1
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De S, Singh N. Advancements in Three Dimensional In-Vitro Cell Culture Models. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200058. [PMID: 35701102 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The scientific field is observing a gradual shift from monolayer cultures to three-dimensional (3D) models, as they give a more relevant data in pre-clinical stages. This review summarizes the major techniques and materials used to develop 3D platforms, especially for cancer. It also discusses the challenges and some unresolved issues of the field and highlights some techniques that have made it to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreemoyee De
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.,Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
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2
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Mehrian M, Lambrechts T, Papantoniou I, Geris L. Computational Modeling of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Proliferation and Extra-Cellular Matrix Production in 3D Porous Scaffolds in a Perfusion Bioreactor: The Effect of Growth Factors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:376. [PMID: 32411692 PMCID: PMC7201129 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell expansion on 3D porous scaffolds cultured in bioreactor systems has been shown to be beneficial for maintenance of the original cell functionality in tissue engineering strategies (TE). However, the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) makes harvesting the progenitor cell population from 3D scaffolds a challenge. Medium composition plays a role in stimulating cell proliferation over extracellular matrix (ECM) production. In this regard, a computational model describing tissue growth inside 3D scaffolds can be a great tool in designing optimal experimental conditions. In this study, a computational model describing cell and ECM growth in a perfusion bioreactor is developed, including a description of the effect of a (generic) growth factor on the biological processes taking place inside the 3D scaffold. In the model, the speed of cell and ECM growth depends on the flow-induced shear stress, curvature and the concentrations of oxygen, glucose, lactate, and growth factor. The effect of the simulated growth factor is to differentially enhance cell proliferation over ECM production. After model calibration with historic in-house data, a multi-objective optimization procedure is executed aiming to minimize the total experimental cost whilst maximizing cell growth during culture. The obtained results indicate there are multiple optimum points for the medium refreshment regime and the initial growth factor concentration where a trade-off is made between the final amount of cells and the culture cost. Finally, the model is applied to experiments reported in the literature studying the effects of perfusion-based cell culture and/or growth factor supplementation on cell expansion. The qualitative similarities between the simulation and experimental results, even in the absence of proper model calibration, reinforces the generic character of the proposed modeling framework. The model proposed in this study can contribute to the cost efficient production of cell-based TE products, ultimately contributing to their affordability and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehrian
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Prometheus, The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Toon Lambrechts
- Prometheus, The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus, The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICEHT), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Patras, Greece
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Prometheus, The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Mehrian M, Geris L. Optimizing neotissue growth inside perfusion bioreactors with respect to culture and labor cost: a multi-objective optimization study using evolutionary algorithms. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020; 23:285-294. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1719081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehrian
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Hu X, Xu J, Li W, Li L, Parungao R, Wang Y, Zheng S, Nie Y, Liu T, Song K. Therapeutic "Tool" in Reconstruction and Regeneration of Tissue Engineering for Osteochondral Repair. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 191:785-809. [PMID: 31863349 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Repairing osteochondral defects to restore joint function is a major challenge in regenerative medicine. However, with recent advances in tissue engineering, the development of potential treatments is promising. In recent years, in addition to single-layer scaffolds, double-layer or multilayer scaffolds have been prepared to mimic the structure of articular cartilage and subchondral bone for osteochondral repair. Although there are a range of different cells such as umbilical cord stem cells, bone marrow mesenchyml stem cell, and others that can be used, the availability, ease of preparation, and the osteogenic and chondrogenic capacity of these cells are important factors that will influence its selection for tissue engineering. Furthermore, appropriate cell proliferation and differentiation of these cells is also key for the optimal repair of osteochondral defects. The development of bioreactors has enhanced methods to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in tissue engineering, including the development of layered scaffolds, cells, and bioreactors that have changed the approach towards the development of novel treatments for osteochondral repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wenfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines, Universities of Shandong Province Weifang Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicines, School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Liying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Roxanne Parungao
- Burns Research Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Burns Research Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia
| | - Shuangshuang Zheng
- Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yi Nie
- Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Tianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Kedong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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5
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Hadida M, Marchat D. Strategy for achieving standardized bone models. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:251-271. [PMID: 31531968 PMCID: PMC6915912 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reliably producing functional in vitro organ models, such as organ-on-chip systems, has the potential to considerably advance biology research, drug development time, and resource efficiency. However, despite the ongoing major progress in the field, three-dimensional bone tissue models remain elusive. In this review, we specifically investigate the control of perfusion flow effects as the missing link between isolated culture systems and scientifically exploitable bone models and propose a roadmap toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhael Hadida
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - David Marchat
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, France
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6
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Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is currently a mature methodology from a research perspective. Moreover, modeling and simulation of involved processes and phenomena in BTE have been proved in a number of papers to be an excellent assessment tool in the stages of design and proof of concept through in-vivo or in-vitro experimentation. In this paper, a review of the most relevant contributions in modeling and simulation, in silico, in BTE applications is conducted. The most popular in silico simulations in BTE are classified into: (i) Mechanics modeling and scaffold design, (ii) transport and flow modeling, and (iii) modeling of physical phenomena. The paper is restricted to the review of the numerical implementation and simulation of continuum theories applied to different processes in BTE, such that molecular dynamics or discrete approaches are out of the scope of the paper. Two main conclusions are drawn at the end of the paper: First, the great potential and advantages that in silico simulation offers in BTE, and second, the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to further validate numerical models developed in BTE.
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7
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de Bournonville S, Lambrechts T, Vanhulst J, Luyten FP, Papantoniou I, Geris L. Towards Self-Regulated Bioprocessing: A Compact Benchtop Bioreactor System for Monitored and Controlled 3D Cell and Tissue Culture. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800545. [PMID: 30964231 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bioreactors are crucial tools for the manufacturing of living cell-based tissue engineered products. However, to reach the market successfully, higher degrees of automation, as well as a decreased footprint still need to be reached. In this study, the use of a benchtop bioreactor for in vitro perfusion culture of scaffold-based tissue engineering constructs is assessed. A low-footprint benchtop bioreactor system is designed, comprising a single-use fluidic components and a bioreactor housing. The bioreactor is operated using an in-house developed program and the culture environment is monitored by specifically designed sensor ports. A gas-exchange module is incorporated allowing for heat and mass transfers. Titanium-based scaffolds are seeded with human periosteum-derived cells and cultured up to 3 weeks. The benchtop bioreactor constructs are compared to benchmark perfusion systems. Live/Dead stainings, DNA quantifications, glucose consumption, and lactate production assays confirm that the constructs cultured in the benchtop bioreactor grew similarly to the benchmark systems. Manual regulation of the system set points enabled efficient alteration of the culture environment in terms of temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. This study provides the necessary basis for the development of low-footprint, automated, benchtop perfusion bioreactors and enables the implementation of active environment control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien de Bournonville
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Onderwijs & Navorsing 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA-In Sillico Medicine, University of Liège, B34 Quartier Hôpital, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Toon Lambrechts
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Onderwijs & Navorsing 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Vanhulst
- Department of Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Box 2450, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Onderwijs & Navorsing 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Onderwijs & Navorsing 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Onderwijs & Navorsing 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Onderwijs & Navorsing 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Onderwijs & Navorsing 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA-In Sillico Medicine, University of Liège, B34 Quartier Hôpital, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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8
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Gupta P, Hall GN, Geris L, Luyten FP, Papantoniou I. Human Platelet Lysate Improves Bone Forming Potential of Human Progenitor Cells Expanded in Microcarrier-Based Dynamic Culture. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:810-821. [PMID: 31038850 PMCID: PMC6646698 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenogeneic‐free media are required for translating advanced therapeutic medicinal products to the clinics. In addition, process efficiency is crucial for ensuring cost efficiency, especially when considering large‐scale production of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Human platelet lysate (HPL) has been increasingly adopted as an alternative for fetal bovine serum (FBS) for MSCs. However, its therapeutic and regenerative potential in vivo is largely unexplored. Herein, we compare the effects of FBS and HPL supplementation for a scalable, microcarrier‐based dynamic expansion of human periosteum‐derived cells (hPDCs) while assessing their bone forming capacity by subcutaneous implantation in small animal model. We observed that HPL resulted in faster cell proliferation with a total fold increase of 5.2 ± 0.61 in comparison to 2.7 ± 02.22‐fold in FBS. Cell viability and trilineage differentiation capability were maintained by HPL, although a suppression of adipogenic differentiation potential was observed. Differences in mRNA expression profiles were also observed between the two on several markers. When implanted, we observed a significant difference between the bone forming capacity of cells expanded in FBS and HPL, with HPL supplementation resulting in almost three times more mineralized tissue within calcium phosphate scaffolds. FBS‐expanded cells resulted in a fibrous tissue structure, whereas HPL resulted in mineralized tissue formation, which can be classified as newly formed bone, verified by μCT and histological analysis. We also observed the presence of blood vessels in our explants. In conclusion, we suggest that replacing FBS with HPL in bioreactor‐based expansion of hPDCs is an optimal solution that increases expansion efficiency along with promoting bone forming capacity of these cells. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:810&821
