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Volpi M, Paradiso A, Walejewska E, Gargioli C, Costantini M, Swieszkowski W. Automated Microfluidics-Assisted Hydrogel-Based Wet-Spinning for the Biofabrication of Biomimetic Engineered Myotendinous Junction. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2402075. [PMID: 39313990 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202402075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The muscle-tendon junction (MTJ) plays a pivotal role in efficiently converting the muscular contraction into a controlled skeletal movement through the tendon. Given its complex biomechanical intricacy, the biofabrication of such tissue interface represents a significant challenge in the field of musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Herein, a novel method to produce MTJ-like hydrogel yarns using a microfluidics-assisted 3D rotary wet-spinning strategy is developed. Optimization of flow rates, rotational speed, and delivery time of bioinks enables the production of highly compartmentalized scaffolds that recapitulate the muscle, tendon, and the transient MTJ-like region. Additionally, such biofabrication parameters are validated in terms of cellular response by promoting an optimal uniaxial alignment for both muscle and tendon precursor cells. By sequentially wet-spinning C2C12 myoblasts and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, a gradient-patterned cellular arrangement mirroring the intrinsic biological heterogeneity of the MTJ is successfully obtained. The immunofluorescence assessment further reveals the localized expression of tissue-specific markers, including myosin heavy chain and collagen type I/III, which demonstrate muscle and tenogenic tissue maturation, respectively. Remarkably, the muscle-tendon transition zone exhibits finger-like projection of the multinucleated myotubes in the tenogenic compartment, epitomizing the MTJ signature architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Volpi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 02-507, Poland
| | - Alessia Paradiso
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 02-507, Poland
| | - Ewa Walejewska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 02-507, Poland
| | - Cesare Gargioli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Marco Costantini
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 02-507, Poland
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Ma R, Gao X, Jin Y, Wang X, Li R, Qiao R, Wang X, Liu D, Xie Z, Wang L, Zhang J, Xu W, Hu Y. Is there a duration-characteristic relationship for trypsin exposure on tendon? A study on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a rabbit model. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1417930. [PMID: 39234049 PMCID: PMC11371708 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1417930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Decellularized allograft tendons are highly regarded for their accessibility and the reduced risk of immune rejection, making them a promising choice for grafting due to their favorable characteristics. However, effectively integrating reconstructed tendons with host bone remains a significant clinical challenge. Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship between the duration of tendon exposure to trypsin and its impact on tendon biomechanical properties and healing capacity. Methods Morphological assessments and biochemical quantifications were conducted. Allograft tendons underwent heterotopic transplantation into the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in a rabbit model, with specimens harvested 6 weeks post-surgery for a comparative analysis of cell adhesion strength and mechanical performance. Duration-response curves were constructed using maximum stress and cell adhesion quantity as primary indicators. Results The trypsin treatment enhanced cell adhesion on the tendon surface. Adhesion rates in the control group vs. the experimental groups were as follows: 3.10 ± 0.56% vs. 4.59 ± 1.51%, 5.36 ± 1.24%, 6.12 ± 1.98%, and 8.27 ± 2.34% (F = 6.755, p = 0.001). However, increasing treatment duration led to a decline in mechanical properties, with the ultimate load (N) in the control vs. experimental groups reported as 103.30 ± 10.51 vs. 99.59 ± 4.37, 93.15 ± 12.38, 90.42 ± 7.87, and 82.68 ± 6.89, F = 4.125 (p = 0.013). Conclusion The findings reveal an increasing trend in adhesion effectiveness with prolonged exposure duration, while mechanical strength declines. The selection of the optimal processing duration should involve careful consideration of the benefits derived from both outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxing Ma
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaokang Gao
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Jin
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- The People's Hospital of Chengyang Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiqi Qiao
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinliang Wang
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dayong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Zhitao Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Beijing Wonderful Medical Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongcheng Hu
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Mozzer A, Pitha I. Cyclic strain alters the transcriptional and migratory response of scleral fibroblasts to TGFβ. Exp Eye Res 2024; 244:109917. [PMID: 38697276 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
