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Quigley RM, Kearney M, Kennedy OD, Duncan HF. Tissue engineering approaches for dental pulp regeneration: The development of novel bioactive materials using pharmacological epigenetic inhibitors. Bioact Mater 2024; 40:182-211. [PMID: 38966600 PMCID: PMC11223092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The drive for minimally invasive endodontic treatment strategies has shifted focus from technically complex and destructive root canal treatments towards more conservative vital pulp treatment. However, novel approaches to maintaining dental pulp vitality after disease or trauma will require the development of innovative, biologically-driven regenerative medicine strategies. For example, cell-homing and cell-based therapies have recently been developed in vitro and trialled in preclinical models to study dental pulp regeneration. These approaches utilise natural and synthetic scaffolds that can deliver a range of bioactive pharmacological epigenetic modulators (HDACis, DNMTis, and ncRNAs), which are cost-effective and easily applied to stimulate pulp tissue regrowth. Unfortunately, many biological factors hinder the clinical development of regenerative therapies, including a lack of blood supply and poor infection control in the necrotic root canal system. Additional challenges include a need for clinically relevant models and manufacturing challenges such as scalability, cost concerns, and regulatory issues. This review will describe the current state of bioactive-biomaterial/scaffold-based engineering strategies to stimulate dentine-pulp regeneration, explicitly focusing on epigenetic modulators and therapeutic pharmacological inhibition. It will highlight the components of dental pulp regenerative approaches, describe their current limitations, and offer suggestions for the effective translation of novel epigenetic-laden bioactive materials for innovative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M. Quigley
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michaela Kearney
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oran D. Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE) and the Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henry F. Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE) and the Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
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Wang X, Chen Q, Li J, Tian W, Liu Z, Chen T. Recent adavances of functional modules for tooth regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:7497-7518. [PMID: 39021127 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Dental diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disorders, constitute a major global health challenge, affecting millions worldwide and often resulting in tooth loss. Traditional dental treatments, though beneficial, typically cannot fully restore the natural functions and structures of teeth. This limitation has prompted growing interest in innovative strategies for tooth regeneration methods. Among these, the use of dental stem cells to generate functional tooth modules represents an emerging and promising approach in dental tissue engineering. These modules aim to closely replicate the intricate morphology and essential physiological functions of dental tissues. Recent advancements in regenerative research have not only enhanced the assembly techniques for these modules but also highlighted their therapeutic potential in addressing various dental diseases. In this review, we discuss the latest progress in the construction of functional tooth modules, especially on regenerating dental pulp, periodontal tissue, and tooth roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qiuyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
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Shi X, Hu X, Jiang N, Mao J. Regenerative endodontic therapy: From laboratory bench to clinical practice. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00267-4. [PMID: 38969092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining the vitality and functionality of dental pulp is paramount for tooth integrity, longevity, and homeostasis. Aiming to treat irreversible pulpitis and necrosis, there has been a paradigm shift from conventional root canal treatment towards regenerative endodontic therapy. AIM OF REVIEW This extensive and multipart review presents crucial laboratory and practical issues related to pulp-dentin complex regeneration aimed towards advancing clinical translation of regenerative endodontic therapy and enhancing human life quality. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In this multipart review paper, we first present a panorama of emerging potential tissue engineering strategies for pulp-dentin complex regeneration from cell transplantation and cell homing perspectives, emphasizing the critical regenerative components of stem cells, biomaterials, and conducive microenvironments. Then, this review provides details about current clinically practiced pulp regenerative/reparative approaches, including direct pulp capping and root revascularization, with a specific focus on the remaining hurdles and bright prospects in developing such therapies. Next, special attention was devoted to discussing the innovative biomimetic perspectives opened in establishing functional tissues by employing exosomes and cell aggregates, which will benefit the clinical translation of dental pulp engineering protocols. Finally, we summarize careful consideration that should be given to basic research and clinical applications of regenerative endodontics. In particular, this review article highlights significant challenges associated with residual infection and inflammation and identifies future insightful directions in creating antibacterial and immunomodulatory microenvironments so that clinicians and researchers can comprehensively understand crucial clinical aspects of regenerative endodontic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaohan Hu
- Outpatient Department Office, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Nan Jiang
- Central Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jing Mao
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Salar Amoli M, Anand R, EzEldeen M, Geris L, Jacobs R, Bloemen V. Development of 3D Printed pNIPAM-Chitosan Scaffolds for Dentoalveolar Tissue Engineering. Gels 2024; 10:140. [PMID: 38391470 PMCID: PMC10887597 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
While available treatments have addressed a variety of complications in the dentoalveolar region, associated challenges have resulted in exploration of tissue engineering techniques. Often, scaffold biomaterials with specific properties are required for such strategies to be successful, development of which is an active area of research. This study focuses on the development of a copolymer of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) and chitosan, used for 3D printing of scaffolds for dentoalveolar regeneration. The synthesized material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the possibility of printing was evaluated through various printability tests. The rate of degradation and swelling was analyzed through gravimetry, and surface morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Viability of dental pulp stem cells seeded on the scaffolds was evaluated by live/dead analysis and DNA quantification. The results demonstrated successful copolymerization, and three formulations among various synthesized formulations were successfully 3D printed. Up to 35% degradability was confirmed within 7 days, and a maximum swelling of approximately 1200% was achieved. Furthermore, initial assessment of cell viability demonstrated biocompatibility of the developed scaffolds. While further studies are required to achieve the tissue engineering goals, the present results tend to indicate that the proposed hydrogel might be a valid candidate for scaffold fabrication serving dentoalveolar tissue engineering through 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Salar Amoli
- Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Resmi Anand
- Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mostafa EzEldeen
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven and Paediatric Dentistry and Special Dental Care, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA-R In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C (2419), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veerle Bloemen
- Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abdolahinia ED, Golestani S, Seif S, Afra N, Aflatoonian K, Jalalian A, Valizadeh N, Abdollahinia ED. A review of the therapeutic potential of dental stem cells as scaffold-free models for tissue engineering application. Tissue Cell 2024; 86:102281. [PMID: 38070384 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of regenerative medicine, tissue engineering has introduced innovative approaches to facilitate tissue regeneration. Specifically, in pulp tissue engineering, both scaffold-based and scaffold-free techniques have been applied. Relevant articles were meticulously chosen from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases through a comprehensive search spanning from October 2022 to December 2022. Despite the inherent limitations of scaffolding, including inadequate mechanical strength for hard tissues, insufficient vents for vessel penetration, immunogenicity, and suboptimal reproducibility-especially with natural polymeric scaffolds-scaffold-free tissue engineering has garnered significant attention. This methodology employs three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates such as spheroids and cell sheets with extracellular matrix, facilitating precise regeneration of target tissues. The choice of technique aside, stem cells play a pivotal role in tissue engineering, with dental stem cells emerging as particularly promising resources. Their pluripotent nature, non-invasive extraction process, and unique properties render them highly suitable for scaffold-free tissue engineering. This study delves into the latest advancements in leveraging dental stem cells and scaffold-free techniques for the regeneration of various tissues. This paper offers a comprehensive summary of recent developments in the utilization of dental stem cells and scaffold-free methods for tissue generation. It explores the potential of these approaches to advance tissue engineering and their effectiveness in therapies aimed at tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.
| | - Shayan Golestani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan ( Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sepideh Seif
- Faculty of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Narges Afra
- Faculty of Dentistry, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandarabbas, Iran
| | - Khotan Aflatoonian
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Shahed University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Jalalian
- Faculty of Dentistry, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Valizadeh
- Chemistry Department, Sciences Faculty, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Dalir Abdollahinia
- Fellowship of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Luo C, He J, Wang N, Zhu N, Zhang L, Wang Y, Qin M, Hui T. Enhanced reparatory effect of EI1 on dental pulp via extracellular matrix remodeling by miR-181b-2-3p inhibitor. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:177-185. [PMID: 38303812 PMCID: PMC10829547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial for dental pulp repair. The aim of this paper is to investigate the ECM remodeling effect of miR-181b-2-3p (a microRNA) and to verify the reparatory effect of EI1 (an epigenetic drug) and miR-181b-2-3p inhibitor on dental pulp. Materials and methods Levels of ECM-related factors in EI1-treated human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The anti-inflammation effect of EI1 was examined in Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated hDPCs. miR-181b-2-3p mimics or inhibitors were transfected into hDPCs and then the cells' functions were detected. A dual luciferase reporter assay was used to identify the targets of miR-181b-2-3p. Pulpotomy using miR-181b-2-3p antagomirs and EI1 as pulp capping materials was performed in male six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Results EI1 upregulated ECM-related genes expression in hDPCs, but failed to upregulate the collagen1A1 (COL1A1) protein level. Pro-inflammatory factors were downregulated by EI1 in Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated hDPCs. Overexpression of miR-181b-2-3p downregulated the expression of transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) and fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 precursor (FNDC5), while the inhibition had the opposite effect. Dual luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-181b-2-3p targets TGF-β2, FNDC5 and integrin alpha 4 protein (ITGA4). Compared to EI1 was used alone, EI1 combined with the inhibitor upregulated the protein levels of COL1A1, fibronectin (FN1) and TGF-β2 in hDPCs, promoted hDPCs migration, and exhibited reparatory effects on inflamed rat pulp tissue. Conclusion miR-181b-2-3p inhibitor could enhance the reparatory effect of EI1 via ECM remodeling in dental pulp both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyi Luo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ningxin Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Man Qin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianqian Hui
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Ballikaya E, Çelebi-Saltik B. Approaches to vital pulp therapies. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49:735-749. [PMID: 37515353 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Tooth decay, which leads to pulpal inflammation due to the pulp's response to bacterial components and byproducts is the most common infectious disease. The main goals of clinical management are to eliminate sources of infection, to facilitate healing by regulating inflammation indental tissue, and to replace lost tissues. A variety of novel approaches from tissue engineering based on stem cells, bioactive molecules, and extracellular matrix-like scaffold structures to therapeutic applications, or a combination of all these are present in the literature. Shortcomings of existing conventional materials for pulp capping and the novel approches aiming to preserve pulp vitality highligted the need for developing new targeted dental materials. This review looks at the novel approches for vital pulp treatments after briefly addresing the conventional vital pulp treatment as well as the regenerative and self defense capabilities of the pulp. A narrative review focusing on the current and future approaches for pulp preservation was performed after surveying the relevant papers on vital pulp therapies including pulp capping, pulpotomy, and potential approaches for facilitating dentin-pulp complex regeneration in PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Ballikaya
- Department of Oral and Dental Health Research, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betül Çelebi-Saltik
- Department of Oral and Dental Health Research, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Rao P, Jing J, Fan Y, Zhou C. Spatiotemporal cellular dynamics and molecular regulation of tooth root ontogeny. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:50. [PMID: 38001110 PMCID: PMC10673972 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth root development involves intricate spatiotemporal cellular dynamics and molecular regulation. The initiation of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) induces odontoblast differentiation and the subsequent radicular dentin deposition. Precisely controlled signaling pathways modulate the behaviors of HERS and the fates of dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs). Disruptions in these pathways lead to defects in root development, such as shortened roots and furcation abnormalities. Advances in dental stem cells, biomaterials, and bioprinting show immense promise for bioengineered tooth root regeneration. However, replicating the developmental intricacies of odontogenesis has not been resolved in clinical treatment and remains a major challenge in this field. Ongoing research focusing on the mechanisms of root development, advanced biomaterials, and manufacturing techniques will enable next-generation biological root regeneration that restores the physiological structure and function of the tooth root. This review summarizes recent discoveries in the underlying mechanisms governing root ontogeny and discusses some recent key findings in developing of new biologically based dental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Liang H, Li Q, Wang N, Wang C, Shi S, Yang H, Cao Y, Shi R, Jin L, Zhang C. KDM4D enhances osteo/dentinogenic differentiation and migration of SCAPs via binding to RPS5. Oral Dis 2023; 29:2827-2836. [PMID: 36579641 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAPs) provide promising candidates for dental pulp regeneration. Despite great advances in the transcriptional controls of the SCAPs fate, little is known about the regulation of SCAP differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Short hairpin RNAs and full-length RNA were used to deplete or overexpress lysine demethylase 4D (KDM4D) gene expression. Western blotting, real-time RT-PCR, alizarin red staining, and scratch migration assays were used to study the role of KDM4D and the ribosomal protein encoded by RPS5 in SCAPs. RNA microarray, chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. RESULTS KDM4D enhanced the osteo/dentinogenic differentiation, migration, and chemotaxis of SCAPs. The microarray results revealed that 88 mRNAs were differentially expressed in KDM4D-overexpressed SCAPs. ChIP results showed knock-down of KDM4D increased the level of H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 in CNR1 promoter region. There were 37 possible binding partners of KDM4D. KDM4D was found to combine with RPS5, which also promoted the osteo/dentinogenic differentiation, migration, and chemotaxis of SCAPs. CONCLUSIONS KDM4D promoted the osteo/dentinogenic differentiation and migration potential of SCAPs in combination with RPS5, which provides a therapeutic clue for improving SCAPs-based dental tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Liang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojing Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Haoqing Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruitang Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Luyuan Jin
- Department of General Dentistry and Integrated Emergency Dental Care, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Cai L, Cui Y, Guo D, Chen H, Li J, Zhou X, Xie J. Microenvironmental Stiffness Directs Chondrogenic Lineages of Stem Cells from the Human Apical Papilla via Cooperation between ROCK and Smad3 Signaling. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:4831-4845. [PMID: 36797839 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based cartilage tissue engineering faces a great challenge in the repair process, partly due to the special physical microenvironment. Human stem cell from apical papilla (hSCAP) shows great potential as seed cells because of its versatile differentiation capacity. However, whether hSCAP has potent chondrogenic differentiation ability in the physical microenvironment of chondroid remains unknown. In this study, we fabricated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrates with different stiffnesses and investigated the chondrogenic differentiation potential of hSCAPs. First, we found that hSCAPs cultured on soft substrates spread more narrowly accompanied by cortical actin organization, a hallmark of differentiated chondrocytes. On the contrary, stiff substrates were favorable for cell spreading and stress fiber formation. More importantly, the increased chondrogenic differentiation of hSCAPs seeded on soft substrates was confirmed by characterizing increased extracellular proteoglycan aggregation through Alcian blue staining and Safranin O staining and enhanced markers toward chondrogenic differentiation including SRY-box transcription factor 9 (Sox9), type II collagen (Col2), and aggrecan in both normal α-minimum essential medium (αMEM) and specific chondrogenic medium (CM) culture conditions. Then, we investigated the mechanosensing/mechanotransduction governing the chondrogenic differentiation of hSCAPs in response to different stiffnesses and found that stiffness-sensitive integrin β1 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were essential for mechanical signal perception and were oriented at the start of mechanotransduction induced by matrix stiffness. We next showed that the increased nuclear accumulation of Smad3 signaling and target Sox9 facilitated the chondrogenic differentiation of hSCAPs on the soft substrates and further verified the importance of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) signaling in regulating chondrogenic differentiation and its driving factors, Smad3 and Sox9. By using SIS3, the specific inhibitor of p-Smad3, and miRNA targeting Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK-1), we finally confirmed the importance of ROCK/Smad3/Sox9 axis in the chondrogenic differentiation of hSCAPs in response to substrate stiffness. These results help us to increase the understanding of how microenvironmental stiffness directs chondrogenic differentiation from the aspects of mechanosensing, mechanotransduction, and cell fate decision, which will be of great value in the application of hSCAPs in cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yujia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Daimo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiazhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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11
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Sui BD, Zheng CX, Zhao WM, Xuan K, Li B, Jin Y. Mesenchymal condensation in tooth development and regeneration: a focus on translational aspects of organogenesis. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1899-1964. [PMID: 36656056 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The teeth are vertebrate-specific, highly specialized organs performing fundamental functions of mastication and speech, the maintenance of which is crucial for orofacial homeostasis and is further linked to systemic health and human psychosocial well-being. However, with limited ability for self-repair, the teeth can often be impaired by traumatic, inflammatory, and progressive insults, leading to high prevalence of tooth loss and defects worldwide. Regenerative medicine holds the promise to achieve physiological restoration of lost or damaged organs, and in particular an evolving framework of developmental engineering has pioneered functional tooth regeneration by harnessing the odontogenic program. As a key event of tooth morphogenesis, mesenchymal condensation dictates dental tissue formation and patterning through cellular self-organization and signaling interaction with the epithelium, which provides a representative to decipher organogenetic mechanisms and can be leveraged for regenerative purposes. In this review, we summarize how mesenchymal condensation spatiotemporally assembles from dental stem cells (DSCs) and sequentially mediates tooth development. We highlight condensation-mimetic engineering efforts and mechanisms based on ex vivo aggregation of DSCs, which have achieved functionally robust and physiologically relevant tooth regeneration after implantation in animals and in humans. The discussion of this aspect will add to the knowledge of development-inspired tissue engineering strategies and will offer benefits to propel clinical organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Dong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen-Xi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wan-Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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12
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Ramli H, Yusop N, Ramli R, Berahim Z, Peiris R, Ghani N. Application of neurotransmitters and dental stem cells for pulp regeneration: A review. Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:387-394. [PMID: 37520592 PMCID: PMC10373085 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although there have been many studies on stem cells, few have investigated how neurotransmitters and stem cell proliferation interact to regenerate dental pulp. Dental pulp regeneration is an innovative procedure for reviving dental pulp, if feasible for the entire tooth. Upon tooth injury, activated platelets release serotonin and dopamine in bulk to mobilize dental pulp stem cells to mediate natural dental repair. This has induced research on the role of neurotransmitters in increasing the proliferation rate of stem cells. This review also covers prospective future treatments for dental pulp regeneration. Methods A literature search was performed via PubMed and ScienceDirect from 2001 to 2022, using the keywords "neurotransmitter," "stem cell," "tooth regeneration," "tooth repair," "regenerative dentistry," and "dental pulp." Different inclusion/exclusion criteria were used, and the search was restricted to English articles. Results Nine publications reporting neurotransmitter interactions with stem cells for tooth and pulp regeneration were selected. Conclusion Neurotransmitters were found to interact with dental stem cells. Evidence pointing to neurotransmitters as a factor in the increased proliferation of stem cells was found. This review thus gives hope for tooth pulp regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayah Ramli
- Basic and Medical Sciences Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Yusop
- Basic and Medical Sciences Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rosmaliza Ramli
- Basic and Medical Sciences Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zurairah Berahim
- Periodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Roshan Peiris
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, 20400 Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Nurhafizah Ghani
- Basic and Medical Sciences Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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13
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Hu N, Li W, Jiang W, Wen J, Gu S. Creating a Microenvironment to Give Wings to Dental Pulp Regeneration-Bioactive Scaffolds. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010158. [PMID: 36678787 PMCID: PMC9861529 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp and periapical diseases make patients suffer from acute pain and economic loss. Although root canal therapies, as demonstrated through evidence-based medicine, can relieve symptoms and are commonly employed by dentists, it is still difficult to fully restore a dental pulp's nutrition, sensory, and immune-regulation functions. In recent years, researchers have made significant progress in tissue engineering to regenerate dental pulp in a desired microenvironment. With breakthroughs in regenerative medicine and material science, bioactive scaffolds play a pivotal role in creating a suitable microenvironment for cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, following dental restoration and regeneration. This article focuses on current challenges and novel perspectives about bioactive scaffolds in creating a microenvironment to promote dental pulp regeneration. We hope our readers will gain a deeper understanding and new inspiration of dental pulp regeneration through our summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Weiping Li
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Wentao Jiang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jin Wen
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200125, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Shensheng Gu
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (S.G.)
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14
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Phothichailert S, Sangwisutsai B, Rattanakosol D, Teerapongpaibul N, Hiran-us S, Nowwarote N, Osathanon T. Effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on stem cells from the apical papilla: In vitro study. J Dent Sci 2023; 18:50-56. [PMID: 36643280 PMCID: PMC9831802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used as an irrigant in regenerative endodontic treatment. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of EDTA on stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) in vitro. Materials and methods Human SCAPs were isolated and characterised. The cells were treated with media supplemented with EDTA at concentrations ranging from 1.25% to 17%. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined using MTT assay and annexin V/propidium iodide staining. Cell migration was determined by a scratch assay. Gene expression was evaluated using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mineral deposition, a hallmark of osteogenesis in vitro, was determined using alizarin red s staining. Results Overall, SCAPs exhibited mesenchymal stem cell characteristics. EDTA treatment at 2.50% and 1.25% did not significantly exhibit cytotoxicity and alter cell morphology. However, EDTA attenuated cell proliferation and reduced MKI67 mRNA expression in SCAPs. Further, EDTA significantly induced early cell apoptosis at 48 h. Cell migration was delayed with EDTA treatment. After maintaining SCAPs in an osteogenic induction medium, EDTA diminished mineral deposition by SCAPs on day 14. Conclusion EDTA treatment exhibits adverse effects on SCAPs in vitro. Hence, EDTA exposure to periapical tissues should be avoided to minimise the negative impacts on SCAPs cells in regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suphalak Phothichailert
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Benya Sangwisutsai
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dhitinant Rattanakosol
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nutcha Teerapongpaibul
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirawut Hiran-us
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nunthawan Nowwarote
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1138, Molecular Oral Pathophysiology and Université Paris Cité, Dental Faculty, Oral Biology Department, Paris, France,Corresponding author.
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Corresponding author.
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15
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Treated Dentin Matrix in Tissue Regeneration: Recent Advances. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010091. [PMID: 36678720 PMCID: PMC9861705 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a new therapeutic strategy used to repair serious damage caused by trauma, a tumor or other major diseases, either for vital organs or tissues sited in the oral cavity. Scaffold materials are an indispensable part of this. As an extracellular-matrix-based bio-material, treated dentin matrixes have become promising tissue engineering scaffolds due to their unique natural structure, astonishing biological induction activity and benign bio-compatibility. Furthermore, it is important to note that besides its high bio-activity, a treated dentin matrix can also serve as a carrier and release controller for drug molecules and bio-active agents to contribute to tissue regeneration and immunomodulation processes. This paper describes the research advances of treated dentin matrixes in tissue regeneration from the aspects of its vital properties, biologically inductive abilities and application explorations. Furthermore, we present the concerning challenges of signaling mechanisms, source extension, individualized 3D printing and drug delivery system construction during our investigation into the treated dentin matrix. This paper is expected to provide a reference for further research on treated dentin matrixes in tissue regeneration and better promote the development of relevant disease treatment approaches.
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16
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Liu L, Li X, Bu W, Jin N, Meng Y, Wang Y, Wang D, Xu X, Zhou D, Sun H. Carbon dots enhance extracellular matrix secretion for dentin-pulp complex regeneration through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-mediated activation of autophagy. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100344. [PMID: 35833197 PMCID: PMC9272035 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulp injury is one of the most common clinical diseases, and severe cases are usually associated with the functional loss of the tooth, while the current clinical treatment modality is only a cavity filling procedure without the regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex, thus leading to a devitalized and brittle tooth. In this study, carbon dots (CDots) with excellent biocompatibility are prepared from ascorbic acid and polyethyleneimine via a hydrothermal method. The as-prepared CDots can enhance extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), giving rise to increased cell adhesion on ECM and a stronger osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation capacity of DPSCs. Further, the mechanism underlying CDots-enhanced ECM secretion is revealed by the transcriptome analysis, Western blot assay and molecular dynamics simulation, identifying that the pharmacological activities of CDots are originated from a reasonable activation of the autophagy, which is mediated by regulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Based on the abundant CDots-induced ECM and thereby the reinforcement of the cell-ECM adhesion, an intact dental pulp stem cell sheet can be achieved, which in return promote in vivo the efficient regeneration of dentin-pulp complex as well as blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Xianjing Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Wenhuan Bu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Nianqiang Jin
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Yuan Meng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Graduate Program in Applied Physics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Duan Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Ding Zhou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Hongchen Sun
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
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17
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Soares DG, Rosa V. Regenerating the Dental Pulp-Scaffold Materials and Approaches. Dent Clin North Am 2022; 66:643-657. [PMID: 36216451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Novel technologies and platforms have allowed significant breakthroughs in dental pulp tissue engineering. The development of injectable scaffolds that can be combined with stem cells, growth factors, or other bioactive compounds has enabled the regeneration of functional dental pulps able to secrete dentin in preclinical and clinical studies. Similarly, cell-homing technologies and scaffold-free strategies aim to modulate dental pulp self-regeneration mediated by resident stem cells and can evade some of the technical challenges related to cell-based tissue engineering strategies. This article will discuss emerging technologies and platforms for the clinical applications of dental pulp tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gabriela Soares
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, São Paulo University - USP, Bauru School of Dentistry, Dr. Octavio Pinheiro Brizola, 9-75, Bauru, Sao Paulo 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 9 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, Singapore 119085, Singapore.
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18
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Zou J, Mao J, Shi X. Influencing factors of pulp-dentin complex regeneration and related biological strategies. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 51:350-361. [PMID: 36207838 PMCID: PMC9511472 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2022-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative endodontic therapy (RET) utilizing tissue engineering approach can promote the regeneration of pulp-dentin complex to restore pulp vascularization, neuralization, immune function and tubular dentin, therefore the regenerated pulp-dentin complex will have normal function. Multiple factors may significantly affect the efficacy of RET, including stem cells, biosignaling molecules and biomaterial scaffolds. Stem cells derived from dental tissues (such as dental pulp stem cells) exhibit certain advantages in RET. Combined application of multiple signaling molecules and activation of signal transduction pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin and BMP/Smad play pivotal roles in enhancing the potential of stem cell migration, proliferation, odontoblastic differentiation, and nerve and blood vessel regeneration. Biomaterials suitable for RET include naturally-derived materials and artificially synthetic materials. Artificially synthetic materials should imitate natural tissues for biomimetic modification in order to realize the temporal and spatial regulation of pulp-dentin complex regeneration. The realization of pulp-dentin complex regeneration depends on two strategies: stem cell transplantation and stem cell homing. Stem cell homing strategy does not require the isolation and culture of stem cells in vitro, so is better for clinical application. However, in order to achieve the true regeneration of pulp-dentin complex, problems related to improving the success rate of stem cell homing and promoting their proliferation and differentiation need to be solved. This article reviews the influencing factors of pulp-dentin complex regeneration and related biological strategies, and discusses the future research direction of RET, to provide reference for clinical translation and application of RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Zou
- 1. Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- 2. School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- 3. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Mao
- 1. Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- 2. School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- 3. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xin Shi
- 1. Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- 2. School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- 3. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
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19
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Fu Z, Zhuang Y, Cui J, Sheng R, Tomás H, Rodrigues J, Zhao B, Wang X, Lin K. Development and challenges of cells- and materials-based tooth regeneration. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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20
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Kumar A, Yun H, Funderburgh ML, Du Y. Regenerative therapy for the Cornea. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 87:101011. [PMID: 34530154 PMCID: PMC8918435 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is the outmost layer of the eye, unique in its transparency and strength. The cornea not only transmits the light essential for vision, also refracts light, giving focus to images. Each of the three layers of the cornea has properties essential for the function of vision. Although the epithelium can often recover from injury quickly by cell division, loss of limbal stem cells can cause severe corneal surface abnormalities leading to corneal blindness. Disruption of the stromal extracellular matrix and loss of cells determining this structure, the keratocytes, leads to corneal opacity. Corneal endothelium is the inner part of the cornea without self-renewal capacity. It is very important to maintain corneal dehydration and transparency. Permanent damage to the corneal stroma or endothelium can be effectively treated by corneal transplantation; however, there are drawbacks to this procedure, including a shortage of donors, the need for continuing treatment to prevent rejection, and limits to the survival of the graft, averaging 10-20 years. There exists a need for new strategies to promote regeneration of the stromal structure and restore vision. This review highlights critical contributions in regenerative medicine with the aim of corneal reconstruction after injury or disease. These approaches include corneal stromal stem cells, corneal limbal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and other adult stem cells, as well as induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell-derived trophic factors in the forms of secretomes or exosomes for corneal regeneration are also discussed. Corneal sensory nerve regeneration promoting corneal transparency is discussed. This article provides description of the up-to-date options for corneal regeneration and presents exciting possible avenues for future studies toward clinical applications for corneal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Hongmin Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Yiqin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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21
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Chen Y, Ma Y, Yang X, Chen J, Yang B, Tian W. The Application of Pulp Tissue Derived-Exosomes in Pulp Regeneration: A Novel Cell-Homing Approach. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:465-476. [PMID: 35125868 PMCID: PMC8809678 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s342685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exosomes derived from stem cells, as an alternative to stem cells themselves, have been employed for dental pulp regeneration. However, it is not known whether exosomes can recruit host cells to the regeneration process. In this study, we built a “cell homing” model to determine whether exosomes derived from dental pulp tissue (DPT-exos) can regenerate dental pulp by recruiting the stem cells from the apical dental papilla (SCAPs). Methods Exosomes were isolated from the dental pulp tissue (DPT-exos) and dental pulp stem cells (DPC-exos) of swine. The effects of the exosomes on SCAPs were compared using CKK-8, Transwell, angiogenesis, and odontogenic induction assays. DPT-exos and DPC-exos were investigated in an in vivo “cell homing” model using swine teeth to compare their roles in pulp regeneration. To build the model, we placed SCAP-containing collagen gel at the root tip and filled the cavity of the treated dental matrix (TDM) with DPT-exos and DPC-exos-laden scaffolds, which would be expected to recruit SCAPs to the pulp cavity. The complex was then implanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient nude mice. After eight weeks, tissue samples were taken and analyzed histologically to determine whether the DPT-exos contributed to pulp regeneration through “cell homing”. Results Exosomes were successfully extracted from dental pulp tissue and confirmed to be exosomes. In vitro tests confirmed that DPT-exos performed better than DPC-exos in promoting the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of SCAPs. Furthermore, DPT-exos recruited SCAPs to regenerate dental pulp-like connective tissue in vivo containing collagen, odontoblasts, and enriched predentin-like tissue. Blood vessel growth was demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Conclusion This study demonstrated the ability of DPT-exos to induce SCAPs to regenerate connective tissue similar to natural dental pulp. This technique has the potential for treating pulp deficiency caused by various pulp diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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22
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Salar Amoli M, EzEldeen M, Jacobs R, Bloemen V. Materials for Dentoalveolar Bioprinting: Current State of the Art. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010071. [PMID: 35052751 PMCID: PMC8773444 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although current treatments can successfully address a wide range of complications in the dentoalveolar region, they often still suffer from drawbacks and limitations, resulting in sub-optimal treatments for specific problems. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the field of tissue engineering, aiming at restoring damaged tissues via a regenerative approach. Yet, the translation into a clinical product is still challenging. Novel technologies such as bioprinting have been developed to solve some of the shortcomings faced in traditional tissue engineering approaches. Using automated bioprinting techniques allows for precise placement of cells and biological molecules and for geometrical patient-specific design of produced biological scaffolds. Recently, bioprinting has also been introduced into the field of dentoalveolar tissue engineering. However, the choice of a suitable material to encapsulate cells in the development of so-called bioinks for bioprinting dentoalveolar tissues is still a challenge, considering the heterogeneity of these tissues and the range of properties they possess. This review, therefore, aims to provide an overview of the current state of the art by discussing the progress of the research on materials used for dentoalveolar bioprinting, highlighting the advantages and shortcomings of current approaches and considering opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Salar Amoli
- Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.E.); (R.J.)
| | - Mostafa EzEldeen
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.E.); (R.J.)
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven and Paediatric Dentistry and Special Dental Care, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.E.); (R.J.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veerle Bloemen
- Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-30-10-95
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Hsiao HY, Nien CY, Hong HH, Cheng MH, Yen TH. Application of dental stem cells in three-dimensional tissue regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1610-1624. [PMID: 34909114 PMCID: PMC8641025 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i11.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental stem cells can differentiate into different types of cells. Dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla, and dental follicle progenitor cells are five different types of dental stem cells that have been identified during different stages of tooth development. The availability of dental stem cells from discarded or removed teeth makes them promising candidates for tissue engineering. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) tissue scaffolds have been used to reconstruct and restore different anatomical defects. With rapid advances in 3D tissue engineering, dental stem cells have been used in the regeneration of 3D engineered tissue. This review presents an overview of different types of dental stem cells used in 3D tissue regeneration, which are currently the most common type of stem cells used to treat human tissue conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yi Hsiao
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Nien
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Zhongli, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Hsi Hong
- Department of Periodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Cheng
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Division of Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Hai Yen
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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24
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Han X, Fan Z. MicroRNAs Regulation in Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.747068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a kind of pluripotent stem cell with the potential of self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation. They can be obtained from a variety of tissues and can differentiate into a variety of cell types under different induction conditions, including osteoblasts. Because of this osteogenic property, MSCs have attracted much attention in the treatment of bone metabolism-related diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as an epigenetic factor, are thought to play an important regulatory role in the process of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. In recent years, increasingly evidence shows that miRNAs imbalance is involved in the regulation of osteoporosis and fracture. In this review, miRNAs involved in osteogenic differentiation and their mechanisms for regulating the expression of target genes are reviewed. In addition, we also discuss the potential clinical applications and possible directions of this field in the future.
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25
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Yan H, Oshima M, Raju R, Raman S, Sekine K, Waskitho A, Inoue M, Inoue M, Baba O, Morita T, Miyagi M, Matsuka Y. Dentin-Pulp Complex Tissue Regeneration via Three-Dimensional Cell Sheet Layering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:559-570. [PMID: 34583551 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2021.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentin-pulp complex is a unique structure in teeth that contains both hard and soft tissues. Generally, deep caries and trauma cause damage to the dentin-pulp complex, and if left untreated, this damage will progress to irreversible pulpitis. The aim of this study was to fabricate a layered cell sheet composed of rat dental pulp (DP) cells and odontogenic differentiation of pulp (OD) cells and to investigate the ability to regenerate the dentin-pulp complex in a scaffold tooth. We fabricated two single cell sheets composed of DP cells (DP cell sheet) or OD cells (OD cell sheet) and a layered cell sheet made by layering both cells. The characteristics of the fabricated cell sheets were analyzed using light microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Furthermore, the cell sheets were transplanted into the subrenal capsule of immunocompromised mice for 8 weeks. After this, the regenerative capacity to form dentin-like tissue was evaluated using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), HE staining, and IHC. The findings of SEM and IHC confirmed that layered cell sheets fabricated by stacking OD cells and DP cells maintained their cytological characteristics. Micro-CT of layered cell sheet transplants revealed a mineralized capping of the access cavity in the crown area, similar to that of natural dentin. In contrast, the OD cell sheet group demonstrated the formation of irregular fragments of mineralized tissue in the pulp cavity, and the DP cell sheet did not develop any hard tissue. Moreover, bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) showed a significant increase in hard tissue formation in the layered cell sheet group compared with that in the single cell sheet group (p < 0.05). HE staining also showed a combination of soft and hard tissue formation in the layered cell sheet group. Furthermore, IHC confirmed that the dentin-like tissue generated from the layered cell sheet expressed characteristic markers of dentin but not bone equivalent to that of a natural tooth. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the feasibility of regenerating dentin-pulp complex using a bioengineered tissue designed to simulate the anatomical structure. Impact statement The dentin-pulp complex can be destroyed by deep caries and trauma, which may cause pulpitis and progress to irreversible pulpitis, apical periodontitis, and even tooth loss. Current treatments cannot maintain pulp health, and teeth can become brittle. We developed a three-dimensional (3D) layered cell sheet using dental pulp cells and odontogenic differentiation of pulp cells for dentin-pulp complex regeneration. Our layered cell sheet enables the regeneration of an organized 3D dentin-pulp-like structure comparable with that of natural teeth. This layered cell sheet technology may contribute to dentin-pulp complex regeneration and provide a novel method for complex tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijiao Yan
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Oshima
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Resmi Raju
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Swarnalakshmi Raman
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Sekine
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Arief Waskitho
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Miho Inoue
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masahisa Inoue
- Laboratories for Structure and Function Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Otto Baba
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Morita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mayu Miyagi
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshizo Matsuka
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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26
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Min TJ, Kim MJ, Kang KJ, Jeoung YJ, Oh SH, Jang YJ. 3D Spheroid Formation Using BMP-Loaded Microparticles Enhances Odontoblastic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:9326298. [PMID: 34512768 PMCID: PMC8429013 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9326298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are the primary cells responsible for dentin regeneration. Typically, in order to allow for odontoblastic differentiation, hDPSCs are cultured over weeks with differentiation-inducing factors in a typical monolayered culture. However, monolayered cultures have significant drawbacks including inconsistent differentiation efficiency, require a higher BMP concentration than should be necessary, and require periodic treatment with BMPs for weeks to see results. To solve these problems, we developed a 3D-cell spheroid culture system for odontoblastic differentiation using microparticles with leaf-stacked structure (LSS), which allow for the sustained release of BMPs and adequate supply of oxygen in cell spheroids. BMPs were continuously released and maintained an effective concentration over 37 days. hDPSCs in the spheroid maintained their viability for 5 weeks, and the odontoblastic differentiation efficiency was increased significantly compared to monolayered cells. Finally, dentin-related features were detected in the spheroids containing BMPs-loaded microparticles after 5 weeks, suggesting that these hDPSC-LSS spheroids might be useful for dentin tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jun Min
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jung Kang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoung Jo Jeoung
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Heang Oh
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Oral Biochemistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Shoushrah SH, Transfeld JL, Tonk CH, Büchner D, Witzleben S, Sieber MA, Schulze M, Tobiasch E. Sinking Our Teeth in Getting Dental Stem Cells to Clinics for Bone Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6387. [PMID: 34203719 PMCID: PMC8232184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental stem cells have been isolated from the medical waste of various dental tissues. They have been characterized by numerous markers, which are evaluated herein and differentiated into multiple cell types. They can also be used to generate cell lines and iPSCs for long-term in vitro research. Methods for utilizing these stem cells including cellular systems such as organoids or cell sheets, cell-free systems such as exosomes, and scaffold-based approaches with and without drug release concepts are reported in this review and presented with new pictures for clarification. These in vitro applications can be deployed in disease modeling and subsequent pharmaceutical research and also pave the way for tissue regeneration. The main focus herein is on the potential of dental stem cells for hard tissue regeneration, especially bone, by evaluating their potential for osteogenesis and angiogenesis, and the regulation of these two processes by growth factors and environmental stimulators. Current in vitro and in vivo publications show numerous benefits of using dental stem cells for research purposes and hard tissue regeneration. However, only a few clinical trials currently exist. The goal of this review is to pinpoint this imbalance and encourage scientists to pick up this research and proceed one step further to translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edda Tobiasch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig- Strasse. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany; (S.H.S.); (J.L.T.); (C.H.T.); (D.B.); (S.W.); (M.A.S.); (M.S.)
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Magalhães FD, Sarra G, Carvalho GL, Pedroni ACF, Marques MM, Chambrone L, Gimenez T, Moreira MS. Dental tissue-derived stem cell sheet biotechnology for periodontal tissue regeneration: A systematic review. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 129:105182. [PMID: 34098416 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the use of a cell sheet formed by mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissues (ddMSCs) for periodontal tissue regeneration in animal models in comparison with any other type of regenerative treatment. DESIGN PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies up to December 2020. The review was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. RESULTS Of the 1542 potentially relevant articles initially identified, 33 fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were considered for this review. Even with a wide variety of selected study methods, the periodontal tissue was always regenerated; this indicates the potential for the use of these cell sheets in the future of periodontics. However, this regeneration process is not always complete. CONCLUSION Despite the implantation, ddMSCs sheets have a great potential to be used in the regeneration of periodontal tissue. More in vivo studies should be conducted using standardized techniques for cell sheet implantation to obtain more robust evidence of the relevance of using this modality of cell therapy for periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Divina Magalhães
- Graduation Dentistry Program, Ibirapuera University, Av. Interlagos 1329 - 4º, Chácara Flora, São Paulo, SP, ZIP code: 04661-100, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Sarra
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227, São Paulo, SP, ZIP code: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Lopes Carvalho
- A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Stomatology Department, Rua Tamandaré 753, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, Zip code: 01525-001, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Fagundes Pedroni
- Graduation Dentistry Program, Ibirapuera University, Av. Interlagos 1329 - 4º, Chácara Flora, São Paulo, SP, ZIP code: 04661-100, Brazil
| | - Márcia Martins Marques
- Graduation Dentistry Program, Ibirapuera University, Av. Interlagos 1329 - 4º, Chácara Flora, São Paulo, SP, ZIP code: 04661-100, Brazil
| | - Leandro Chambrone
- Graduation Dentistry Program, Ibirapuera University, Av. Interlagos 1329 - 4º, Chácara Flora, São Paulo, SP, ZIP code: 04661-100, Brazil
| | - Thaís Gimenez
- Graduation Dentistry Program, Ibirapuera University, Av. Interlagos 1329 - 4º, Chácara Flora, São Paulo, SP, ZIP code: 04661-100, Brazil
| | - Maria Stella Moreira
- Graduation Dentistry Program, Ibirapuera University, Av. Interlagos 1329 - 4º, Chácara Flora, São Paulo, SP, ZIP code: 04661-100, Brazil; A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Stomatology Department, Rua Tamandaré 753, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, Zip code: 01525-001, Brazil.
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Viability of Quercetin-Induced Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Forming Living Cellular Constructs for Soft Tissue Augmentation. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050430. [PMID: 34070084 PMCID: PMC8158115 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autogenous gingival grafts used for root coverage or gingival augmentation procedures often result in donor site morbidity. Living cellular constructs as an exogenous alternative have been proven to be associated with lower morbidity. With the available background information, the present study aims to assess if quercetin-induced living cell constructs, derived from dental pulp stem cells, have the potential to be applied as a tool for soft tissue augmentation. The characterized dental pulp stem cells (positive for CD73, CD90, and negative for CD34, HLA-DR) were expanded in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10 mM quercetin. The handling properties of the quercetin-induced dental pulp stem cell constructs were assessed by visual, and tactile sensation. A microscopic characterization using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and qRT-PCR-based analysis for stemness-associated genes (OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, and cMyc) was also performed. Dental pulp stem cells without quercetin administration were used as the control. Dental pulp stem cell constructs induced by quercetin easily detached from the surface of the plate, whereas there was no formation in the control cells. It was also simple to transfer the induced cellular construct on the flattened surface. Microscopic characterization of the constructs showed cells embedded in a tissue matrix. Quercetin also increased the expression of stemness-related genes. The use of quercetin-induced DPSC living constructs for soft tissue augmentation could provide an alternative to autogenous soft tissue grafts to lower patient morbidity and improve esthetic outcomes.
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Yahya EB, Amirul AA, H.P.S. AK, Olaiya NG, Iqbal MO, Jummaat F, A.K. AS, Adnan AS. Insights into the Role of Biopolymer Aerogel Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1612. [PMID: 34067569 PMCID: PMC8156123 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The global transplantation market size was valued at USD 8.4 billion in 2020 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 11.5% over the forecast period. The increasing demand for tissue transplantation has inspired researchers to find alternative approaches for making artificial tissues and organs function. The unique physicochemical and biological properties of biopolymers and the attractive structural characteristics of aerogels such as extremely high porosity, ultra low-density, and high surface area make combining these materials of great interest in tissue scaffolding and regenerative medicine applications. Numerous biopolymer aerogel scaffolds have been used to regenerate skin, cartilage, bone, and even heart valves and blood vessels by growing desired cells together with the growth factor in tissue engineering scaffolds. This review focuses on the principle of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and the role of biopolymer aerogel scaffolds in this field, going through the properties and the desirable characteristics of biopolymers and biopolymer tissue scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. The recent advances of using biopolymer aerogel scaffolds in the regeneration of skin, cartilage, bone, and heart valves are also discussed in the present review. Finally, we highlight the main challenges of biopolymer-based scaffolds and the prospects of using these materials in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam Bashir Yahya
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - A. A. Amirul
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Khalil H.P.S.
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Niyi Gideon Olaiya
- Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704 Akure, Nigeria;
| | - Muhammad Omer Iqbal
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
| | - Fauziah Jummaat
- Management & Science University Medical Centre, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Section 13, Shah Alam 40100, Malaysia; (F.J.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Atty Sofea A.K.
- Hospital Seberang Jaya, Jalan Tun Hussein Onn, Seberang Jaya, Permatang Pauh 13700, Malaysia;
| | - A. S. Adnan
- Management & Science University Medical Centre, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Section 13, Shah Alam 40100, Malaysia; (F.J.); (A.S.A.)
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31
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Huang X, Li Z, Liu A, Liu X, Guo H, Wu M, Yang X, Han B, Xuan K. Microenvironment Influences Odontogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mediated Dental Pulp Regeneration. Front Physiol 2021; 12:656588. [PMID: 33967826 PMCID: PMC8100342 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.656588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp as a source of nutrition for the whole tooth is vulnerable to trauma and bacterial invasion, which causes irreversible pulpitis and pulp necrosis. Dental pulp regeneration is a valuable method of restoring the viability of the dental pulp and even the whole tooth. Odontogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) residing in the dental pulp environment have been widely used in dental pulp regeneration because of their immense potential to regenerate pulp-like tissue. Furthermore, the regenerative abilities of odontogenic MSCs are easily affected by the microenvironment in which they reside. The natural environment of the dental pulp has been proven to be capable of regulating odontogenic MSC homeostasis, proliferation, and differentiation. Therefore, various approaches have been applied to mimic the natural dental pulp environment to optimize the efficacy of pulp regeneration. In addition, odontogenic MSC aggregates/spheroids similar to the natural dental pulp environment have been shown to regenerate well-organized dental pulp both in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we summarize recent progress in odontogenic MSC-mediated pulp regeneration and focus on the effect of the microenvironment surrounding odontogenic MSCs in the achievement of dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Anqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meiling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Louvrier A, Terranova L, Meyer C, Meyer F, Euvrard E, Kroemer M, Rolin G. Which experimental models and explorations to use in regenerative endodontics? A comprehensive review on standard practices. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3799-3812. [PMID: 33761086 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of dental pulp stem cells, a lot of teams have expressed an interest in dental pulp regeneration. Many approaches, experimental models and biological explorations have been developed, each including the use of stem cells and scaffolds with the final goal being clinical application in humans. In this review, the authors' objective was to compare the experimental models and strategies used for the development of biomaterials for tissue engineering of dental pulp with stem cells. Electronic queries were conducted on PubMed using the following terms: pulp regeneration, scaffold, stem cells, tissue engineering and biomaterial. The extracted data included the following information: the strategy envisaged, the type of stem cells, the experimental models, the exploration or analysis methods, the cytotoxicity or viability or proliferation cellular tests, the tests of scaffold antibacterial properties and take into account the vascularization of the regenerated dental pulp. From the 71 selected articles, 59% focused on the "cell-transplantation" strategy, 82% used in vitro experimentation, 58% in vivo animal models and only one described an in vivo in situ human clinical study. 87% used dental pulp stem cells. A majority of the studies reported histology (75%) and immunohistochemistry explorations (66%). 73% mentioned the use of cytotoxicity, proliferation or viability tests. 48% took vascularization into account but only 6% studied the antibacterial properties of the scaffolds. This article gives an overview of the methods used to regenerate dental pulp from stem cells and should help researchers create the best development strategies for research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Louvrier
- Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale, stomatologie et odontologie hospitalière, CHU Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France.
- UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - L Terranova
- UMR_S 1121 Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Meyer
- Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale, stomatologie et odontologie hospitalière, CHU Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
- Laboratoire Nano Médecine, Imagerie, Thérapeutique, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EA 4662, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - F Meyer
- UMR_S 1121 Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Euvrard
- Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale, stomatologie et odontologie hospitalière, CHU Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
- Laboratoire Nano Médecine, Imagerie, Thérapeutique, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EA 4662, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - M Kroemer
- UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, 25000, Besançon, France
- Pharmacie Centrale, CHU Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - G Rolin
- UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, 25000, Besançon, France
- INSERM CIC-1431, CHU Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
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Regeneration of pulp-dentin complex using human stem cells of the apical papilla: in vivo interaction with two bioactive materials. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:5317-5329. [PMID: 33630165 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the regenerative properties of human stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAPs) embedded in a platelet-rich plasma (PRP) scaffold, when implanted in vivo using an organotypic model composed of human root segments, with or without the presence of the bioactive cements - ProRoot MTA or Biodentine. MATERIAL AND METHODS SCAPs were isolated from third molars with incomplete rhizogenesis and expanded and characterized in vitro using stem cell and surface markers. The pluripotency of these cells was also assessed using adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation protocols. SCAPs together with a scaffold of PRP were added to the root segment lumen and the organotypic model implanted on the dorsal region of immunodeficient rats for a period of 4 months. RESULTS Presence of SCAPs induced de novo formation of dentin-like and pulp-like tissue. A barrier of either ProRoot MTA or Biodentine did not significantly affect the fraction of sections from roots segments observed to contain deposition of hard material (P > 0.05). However, the area of newly deposited dentin was significantly greater in segments containing a barrier of Biodentine compared with ProRoot MTA (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE SCAPs offer a viable alternative to other dental stem cells (DSCs) in their regenerative properties when enclosed in the microenvironment of human tooth roots. The present study also suggests that the presence of bioactive materials does not hinder or impede the formation of new hard tissues, but the presence of Biodentine may promote greater mineralized tissue deposition.
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34
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Angiogenesis in Regenerative Dentistry: Are We Far Enough for Therapy? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020929. [PMID: 33477745 PMCID: PMC7832295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a broad spread term of high interest in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering including the dental field. In the last two decades, researchers worldwide struggled to find the best ways to accelerate healing, stimulate soft, and hard tissue remodeling. Stem cells, growth factors, pathways, signals, receptors, genetics are just a few words that describe this area in medicine. Dental implants, bone and soft tissue regeneration using autologous grafts, or xenografts, allografts, their integration and acceptance rely on their material properties. However, the host response, through its vascularization, plays a significant role. The present paper aims to analyze and organize the latest information about the available dental stem cells, the types of growth factors with pro-angiogenic effect and the possible therapeutic effect of enhanced angiogenesis in regenerative dentistry.
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Stem Cell-based Dental Pulp Regeneration: Insights From Signaling Pathways. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1251-1263. [PMID: 33459973 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Deep caries, trauma, and severe periodontitis result in pulpitis, pulp necrosis, and eventually pulp loss. However, no clinical therapy can regenerate lost pulp. A novel pulp regeneration strategy for clinical application is urgently needed. Signaling transduction plays an essential role in regulating the regenerative potentials of dental stem cells. Cytokines or growth factors, such as stromal cell-derived factor (SDF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), WNT, can promote the migration, proliferation, odontogenic differentiation, pro-angiogenesis, and pro-neurogenesis potentials of dental stem cells respectively. Using the methods of signaling modulation including growth factors delivery, genetic modification, and physical stimulation has been applied in multiple preclinical studies of pulp regeneration based on cell transplantation or cell homing. Transplanting dental stem cells and growth factors encapsulated into scaffold regenerated vascularized pulp-like tissue in the root canal. Also, injecting a flowable scaffold only with chemokines recruited endogenous stem/progenitor cells for pulp regeneration. Notably, dental pulp regeneration has gradually developed into the clinical phase. These findings enlightened us on a novel strategy for structural and functional pulp regeneration through elaborate modulation of signaling transduction spatially and temporally via clinically applicable growth factors delivery. But challenges, such as the adverse effects of unphysiological signaling activation, the controlled drug release system, and the safety of gene modulation, are necessary to be tested in future works for promoting the clinical translation of pulp regeneration.
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36
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Dental Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells: A New Prospect in Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77052-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Sismanoglu S, Ercal P. Dentin-Pulp Tissue Regeneration Approaches in Dentistry: An Overview and Current Trends. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1298:79-103. [PMID: 32902726 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional treatment approaches in irreversible pulpitis and apical periodontitis include the disinfection of the pulp space followed by filling with various materials, which is commonly known as the root canal treatment. Disadvantages including the loss of tooth vitality and defense mechanism against carious lesions, susceptibility to fractures, discoloration and microleakage led to the development of regenerative therapies for the dentin pulp-complex. The goal of dentin-pulp tissue regeneration is to reestablish the physiological pulp function such as pulp sensibility, pulp repair capability by mineralization and pulp immunity. Recent dentin-pulp tissue regeneration approaches can be divided into cell homing and cell transplantation. Cell based approaches include a suitable scaffold for the delivery of potent stem cells with or without bioactive molecules into the root canal system while cell homing is based on the recruitment of host endogenous stem cells from the resident tissue including periapical region or dental pulp. This review discusses the recent treatment modalities in dentin-pulp tissue regeneration through tissue engineering and current challenges and trends in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Sismanoglu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Ercal
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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38
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Liu J, Wang X, Song M, Du J, Yu J, Zheng W, Zhang C, Wang Y. MiR-497-5p Regulates Osteo/Odontogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells From Apical Papilla via the Smad Signaling Pathway by Targeting Smurf2. Front Genet 2020; 11:582366. [PMID: 33193708 PMCID: PMC7662069 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.582366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteo/odontogenic differentiation is a key process of human stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) in tooth root development. Emerging evidence indicates microRNAs (miRNAs) play diverse roles in osteogenesis. However, their functions in osteo/odontogenic differentiation of SCAP require further elucidation. To investigate the role of miRNA in SCAP osteo/odontogenic differentiation and underlying mechanisms, miRNA microarray analysis was performed to screen differentially expressed miRNAs between control and osteo/odontogenic-induced group. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were used to detected osteo/odontogenic differentiation-related markers and possible signaling pathway SCAP-associated genes. Alizarin Red Staining (ARS) were applied to evaluated osteogenic capacity. The results showed that miR-497-5p increased during SCAP osteo/odontogenic differentiation. Overexpression of miR-497-5p enhanced the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of SCAP, whereas downregulation of miR-497-5p elicited the opposite effect, thus suggesting that miR-497-5p is a positive regulator of the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of SCAP. Bioinformatic analysis and dual luciferase reporter assay identified that SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (Smurf2) is a direct target of miR-497-5p. Further study demonstrated that Smurf2 negatively regulates SCAP osteo/odontogenic differentiation, and silencing Smurf2 could block the inhibitory effect of the miR-497-5p inhibitor. Meanwhile, pathway detection manifested that miR-497-5p promotes osteo/odontogenic differentiation via Smad signaling pathway. Collectively, our findings demostrate that miR-497-5p promotes osteo/odontogenic differentiation of SCAP via Smad signaling pathway by targeting Smurf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Liu
- Department of Vip center, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengxiao Song
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Vip center, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Jiali Yu
- Department of Vip center, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Wenzhou Zheng
- Department of Vip center, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Vip center, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
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Granz CL, Gorji A. Dental stem cells: The role of biomaterials and scaffolds in developing novel therapeutic strategies. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:897-921. [PMID: 33033554 PMCID: PMC7524692 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i9.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental stem cells (DSCs) are self-renewable cells that can be obtained easily from dental tissues, and are a desirable source of autologous stem cells. The use of DSCs for stem cell transplantation therapeutic approaches is attractive due to their simple isolation, high plasticity, immunomodulatory properties, and multipotential abilities. Using appropriate scaffolds loaded with favorable biomolecules, such as growth factors, and cytokines, can improve the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and functional capacity of DSCs and can optimize the cellular morphology to build tissue constructs for specific purposes. An enormous variety of scaffolds have been used for tissue engineering with DSCs. Of these, the scaffolds that particularly mimic tissue-specific micromilieu and loaded with biomolecules favorably regulate angiogenesis, cell-matrix interactions, degradation of extracellular matrix, organized matrix formation, and the mineralization abilities of DSCs in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. DSCs represent a promising cell source for tissue engineering, especially for tooth, bone, and neural tissue restoration. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the current developments in the major scaffolding approaches as crucial guidelines for tissue engineering using DSCs and compare their effects in tissue and organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Larissa Granz
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Ali Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
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40
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Dissanayaka WL, Zhang C. Scaffold-based and Scaffold-free Strategies in Dental Pulp Regeneration. J Endod 2020; 46:S81-S89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Guo H, Zhao W, Liu A, Wu M, Shuai Y, Li B, Huang X, Liu X, Yang X, Guo X, Xuan K, Jin Y. SHED promote angiogenesis in stem cell-mediated dental pulp regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:1158-1164. [PMID: 32819580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dental pulp, plays an indispensable role in maintaining homeostasis of the tooth. Pulp necrosis always causes tooth nutrition deficiency and abnormal root development, which leads to tooth discoloration, fracture or even loss. Our previous study showed implantation of autologous SHED could regenerate functional dental pulp. However, the detailed mechanism of the implanted SHED participating in dental pulp regeneration remains unknown. In this study, we implanted SHED in a porcine dental pulp regeneration model to evaluate the regenerative effect and identify whether SHED promoted angiogenesis in regenerated dental pulp. Firstly we verified that xenogenous SHED had the ability to regenerated pulp tissue of host in vivo. Then we found the vasculature in regenerated pulp originated from implanted SHED. In addition, stem cells were isolated from regenerated dental pulp, which exhibited good multi-differentiation properties and promoted angiogenesis in pulp regeneration process and these results demonstrated that SHED promoted angiogenesis in stem cell-mediated dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wanmin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Anqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meiling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Shuai
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, PLA, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohe Guo
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Xuan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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42
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Platelet-rich Fibrin Improves the Osteo-/Odontogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from Apical Papilla via the Extracellular Signal–regulated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. J Endod 2020; 46:648-654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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43
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Zhou C, Zhang D, Du W, Zou J, Li X, Xie J. Substrate mechanics dictate cell-cell communication by gap junctions in stem cells from human apical papilla. Acta Biomater 2020; 107:178-193. [PMID: 32105834 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is recognized that the interaction between cells and their physical microenvironment plays a fundamental role in controlling cell behaviors and even in determining cell fate. Any change in the physical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as its topography, geometry, and stiffness, controls this interaction. In the current study, we revealed a potent interconnection between the cell-matrix interaction and cell-cell communication that is mediated by interface stiffness, and elucidated this process in stem cells from human apical papilla (hSCAPs) in terms of mechanosensing, mechanotransduction, and gap junction-mediated cell-cell communication. We first fabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates with the same topography and geometry but different stiffnesses and found that the cell morphology of the hSCAPs actively changed to adapt to the difference in substrate stiffness. We also found that the hSCAPs secreted more fibronectin in response to the stiff substrate. The focal adhesion plaques were changed by altering the expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin. The FAK and paxillin bound to connexin 43 and, as a result, altered the gap junction formation. By performing a Lucifer yellow transfer assay, we further confirmed that the interface stiffness mediated cell-cell communication in living hSCAPs through changes in gap junction tunnels. The intrinsic mechanism that mediated cell-cell communication by extracellular stiffness show the great influence of the interaction between cells and their external physical microenvironment and stress the importance of microenvironmental mechanics in organ development and diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biochemical factors could direct cell behaviors such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, cell cycling and apoptosis. Likewise, biophysical factors could also determine cell behaviors in all biological processes. In the current study, we revealed a potent interconnection between the cell-matrix interaction and cell-cell communication by elucidating the whole process from cell mechanosensing, mechanotransduction to gap junction-mediated cell-cell communication. This process occurs in a collective of cells but not in that of a single cell. Biophysical properties of ECM induced cell-to-cell communication indicates the importance of microenvironmental mechanics in organ development and diseases. These findings should be of great interest in all biological fields, especially in biomaterials - cell/molecular biology involved in the interactions between the cell and its matrix.
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Irradiation with blue light-emitting diode enhances osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from the apical papilla. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 35:1981-1988. [PMID: 32173788 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-02995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-energy blue LED irradiation on the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs). SCAPs were derived from human tooth root tips and were irradiated with 0 (control group), 1 J/cm2, 2 J/cm2, 3 J/cm2, or 4 J/cm2 blue light in osteogenic induction medium. Cell proliferation was analyzed using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Osteogenic differentiation activity was evaluated by monitoring alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alizarin red staining, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of the MTT assay indicated that SCAPs in the LED groups exhibited a lower proliferation rate than those in the control group, and there were statistically differences between the 2 J/cm2, 3 J/cm2, and 4 J/cm2 groups and the control group (P < 0.05). The results of the ALP and alizarin red analyses showed that blue LED promoted osteogenic differentiation of the SCAPs. And 4 J/cm2 blue light upregulates the expression levels of the osteogenic/dentinogenic genes ALP, dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1), and osteocalcin (OCN) in SCAPs. Our results confirmed that low-energy blue LED at 1 J/cm2, 2 J/cm2, 3 J/cm2, and 4 J/cm2 could inhibit the proliferation of SCAPs and promotes osteogenic differentiation of SCAPs. Further in vitro studies are required to explore the mechanisms of the effects by low-energy blue LED.
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Tawfik Tadros MS, El-Baz MAES, Khairy MAEK. Dental stem cells in tooth repair: A systematic review. F1000Res 2019; 8:1955. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21058.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dental stem cells (DSCs) are self-renewable teeth cells, which help maintain or develop oral tissues. These cells can differentiate into odontoblasts, adipocytes, cementoblast-like cells, osteoblasts, or chondroblasts and form dentin/pulp. This systematic review aimed to summarize the current evidence regarding the role of these cells in dental pulp regeneration. Methods: We searched the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science using relevant keywords. Case reports and non-English studies were excluded. We included all studies using dental stem cells in tooth repair whether in vivo or in vitro studies. Results: Dental pulp stem cell (DPSCs) is the most common type of cell. Most stem cells are incorporated and implanted into the root canals in different scaffold forms. Some experiments combine growth factors such as TDM, BMP, and G-CSF with stem cells to improve the results. The transplant of DPSCs and stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) was found to be associated with pulp-like recovery, efficient revascularization, enhanced chondrogenesis, and direct vascular supply of regenerated tissue. Conclusion: The current evidence suggests that DPSCs, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, and SCAPs are capable of providing sufficient pulp regeneration and vascularization. For the development of the dental repair field, it is important to screen for more effective stem cells, dentine releasing therapies, good biomimicry scaffolds, and good histological markers.
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Ma H, Duan S, Yan F, Yang H, Cao Y, Ge L, Gao R. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 enhances the migration and chemotaxis of dental mesenchymal stem cells. J Int Med Res 2019; 48:300060519882149. [PMID: 31642363 PMCID: PMC7262854 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519882149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the function of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in the migration and chemotaxis of human dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Methods The expression of EZH2, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 11 (CXCL11), CXCL16, and CXCR1 in stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) was determined by real-time reverse transcription PCR and western blotting. The effects of EZH2 on the homing of SCAPs and the effects of EZH2-overexpressing SCAP culture supernatant on periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were tested by scratch migration assays and transwell chemotaxis assays. Results EZH2 overexpression significantly enhanced the migration and chemotaxis of SCAPs and upregulated the expression of CXCL11, CXCL16, and CXCR1 in SCAPs. EZH2 depletion had the opposite effect, impairing the migration and chemotaxis of SCAPs and downregulating the expression of CXCL11, CXCL16, and CXCR1. The culture supernatant of EZH2-overexpressing SCAPs advanced the migration and chemotaxis of PDLSCs. Conclusions EZH2 evidently promoted the migration and chemotaxis of SCAPs by upregulating the expression of CXCL11, CXCL16, and CXCR1. Moreover, EZH2-overexpressing SCAPs enhanced the homing, migration, and chemotaxis of PDLSCs via paracrine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarui Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyu Duan
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Electric Power Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Xiangya Stomatology Hospital and School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haoqing Yang
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, No. 4 Tian Tan Xi Li, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Cao
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, No. 4 Tian Tan Xi Li, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Ge
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, No. 4 Tian Tan Xi Li, Beijing, China
| | - Runtao Gao
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Xuan K, Li B, Guo H, Sun W, Kou X, He X, Zhang Y, Sun J, Liu A, Liao L, Liu S, Liu W, Hu C, Shi S, Jin Y. Deciduous autologous tooth stem cells regenerate dental pulp after implantation into injured teeth. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/455/eaaf3227. [PMID: 30135248 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulp necrosis arrests root development in injured immature permanent teeth, which may result in tooth loss. However, dental pulp regeneration and promotion of root development remains challenging. We show that implantation of autologous tooth stem cells from deciduous teeth regenerated dental pulp with an odontoblast layer, blood vessels, and nerves in two animal models. These results prompted us to enroll 40 patients with pulp necrosis after traumatic dental injuries in a randomized, controlled clinical trial. We randomly allocated 30 patients to the human deciduous pulp stem cell (hDPSC) implantation group and 10 patients to the group receiving traditional apexification treatment. Four patients were excluded from the implantation group due to loss at follow-up (three patients) and retrauma of the treated tooth (one patient). We examined 26 patients (26 teeth) after hDPSC implantation and 10 patients (10 teeth) after apexification treatment. hDPSC implantation, but not apexification treatment, led to regeneration of three-dimensional pulp tissue equipped with blood vessels and sensory nerves at 12 months after treatment. hDPSC implantation increased the length of the root (P < 0.0001) and reduced the width of the apical foramen (P < 0.0001) compared to the apexification group. In addition, hDPSC implantation led to regeneration of dental pulp tissue containing sensory nerves. To evaluate the safety of hDPSC implantation, we followed 20 patients implanted with hDPSCs for 24 months and did not observe any adverse events. Our study suggests that hDPSCs are able to regenerate whole dental pulp and may be useful for treating tooth injuries due to trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xuan
- MS-State Key Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bei Li
- MS-State Key Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Guo
- MS-State Key Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoxing Kou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaoning He
- MS-State Key Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- MS-State Key Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Sun
- MS-State Key Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Anqi Liu
- MS-State Key Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Liao
- MS-State Key Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- MS-State Key Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjia Liu
- MS-State Key Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenghu Hu
- MS-State Key Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Songtao Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Yan Jin
- MS-State Key Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Ning T, Shao J, Zhang X, Luo X, Huang X, Wu H, Xu S, Wu B, Ma D. Ageing affects the proliferation and mineralization of rat dental pulp stem cells under inflammatory conditions. Int Endod J 2019; 53:72-83. [PMID: 31419325 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To comparatively evaluate changes in the proliferation and mineralization abilities of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) from juvenile and adult rats in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory microenvironment to provide a theoretical basis for the age-related differences observed in DPSCs during repair of inflammatory injuries. METHODOLOGY DPSCs were isolated from juvenile (JDPSCs) and adult rats (ADPSCs), and senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining was used to compare senescence between JDPSCs and ADPSCs. Effects of LPS on JDPSCs and ADPSCs proliferation were investigated by cell counting kit-8 assays and flow cytometry. Alizarin red staining, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay were used to examine the effects of LPS on mineralization-related genes and proteins in JDPSCs and ADPSCs. Immunohistochemistry was used to compare interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and osteocalcin (OCN) expression in the pulpitis model. Unpaired Student's t-tests and one-way anova were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS DPSCs were isolated from juvenile and adult rat dental pulp tissues. At low concentrations (0.1-1 μg mL-1 ), LPS significantly promoted the proliferation of JDPSCs (P < 0.01) and ADPSCs (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), with the effect being stronger in JDPSCs than in ADPSCs. In addition, mineralized nodules and the expression of mineralization-related genes (OCN, DSPP, ALP, BSP) increased significantly after stimulation with LPS (0.5 μg mL-1 ) in JDPSCs and ADPSCs (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), and JDPSCs displayed a more obvious increase than ADPSCs. Western blots revealed OCN and ALP expression levels in JDPSCs treated with LPS were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05); meanwhile, ALP expression in ADPSCs increased slightly but significantly (P < 0.05), and OCN expression was not affected. Finally, IL-1β expression was significantly higher (P < 0.05) and OCN expression was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the inflamed dental pulp of adult rats than in juvenile rats. CONCLUSIONS A certain degree of inflammatory stimulation promoted the proliferation and mineralization of DPSCs; however, this effect declined with age. The DPSCs of adult donors in an inflammatory microenvironment have a weaker repair ability than that of juvenile donors, who are better candidates for tissues damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ning
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Shao
- Department of Stomatology, Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and West Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S Xu
- College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - B Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - D Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Geetha Bai R, Muthoosamy K, Manickam S, Hilal-Alnaqbi A. Graphene-based 3D scaffolds in tissue engineering: fabrication, applications, and future scope in liver tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5753-5783. [PMID: 31413573 PMCID: PMC6662516 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s192779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering embraces the potential of recreating and replacing defective body parts by advancements in the medical field. Being a biocompatible nanomaterial with outstanding physical, chemical, optical, and biological properties, graphene-based materials were successfully employed in creating the perfect scaffold for a range of organs, starting from the skin through to the brain. Investigations on 2D and 3D tissue culture scaffolds incorporated with graphene or its derivatives have revealed the capability of this carbon material in mimicking in vivo environment. The porous morphology, great surface area, selective permeability of gases, excellent mechanical strength, good thermal and electrical conductivity, good optical properties, and biodegradability enable graphene materials to be the best component for scaffold engineering. Along with the apt microenvironment, this material was found to be efficient in differentiating stem cells into specific cell types. Furthermore, the scope of graphene nanomaterials in liver tissue engineering as a promising biomaterial is also discussed. This review critically looks into the unlimited potential of graphene-based nanomaterials in future tissue engineering and regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Geetha Bai
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (NATAM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, 43500, Malaysia
| | - Kasturi Muthoosamy
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (NATAM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, 43500, Malaysia
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (NATAM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, 43500, Malaysia
| | - Ali Hilal-Alnaqbi
- Electromechanical Technology, Abu Dhabi Polytechnic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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50
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Zhou C, Zhang D, Zou J, Li X, Zou S, Xie J. Substrate Compliance Directs the Osteogenic Lineages of Stem Cells from the Human Apical Papilla via the Processes of Mechanosensing and Mechanotransduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26448-26459. [PMID: 31251564 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Shujuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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