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gupta
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Nilsson Hall
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA-R In Silico Medicine, Université de Liege, Liège, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Mazzocchi A, Soker S, Skardal A. 3D bioprinting for high-throughput screening: Drug screening, disease modeling, and precision medicine applications. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2019; 6:011302. [PMID: 33738018 PMCID: PMC7968875 DOI: 10.1063/1.5056188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput technologies have become essential in many fields of pharmaceutical and biological development and production. Such technologies were initially developed with compatibility with liquid handling-based cell culture techniques to produce large-scale 2D cell culture experiments for the compound analysis of candidate drug compounds. Over the past two decades, tools for creating 3D cell cultures, organoids, and other 3D in vitro models, such as cell supportive biomaterials and 3D bioprinting, have rapidly advanced. Concurrently, a significant body of evidence has accumulated which speaks to the many benefits that 3D model systems have over traditional 2D cell cultures. Specifically, 3D cellular models better mimic aspects such as diffusion kinetics, cell-cell interactions, cell-matrix interactions, inclusion of stroma, and other features native to in vivo tissue and as such have become an integral part of academic research. However, most high throughput assays were not developed to specifically support 3D systems. Here, we describe the need for improved compatibility and relevant advances toward deployment and adoption of high throughput 3D models to improve disease modeling, drug efficacy testing, and precision medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mazzocchi
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, USA
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, USA
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, USA
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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10
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Yi T, Huang S, Liu G, Li T, Kang Y, Luo Y, Wu J. Bioreactor Synergy with 3D Scaffolds: New Era for Stem Cells Culture. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:193-209. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Yi
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaoxiong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tiancheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Composites and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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11
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Mehrian M, Guyot Y, Papantoniou I, Olofsson S, Sonnaert M, Misener R, Geris L. Maximizing neotissue growth kinetics in a perfusion bioreactor: An in silico strategy using model reduction and Bayesian optimization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:617-629. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehrian
- Biomechanics Research Unit; GIGA In Silico Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
- Prometheus; The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Yann Guyot
- Biomechanics Research Unit; GIGA In Silico Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
- Prometheus; The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus; The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Simon Olofsson
- Department of Computing; Imperial College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Maarten Sonnaert
- Prometheus; The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ruth Misener
- Department of Computing; Imperial College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit; GIGA In Silico Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
- Prometheus; The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Biomechanics Section; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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12
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Flow perfusion rate modulates cell deposition onto scaffold substrate during cell seeding. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 17:675-687. [PMID: 29188392 PMCID: PMC5948308 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of perfusion bioreactors with porous scaffolds is beneficial for the transport of cells during cell seeding. Nonetheless, the fact that cells penetrate into the scaffold pores does not necessarily imply the interception of cells with scaffold substrate and cell attachment. An in vitro perfusion system was built to relate the selected flow rate with seeding efficiency. However, the in vitro model does not elucidate how the flow rate affects the transport and deposition of cells onto the scaffold. Thus, a computational model was developed mimicking in vitro conditions to identify the mechanisms that bring cells to the scaffold from suspension flow. Static and dynamic cell seeding configurations were investigated. In static seeding, cells sediment due to gravity until they encounter the first obstacle. In dynamic seeding, 12, 120 and 600 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu \hbox {l/min}$$\end{document}μl/min flow rates were explored under the presence or the absence of gravity. Gravity and secondary flow were found to be key factors for cell deposition. In vitro and in silico seeding efficiencies are in the same order of magnitude and follow the same trend with the effect of fluid flow; static seeding results in higher efficiency than dynamic perfusion although irregular spatial distribution of cells was found. In dynamic seeding, 120 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu \hbox {l/min}$$\end{document}μl/min provided the best seeding results. Nevertheless, the perfusion approach reports low efficiencies for the scaffold used in this study which leads to cell waste and low density of cells inside the scaffold. This study suggests gravity and secondary flow as the driving mechanisms for cell-scaffold deposition. In addition, the present in silico model can help to optimize hydrodynamic-based seeding strategies prior to experiments and enhance cell seeding efficiency.
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13
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Gupta P, Geris L, Luyten FP, Papantoniou I. An Integrated Bioprocess for the Expansion and Chondrogenic Priming of Human Periosteum-Derived Progenitor Cells in Suspension Bioreactors. Biotechnol J 2017; 13. [PMID: 28987025 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of microcarrier-based suspension bioreactors for scalable expansion of adult progenitor cells in recent years reveals the necessity of such approaches to address bio manufacturing challenges of advanced therapeutic medicinal products. However, the differentiation of progenitor cells within suspension bioreactors for the production of tissue modules is of equal importance but not well investigated. This study reports on the development of a bioreactor-based integrated process for expansion and chondrogenic priming of human periosteum-derived stem cells (hPDCs) using Cultispher S microcarriers. Spinner flask-based expansion and priming of hPDCs were carried out over 12 days for expansion and 14 days for priming. Characterization of the cells were carried out every 3rd day. Our study showed that hPDCs were able to expand till confluency with fold increase of 3.2±0.64 and to be subsequently primed toward a chondrogenic state within spinner flasks. During expansion, the cells maintained their phenotypic markers, trilineage differentiation capabilities and viability. Upon switching to TGF-β containing media the cells were able to differentiate toward chondrogenic lineage by clustering into mm-sized macrotissues containing hundreds of microcarriers. Chondrogenic priming was further evidenced by the expression of relevant markers at the mRNA level while maintaining their viability. Ectopic implantation of macrotissues highlighted that they were able to sustain their chondrogenic properties for 8 weeks in vivo. The method indicated here, suggests that expansion and relevant priming of progenitor cells can be carried out in an integrated bioprocess using spinner flasks and as such could be potentially extrapolated to other stem and progenitor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gupta
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit GIGA-R In Silico Medicine, Université de Liege, Quartier Polytechnique 1, Allée de la découverte 13A, Liège, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C (2419), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Guyot Y, Smeets B, Odenthal T, Subramani R, Luyten FP, Ramon H, Papantoniou I, Geris L. Immersed Boundary Models for Quantifying Flow-Induced Mechanical Stimuli on Stem Cells Seeded on 3D Scaffolds in Perfusion Bioreactors. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005108. [PMID: 27658116 PMCID: PMC5033382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfusion bioreactors regulate flow conditions in order to provide cells with oxygen, nutrients and flow-associated mechanical stimuli. Locally, these flow conditions can vary depending on the scaffold geometry, cellular confluency and amount of extra cellular matrix deposition. In this study, a novel application of the immersed boundary method was introduced in order to represent a detailed deformable cell attached to a 3D scaffold inside a perfusion bioreactor and exposed to microscopic flow. The immersed boundary model permits the prediction of mechanical effects of the local flow conditions on the cell. Incorporating stiffness values measured with atomic force microscopy and micro-flow boundary conditions obtained from computational fluid dynamics simulations on the entire scaffold, we compared cell deformation, cortical tension, normal and shear pressure between different cell shapes and locations. We observed a large effect of the precise cell location on the local shear stress and we predicted flow-induced cortical tensions in the order of 5 pN/μm, at the lower end of the range reported in literature. The proposed method provides an interesting tool to study perfusion bioreactors processes down to the level of the individual cell's micro-environment, which can further aid in the achievement of robust bioprocess control for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Guyot
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bart Smeets
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Odenthal
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ramesh Subramani
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman Ramon
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Geris L, Guyot Y, Schrooten J, Papantoniou I. In silico regenerative medicine: how computational tools allow regulatory and financial challenges to be addressed in a volatile market. Interface Focus 2016; 6:20150105. [PMID: 27051516 PMCID: PMC4759755 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2015.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell therapy market is a highly volatile one, due to the use of disruptive technologies, the current economic situation and the small size of the market. In such a market, companies as well as academic research institutes are in need of tools to advance their understanding and, at the same time, reduce their R&D costs, increase product quality and productivity, and reduce the time to market. An additional difficulty is the regulatory path that needs to be followed, which is challenging in the case of cell-based therapeutic products and should rely on the implementation of quality by design (QbD) principles. In silico modelling is a tool that allows the above-mentioned challenges to be addressed in the field of regenerative medicine. This review discusses such in silico models and focuses more specifically on the bioprocess. Three (clusters of) examples related to this subject are discussed. The first example comes from the pharmaceutical engineering field where QbD principles and their implementation through the use of in silico models are both a regulatory and economic necessity. The second example is related to the production of red blood cells. The described in silico model is mainly used to investigate the manufacturing process of the cell-therapeutic product, and pays special attention to the economic viability of the process. Finally, we describe the set-up of a model capturing essential events in the development of a tissue-engineered combination product in the context of bone tissue engineering. For each of the examples, a short introduction to some economic aspects is given, followed by a description of the in silico tool or tools that have been developed to allow the implementation of QbD principles and optimal design.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 1 (+8), Herestraat 49-PB813, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liège, Chemin des Chevreuils 1 - BAT 52/3, Liège 4000, Belgium; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C-PB 2419, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Y Guyot
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 1 (+8), Herestraat 49-PB813, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liège, Chemin des Chevreuils 1 - BAT 52/3, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | | | - I Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 1 (+8), Herestraat 49-PB813, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 1 (+8), Herestraat 49-PB813, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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16
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McKayed K, Prendergast PJ, Campbell VA. Aging enhances the vulnerability of mesenchymal stromal cells to uniaxial tensile strain-induced apoptosis. J Biomech 2016; 49:458-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Coupling curvature-dependent and shear stress-stimulated neotissue growth in dynamic bioreactor cultures: a 3D computational model of a complete scaffold. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 15:169-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Sonnaert M, Luyten FP, Schrooten J, Papantoniou I. Bioreactor-Based Online Recovery of Human Progenitor Cells with Uncompromised Regenerative Potential: A Bone Tissue Engineering Perspective. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136875. [PMID: 26313143 PMCID: PMC4552169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a 3D perfusion culture environment for stem cell expansion has been shown to be beneficial for maintenance of the original cell functionality but due to several system inherent characteristics such as the presence of extracellular matrix, the continued development and implementation of 3D perfusion bioreactor technologies is hampered. Therefore, this study developed a methodology for harvesting a progenitor cell population from a 3D open porous culture surface after expansion in a perfusion bioreactor and performed a functional characterization of the expanded cells. An initial screening showed collagenase to be the most interesting reagent to release the cells from the 3D culture surface as it resulted in high yields without compromising cell viability. Subsequently a Design of Experiment approach was used to obtain optimized 3D harvest conditions by assessing the interplay of flow rate, collagenase concentration and incubation time on the harvest efficiency, viability and single cell fraction. Cells that were recovered with the optimized harvest protocol, by perfusing a 880 U/ml collagenase solution for 7 hours at a flow rate of 4 ml/min, were thereafter functionally analyzed for their characteristics as expanded progenitor cell population. As both the in vitro tri-lineage differentiation capacity and the in vivo bone forming potential were maintained after 3D perfusion bioreactor expansion we concluded that the developed seeding, culture and harvest processes did not significantly compromise the viability and potency of the cells and can contribute to the future development of integrated bioprocesses for stem cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Sonnaert
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Guyot Y, Luyten F, Schrooten J, Papantoniou I, Geris L. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model of shear stress distribution during neotissue growth in a perfusion bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2591-600. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Guyot
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit; Universite de Liège, Chemin des Chevreuils; Liège Belgium
| | - F.P. Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center; KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing; Leuven Belgium
| | - J. Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - I. Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center; KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing; Leuven Belgium
| | - L. Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit; Universite de Liège, Chemin des Chevreuils; Liège Belgium
- Biomechanics Section; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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20
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Sonnaert M, Kerckhofs G, Papantoniou I, Van Vlierberghe S, Boterberg V, Dubruel P, Luyten FP, Schrooten J, Geris L. Multifactorial Optimization of Contrast-Enhanced Nanofocus Computed Tomography for Quantitative Analysis of Neo-Tissue Formation in Tissue Engineering Constructs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130227. [PMID: 26076131 PMCID: PMC4467978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To progress the fields of tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine, development of quantitative methods for non-invasive three dimensional characterization of engineered constructs (i.e. cells/tissue combined with scaffolds) becomes essential. In this study, we have defined the most optimal staining conditions for contrast-enhanced nanofocus computed tomography for three dimensional visualization and quantitative analysis of in vitro engineered neo-tissue (i.e. extracellular matrix containing cells) in perfusion bioreactor-developed Ti6Al4V constructs. A fractional factorial ‘design of experiments’ approach was used to elucidate the influence of the staining time and concentration of two contrast agents (Hexabrix and phosphotungstic acid) and the neo-tissue volume on the image contrast and dataset quality. Additionally, the neo-tissue shrinkage that was induced by phosphotungstic acid staining was quantified to determine the operating window within which this contrast agent can be accurately applied. For Hexabrix the staining concentration was the main parameter influencing image contrast and dataset quality. Using phosphotungstic acid the staining concentration had a significant influence on the image contrast while both staining concentration and neo-tissue volume had an influence on the dataset quality. The use of high concentrations of phosphotungstic acid did however introduce significant shrinkage of the neo-tissue indicating that, despite sub-optimal image contrast, low concentrations of this staining agent should be used to enable quantitative analysis. To conclude, design of experiments allowed us to define the most optimal staining conditions for contrast-enhanced nanofocus computed tomography to be used as a routine screening tool of neo-tissue formation in Ti6Al4V constructs, transforming it into a robust three dimensional quality control methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Sonnaert
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liege, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Veerle Boterberg
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liege, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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21
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Sonnaert M, Papantoniou I, Luyten FP, Schrooten JI. Quantitative Validation of the Presto Blue Metabolic Assay for Online Monitoring of Cell Proliferation in a 3D Perfusion Bioreactor System. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:519-29. [PMID: 25336207 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine mature toward clinical applications, the need for online monitoring both for quantitative and qualitative use becomes essential. Resazurin-based metabolic assays are frequently applied for determining cytotoxicity and have shown great potential for monitoring 3D bioreactor-facilitated cell culture. However, no quantitative correlation between the metabolic conversion rate of resazurin and cell number has been defined yet. In this work, we determined conversion rates of Presto Blue, a resazurin-based metabolic assay, for human periosteal cells during 2D and 3D static and 3D perfusion cultures. Our results showed that for the evaluated culture systems there is a quantitative correlation between the Presto Blue conversion rate and the cell number during the expansion phase with no influence of the perfusion-related parameters, that is, flow rate and shear stress. The correlation between the cell number and Presto Blue conversion subsequently enabled the definition of operating windows for optimal signal readouts. In conclusion, our data showed that the conversion of the resazurin-based Presto Blue metabolic assay can be used as a quantitative readout for online monitoring of cell proliferation in a 3D perfusion bioreactor system, although a system-specific validation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Sonnaert
- 1Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,2Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- 1Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,3Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- 1Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,3Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Ir Schrooten
- 1Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,2Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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