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Kwon J, Ko NY, Lim JW. Characterization of Continuous Neutralization of a Chemical Warfare Agent and Its Simulants. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:38583-38590. [PMID: 39310196 PMCID: PMC11411653 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The persistent threat posed by chemical warfare agents (CWAs) necessitates the development of efficient and safe methods for their neutralization. In this study, we investigated the continuous neutralization of CWAs and their simulants using flow chemistry, which combines the benefits of safety, precise control over reaction parameters, and scalability. We focused on the integration of continuous-flow reactors to achieve controlled and rapid neutralization, thus addressing challenges such as the need for rapid reaction kinetics and the establishment of robust pathways for neutralization. Because the flow-chemistry approach can contribute significantly to the development of neutralization technologies for CWAs, we performed a thorough characterization in terms of reaction kinetics and neutralized product identification. The results demonstrated that the proposed continuous-flow-type neutralization reaction was faster and more efficient than batch-type neutralization reactions. Furthermore, in the early stages of the neutralization reaction, flow-type neutralization not only required less neutralizing agent than batch-type neutralization but was also faster. Thus, the chemical neutralization process proposed in this study can be used as a pragmatic foundation for developing demilitarization methods for CWAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ji Won Lim
- Chem-Bio Center, Agency for
Defense Development, Advanced Defense Science
& Technology Research Institute, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea
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2
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Campos RB, Capato LA, Soares PM, Tantillo DJ, Orth ES. Thio-Induced Organophosphate Breakdown Promoted by Methimazole: an Experimental and Theoretical Study. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300756. [PMID: 38412020 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the reactivity of small nucleophilic scaffolds is a strategic approach for the design of new catalysts aiming at effective detoxification processes of organophosphorus compounds. The drug methimazole (MMZ) is an interesting candidate featuring two non-equivalent nucleophilic centers. Herein, phosphoryl transfer reactions mediated by MMZ were assessed by means of spectrophotometric kinetic studies, mass spectrometry (MS) analyses, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the multi-electrophilic compound O,O-diethyl 2,4-dinitrophenyl phosphate (DEDNPP). MMZ anion acts primarily as an S-nucleophile, exhibiting a nucleophilic activity comparable to that of certain oximes featuring alpha-effect. Selective nucleophilic aromatic substitution was observed, consistent with the DFT prediction of a low energy barrier. Overall, the results bring important advances regarding the mechanistic understanding of nucleophilic dephosphorylation reactions, which comprises a strategic tool for neutralizing toxic organophosphates, hence promoting chemical security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan B Campos
- Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81280-340, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Capato
- Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81280-340, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M Soares
- Chemistry Departament, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States
| | - Elisa S Orth
- Chemistry Departament, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Ferreira JGL, Orth ES. Amidoxime-derived rice husk as biocatalyst and scavenger for organophosphate neutralization and removal. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121802. [PMID: 37169239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates are a worldwide threat because of their presence in agrochemicals and chemical warfare. Situations of misuse, apprehensions of prohibited chemicals (e.g. pesticides), undesired stockpiles and chemical attacks require effective measures for neutralization and removal. Herein, a green approach is shown by functionalizing the agricultural waste rice husk with amidoximes leading to heterogeneous catalysts that were applied in the degradation/scavenging of toxic organophosphates. In aqueous medium, the waste-derived catalyst was efficient in the catalytic neutralization of a phosphotriester (increments up to 1 × 104-fold), while allying important features: selective, recyclable and lead to less toxic products. Curiously, the amidoximated rice husk behaved as a scavenger in the aprotic polar solvents MeCN and acetone by covalently bonding to the phosphoryl moiety. Upon addition of water, this bond is broken and the phosphoryl liberated (hydrolyzed) to the aqueous medium. Thus, the scavenging process is reversible and can be used to remove toxic organophosphates. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was crucial for confirming the overall mechanisms involved. In summary, a sustainable material was synthetized from a waste source and employed as catalyst and scavenger for eliminating threatening organophosphates. This is promising for assuring chemical security such as in chemical emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G L Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19032, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Elisa S Orth
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19032, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Silva VB, Orth ES. Structure-Reactivity Insights on the Alkaline Hydrolysis of Organophosphates: Non-Leaving and Leaving Group Effects in a Bilinear Brønsted-Like Relationship. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200612. [PMID: 36326485 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The high toxicity of organophosphates, along with its wide use as agrochemicals and chemical warfare, urges efficient degradation methods. Alkaline hydrolysis stands out, which is strongly structure-dependent. The alkaline hydrolysis of various organophosphates is described using a bilinear variation of the Brønsted equation, which evaluates concomitantly the effect of the leaving and non-leaving groups. Over 50 reactions were successfully correlated linearly and the contribution of the usually underestimated non-leaving group seems to be as important as the leaving group. The hetero atom effect (P=O and P=S) seems to vary the contribution of these groups. This concise understanding of the structure-reactivity relationship allows to predict optimal neutralization processes and is key for chemical security, saving time, resources and avoiding unnecessary manipulation of toxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valmir B Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.,COBRA Laboratory, IRCOF, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, CNRS, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Elisa S Orth
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
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Takarada WH, Ferreira JG, Riegel-Vidotti IC, Orth ES. Functionalization of gum arabic derivatives for catalytic neutralization of organophosphates. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mansour S, Silva VB, Orth ES, Legros J. Soft detoxification of chemical warfare agent simulants and pesticides under pressure. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7604-7608. [PMID: 36148796 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01217k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The neutralisation of structurally varied chemical warfare agent simulants (blister and nerve agents) and pesticides (Paraoxon) with the assistance of high pressure is reported. Chloroethyl amines and sulfides (nitrogen and sulfur mustards), phosphonothioates (V-series nerve agents) and phosphates (pesticide) readily react with simple nucleophilic scavengers (alcohols, amines) at P > 14 000 bar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergui Mansour
- CNRS, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, COBRA laboratory, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Valmir B Silva
- CNRS, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, COBRA laboratory, F-76000 Rouen, France. .,Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Elisa S Orth
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Julien Legros
- CNRS, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, COBRA laboratory, F-76000 Rouen, France.
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Ferreira JGL, Takarada WH, Orth ES. Waste-derived biocatalysts for pesticide degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:127885. [PMID: 34872781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A green approach to produce a cellulose-derived biocatalyst containing hydroxamic acids targeted for the neutralization of toxic organophosphates is shown. The cellulose source, rice husk, is among the largest agricultural waste worldwide and can be strategically functionalized, broadening its sustainable application. Herein, rice husk was oxidized in different degrees, leading to carboxylic acid-based colloidal and solid samples. These were functionalized with hydroxamic acids via amide bonds and fully characterized. The hydroxamic acid derived biocatalysts were evaluated in the cleavage of toxic organophosphates, including the pesticide Paraoxon. Catalytic increments reached up to 107-fold compared to non-catalyzed reactions. Most impressively, the materials showed P atom-selectivity and recyclability features. This guarantees only one reaction pathway that leads to less toxic products, hereby, detoxifies. Overall, highly sustainable catalysts are presented, that benefits from waste source, its green functionalization and is successfully employed for the promotion of chemical security of threatening organophosphates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a hydroxamate-derived rice husk (selectively modified at the C6 of cellulose) and its application in organophosphates reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G L Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CEP 81531-980, Curitiba CP 19032, PR, Brazil
| | - Willian H Takarada
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CEP 81531-980, Curitiba CP 19032, PR, Brazil
| | - Elisa S Orth
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CEP 81531-980, Curitiba CP 19032, PR, Brazil.
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Jacobs AK, Menezes LRA, Fernandes JM, Kosteczka GL, Sassaki GL, Campos RB. Mechanistic insights into the amidolysis of a phosphate triester: the antagonistic role of water. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2462-2466. [PMID: 35258067 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00180b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The breakdown of O,O-diethyl-2,4-dinitrophenyl phosphate in formamide (FMD) solutions is assessed using kinetic studies and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. Regiospecific nucleophilic amidolysis via P-O bond cleavage is observed, leading to non-toxic diester and FMD regeneration. In the systems evaluated, water plays an antagonistic role: while it is key for the breakdown of the reaction intermediate, it inhibits the nucleophilic activity of FMD by hydrogen bonding effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Jacobs
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Rua Deputado Heitor Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81.280-340, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Leociley R A Menezes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, 81.531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juliano M Fernandes
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Rua Deputado Heitor Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81.280-340, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme L Kosteczka
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Rua Deputado Heitor Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81.280-340, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme L Sassaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, 81.531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renan B Campos
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Rua Deputado Heitor Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81.280-340, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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