In glaucoma, scleral fibroblasts are exposed to IOP-associated mechanical strain and elevated TGFβ levels. These stimuli, in turn, lead to scleral remodeling. Here, we examine the scleral fibroblast migratory and transcriptional response to these stimuli to better understand mechanisms of glaucomatous scleral remodeling. Human peripapillary scleral (PPS) fibroblasts were cultured on parallel grooves, treated with TGFβ (2 ng/ml) in the presence of vehicle or TGFβ signaling inhibitors, and exposed to uniaxial strain (1 Hz, 5%, 12-24 h). Axis of cellular orientation was determined at baseline, immediately following strain, and 24 h after strain cessation with 0° being completely aligned with grooves and 90° being perpendicular. Fibroblasts migration in-line and across grooves was assessed using a scratch assay. Transcriptional profiling of TGFβ-treated fibroblasts with or without strain was performed by RT-qPCR and pERK, pSMAD2, and pSMAD3 levels were measured by immunoblot. Pre-strain alignment of TGFβ-treated cells with grooves (6.2 ± 1.5°) was reduced after strain (21.7 ± 5.3°, p < 0.0001) and restored 24 h after strain cessation (9.5 ± 2.6°). ERK, FAK, and ALK5 inhibition prevented this reduction; however, ROCK, YAP, or SMAD3 inhibition did not. TGFβ-induced myofibroblast markers were reduced by strain (αSMA, POSTN, ASPN, MLCK1). While TGFβ-induced phosphorylation of ERK and SMAD2 was unaffected by cyclic strain, SMAD3 phosphorylation was reduced (p = 0.0004). Wound healing across grooves was enhanced by ROCK and SMAD3 inhibition but not ERK or ALK5 inhibition. These results provide insight into the mechanisms by which mechanical strain alters the cellular response to TGFβ and the potential signaling pathways that underlie scleral remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Mozzer
- Department of Ophthalmology, USA; Center for Nanomedicine, USA
| | - Ian Pitha
- Department of Ophthalmology, USA; Glaucoma Center of Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Snow F, O'Connell C, Yang P, Kita M, Pirogova E, Williams RJ, Kapsa RMI, Quigley A. Engineering interfacial tissues: The myotendinous junction. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:021505. [PMID: 38841690 PMCID: PMC11151436 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The myotendinous junction (MTJ) is the interface connecting skeletal muscle and tendon tissues. This specialized region represents the bridge that facilitates the transmission of contractile forces from muscle to tendon, and ultimately the skeletal system for the creation of movement. MTJs are, therefore, subject to high stress concentrations, rendering them susceptible to severe, life-altering injuries. Despite the scarcity of knowledge obtained from MTJ formation during embryogenesis, several attempts have been made to engineer this complex interfacial tissue. These attempts, however, fail to achieve the level of maturity and mechanical complexity required for in vivo transplantation. This review summarizes the strategies taken to engineer the MTJ, with an emphasis on how transitioning from static to mechanically inducive dynamic cultures may assist in achieving myotendinous maturity.
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Data K, Kulus M, Ziemak H, Chwarzyński M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Bukowska D, Antosik P, Mozdziak P, Kempisty B. Decellularization of Dense Regular Connective Tissue-Cellular and Molecular Modification with Applications in Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2023; 12:2293. [PMID: 37759515 PMCID: PMC10528602 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Healing of dense regular connective tissue, due to a high fiber-to-cell ratio and low metabolic activity and regeneration potential, frequently requires surgical implantation or reconstruction with high risk of reinjury. An alternative to synthetic implants is using bioscaffolds obtained through decellularization, a process where the aim is to extract cells from the tissue while preserving the tissue-specific native molecular structure of the ECM. Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other various extracellular molecules are largely involved in differentiation, proliferation, vascularization and collagen fibers deposit, making them the crucial processes in tissue regeneration. Because of the multiple possible forms of cell extraction, there is no standardized protocol in dense regular connective tissue (DRCT). Many modifications of the structure, shape and composition of the bioscaffold have also been described to improve the therapeutic result following the implantation of decellularized connective tissue. The available data provide a valuable source of crucial information. However, the wide spectrum of decellularization makes it important to understand the key aspects of bioscaffolds relative to their potential use in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Data
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kulus
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Hanna Ziemak
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Chwarzyński
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paweł Antosik
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiolgy Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Physiolgy Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic
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Leong NL, Greskovich K, Blommer J, Jiang J. CCN1 expression is regulated by mechanical stimuli in tendons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 663:25-31. [PMID: 37116394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Tendon overuse injuries are common, but the processes that govern tendon response to mechanical load are not fully understood. A series of experiments of in vitro and in vivo experiments was devised to study to the relationship between mechanical stimuli and the matricellular protein Cellular Communication Network Factor 1 (CCN1) in tenocytes and tendons. First, human and murine tenocytes were subjected to cyclic uniaxial loading in order to evaluate changes in CCN1 gene expression as a response to mechanical stimuli. Then, baseline Ccn1 gene expression in different murine tendons (Achilles, patellar, forearm, and tail) was examined. Finally, changes in Ccn1 expression after in vivo unloading experiments were examined. It was found that CCN1 expression significantly increased in both human and murine tenocytes at 5 and 10% cyclical uniaxial strain, while 2.5% strain did not have any effect on CCN1 expression. At baseline, the Achilles, patellar, and forearm tendons had higher expression levels of Ccn1 as compared to tail tendons. Twenty-four hours of immobilization of the hind-limb resulted in a significant decrease in Ccn1 expression in both the Achilles and patellar tendons. In summary, CCN1 expression is up-regulated in tenocytes subjected to mechanical load and down-regulated by loss of mechanical load in tendons. These results show that CCN1 expression in tendons is at least partially regulated by mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Leong
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, United States; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States.
| | - Kathryn Greskovich
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, United States; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States
| | - Joseph Blommer
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States
| | - Jie Jiang
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States
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7
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Sullivan AL, Locke RC, Klink RK, Leek CC, Carpenter JE, Killian ML. Mechanics and differential healing outcomes of small and large defect injuries of the tendon-bone attachment in the rat rotator cuff. Connect Tissue Res 2023; 64:262-273. [PMID: 36524714 PMCID: PMC10164669 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2152334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rotator cuff tear size affects clinical outcomes following rotator cuff repair and is correlated with the risk of recurrent tendon defects. This study aimed to understand if and how the initial defect size influences the structural and mechanical outcomes of the injured rotator cuff attachment in vivo. METHODS Full-thickness punch injuries of the infraspinatus tendon-bone attachment in Long Evans rats were created to compare differences in healing outcomes between small and large defects. Biomechanical properties, gross morphology, bone remodeling, and cell and tissue morphology were assessed at both 3- and 8-weeks of healing. RESULTS At the time of injury (no healing), large defects had decreased mechanical properties compared to small defects, and both defect sizes had decreased mechanical properties compared to intact attachments. However, the mechanical properties of the two defect groups were not significantly different from each other after 8-weeks of healing and significantly improved compared to no healing but failed to return to intact levels. Local bone volume at the defect site was higher in large compared to small defects on average and increased from 3- to 8-weeks. In contrast, bone quality decreased from 3- to 8-weeks of healing and these changes were not dependent on defect size. Qualitatively, large defects had increased collagen disorganization and neovascularization compared to small defects. DISCUSSION In this study, we showed that both large and small defects did not regenerate the mechanical and structural integrity of the intact rat rotator cuff attachment following healing in vivo after 8 weeks of healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lia Sullivan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Ryan C. Locke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Rachel K. Klink
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84111
| | - Connor C. Leek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - James E. Carpenter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Megan L. Killian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Mechanical stretch facilitates tenomodulin expression to induce tenocyte migration via MAPK signaling pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 734:109486. [PMID: 36513131 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tenomodulin (Tnmd) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that regulates tendon development and maturation. Our previous study indicated that mechanical stretch could induce Tnmd expression to promote tenocyte migration, associated with reinforcement of fibrous actin (F-actin) stress fibers and chromatin decondensation. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of this processes are far from clear. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling occurs in response to various extracellular stimuli and controls a large number of fundamental cellular processes. The present study we investigated the influence of MAPK signaling on mechanical stretch-induced Tnmd expression and its action way. Expression and activities of extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38 MAPK (p38) were determined by Western blot. Cell migration was detected by Transwell assay. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect F-actin stress fibers. Nuclear chromatin decondensation was detected by in situ DNaseI sensitivity assay. It was found that mechanical stretch promoted Tnmd expression by activating ERK1/2, JNK and p38 signaling. The inhibition of the ERK1/2, JNK or p38 repressed mechanical stretch-promoted tenocyte migration and mechanical stretch-induced reinforcement of F-actin stress fibers. However, only ERK1/2 and p38 inhibitor could repress mechanical stretch-induced chromatin decondensation, and the JNK inhibitor had no significant effect. Moreover, latrunculin (Lat A), the most widely used reagent to depolymerize actin filaments, could inhibit the stretch-induced chromatin decondensation. Taken together, our findings elucidated a molecular pathway by which a mechanical signal is transduced via activation of MAPK signaling to influence reinforcement of F-actin stress fibers and chromatin decondensation, which could further lead Tnmd expression to promote tenocyte migration.
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Vaez M, