
| | - Akash P Sakla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad-500037, India.
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad-500037, India.
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10
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Laxmikeshav K, Kumari P, Shankaraiah N. Expedition of sulfur-containing heterocyclic derivatives as cytotoxic agents in medicinal chemistry: A decade update. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:513-575. [PMID: 34453452 DOI: 10.1002/med.21852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article proposes a comprehensive report of the design strategies engaged in the development of various sulfur-bearing cytotoxic agents. The outcomes of various studies depict that the sulfur heterocyclic framework is a fundamental structure in diverse synthetic analogs representing a myriad scope of therapeutic activities. A number of five-, six- and seven-membered sulfur-containing heterocyclic scaffolds, such as thiazoles, thiadiazoles, thiazolidinediones, thiophenes, thiopyrans, benzothiazoles, benzothiophenes, thienopyrimidines, simple and modified phenothiazines, and thiazepines have been discussed. The subsequent studies of the derivatives unveiled their cytotoxic effects through multiple mechanisms (viz. inhibition of tyrosine kinases, topoisomerase I and II, tubulin, COX, DNA synthesis, and PI3K/Akt and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways), and several others. Thus, our concise illustration explains the design strategy and anticancer potential of these five- and six-membered sulfur-containing heterocyclic molecules along with a brief outline on seven-membered sulfur heterocycles. The thorough assessment of antiproliferative activities with the reference drug allows a proficient assessment of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the diversely synthesized molecules of the series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Laxmikeshav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Pooja Kumari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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11
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Soni JP, Yeole Y, Shankaraiah N. β-Carboline-based molecular hybrids as anticancer agents: a brief sketch. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:730-750. [PMID: 34124672 PMCID: PMC8152596 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00422g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a huge burden on the healthcare system and is foremost cause of mortality across the globe. Among various therapeutic strategies, chemotherapy plays an enormous role in overcoming the challenges of treating cancer, especially in late stage detection. However, limitations such as extreme side/adverse effects and drug resistance associated with available drugs have impelled the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents. In this regard, we have reviewed the development of β-carboline-based chemotherapeutic agents reported in last five years. The review mainly emphasizes on the molecular hybrids of β-carbolines with various pharmacophores, their synthetic strategies, and in vitro anticancer evaluation. In addition, the mechanisms of action, in silico studies, structural influence on the potency and selectivity among diverse cancer cell lines have been critically presented. The review updates readers on the diverse molecular hybrids prepared and the governing structural features of high potential molecules that can help in the future development of novel cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash Soni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Yogesh Yeole
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
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12
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Gulati S, John SE, Shankaraiah N. Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions in heterocyclic chemistry and mechanistic aspects. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:819-865. [PMID: 33968258 PMCID: PMC8077743 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave-assisted (MWA) multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have successfully emerged as one of the useful tools in the synthesis of biologically relevant heterocycles. These reactions are strategically employed for the generation of a variety of heterocycles along with multiple point diversifications. Over the last few decades classical MCRs such as Ugi, Biginelli, etc. have witnessed enhanced yield and efficiency with microwave assistance. The highlights of MWA-MCRs are high yields, reduced reaction time, selectivity, atom economy and simpler purification techniques, such an approach can accelerate the drug discovery process. The present review focuses on the recent advances in MWA-MCRs and their mechanistic insights over the past decade and shed light on its advantage over the conventional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Gulati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Stephy Elza John
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
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13
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Soni JP, Joshi SV, Chemitikanti KS, Shankaraiah N. The Riveting Chemistry of Poly‐
aza
‐heterocycles Employing Microwave Technique: A Decade Review. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash Soni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Swanand Vinayak Joshi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Krishna Sowjanya Chemitikanti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
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14
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Dhokne P, Sakla AP, Shankaraiah N. Structural insights of oxindole based kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents: Recent advances. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 216:113334. [PMID: 33721669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule kinase inhibitors are being continuously explored as new anticancer therapeutics. Kinases are the phosphorylating enzymes which regulate numerous cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, metabolism, and angiogenesis by activating several signalling pathways. Kinases have also been frequently found to be deregulated and overexpressed in cancerous tissues. Therefore, modulating the kinase activity by employing small molecules has emerged as a strategic approach for cancer treatment. On the other hand, oxindole motifs have surfaced as privileged scaffolds with significant multi-kinase inhibitory activity. The present review summarises recent advances in the development of oxindole based kinase inhibitors. The role of distinguished structural frameworks of oxindoles, such as 3-alkenyl oxindoles, spirooxindoles, 3-iminooxindoles and similar hydrazone derivatives have been described based on their kinase inhibition potential. Furthermore, the design strategies, mechanism of actions, structure activity relationships (SARs) and their mode of interaction with target protein have been critically highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Dhokne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Akash P Sakla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India.
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15
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Bora D, Kaushal A, Shankaraiah N. Anticancer potential of spirocompounds in medicinal chemistry: A pentennial expedition. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113263. [PMID: 33601313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spirocompounds constitute an important class of organic frameworks enveloping numerous pharmacological activities, among them, the promising anticancer potential of spirocompounds have enthused medicinal chemists to explore new spiro derivatives with significantly improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile along with their mechanism of action. The current review intends to provide a sketch of the anticancer activity of various spirocompounds like spirooxindole, spiroisoxazole, spiroindole etc, from the past five years unfolding various aspects of pharmacological activities and their structure-activity relationships (SARs). This literature analysis may provide future direction for the efficient design of novel spiromolecules with enhanced safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Bora
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Anjali Kaushal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India.
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16
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Tokala R, Mahajan S, Kiranmai G, Sigalapalli DK, Sana S, John SE, Nagesh N, Shankaraiah N. Development of β-carboline-benzothiazole hybrids via carboxamide formation as cytotoxic agents: DNA intercalative topoisomerase IIα inhibition and apoptosis induction. Bioorg Chem 2020; 106:104481. [PMID: 33261848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In quest of promising anticancer agents, the pharmacophores of natural (β-carboline) and synthetic origin (benzothiazole) were adjoined by a carboxamide bridge and three-point diversification was accomplished. The in vitro cytotoxic ability of the compounds was established on adherent and suspension human cancer cell lines and compounds 8u and 8f advanced as pre-eminent molecules with IC50 values of 1.46 and 1.81 μM respectively in A549 cell line. The cytospecificity was entrenched for potent compounds 8u and 8f by evaluating against normal human lung epithelial cells and selectivity index was calculated. Furthermore, EtBr displacement, relative viscosity and gel-based topoisomerase II target assays unveiled the intercalative topo-II inhibitory capability and DNA binding studies (absorbance) revealed the dissociation constant (Kd) for compounds 8u and 8f as 98 and 103 μM respectively. Additionally, cell-based flow cytometric assays like Annexin-V/PI dual staining aids in the quantification of apoptosis induced and JC-1 staining disclosed the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential by compound 8u in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, wound healing assay established the inhibition of in vitro cell migration by compound 8u on A549 cells. In addition, molecular docking studies proved the binding of compounds 8u and 8f in the active site of DNA complexed with topo IIα and stabilized by interactions with DNA base pairs and amino acid residues. Remarkably, the compounds 8u and 8f follow Lipinski's rule of five and are in the recommended range for Jorgensen's rule of three with a minimal violation and other pharmacokinetic parameters revealing druggability of the synthesized hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Tokala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Surbhi Mahajan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Gaddam Kiranmai
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Dilep Kumar Sigalapalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Sravani Sana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Stephy Elza John
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Narayana Nagesh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India.
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India.
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17
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Sakla AP, Kansal P, Shankaraiah N. Syntheses and Applications of Spirocyclopropyl Oxindoles: A Decade Review. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akash P. Sakla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) 500 037 Hyderabad India
| | - Pritish Kansal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) 500 037 Hyderabad India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) 500 037 Hyderabad India
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18
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Shinde SD, Sakla AP, Shankaraiah N. An insight into medicinal attributes of dithiocarbamates: Bird's eye view. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104346. [PMID: 33074122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dithiocarbamates are considered as an important motif owing to its extensive biological applications in medicinal chemistry. The synthesis of this framework can easily be achieved via a one-pot reaction of primary/secondary amines, CS2, and alkyl halides under catalyst-free conditions or sometimes in the presence of a base. By virtue of its colossal pharmacological scope, it has been an evolving subject of interest for many researchers around the world. The present review aims to highlight various synthetic approaches for dithiocarbamates with the major emphasis on medicinal attributes of these architectures as leads in the drug discovery of small molecules such as HDAC inhibitor, lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) down-regulator, kinase inhibitor (focal adhesion kinase, pyruvate kinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase), carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, DNA intercalators, and apoptosis-inducing agents. Moreover, recent medicinal advancements in the synthesis of dithiocarbamate derivatives as anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-Alzheimer, antitubercular, anti-glaucoma, anti-cholinergic, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory activities have been elaborated with notable examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Dattatray Shinde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Akash P Sakla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India.
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19
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Sakla AP, Kansal P, Shankaraiah N. Syntheses and reactivity of spiro-epoxy/aziridine oxindole cores: developments in the past decade. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8572-8596. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01726d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights various reactions to afford spiro-epoxy/aziridine oxindoles and their potential synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash P. Sakla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad-500037
- India
| | - Pritish Kansal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad-500037
- India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad-500037
- India
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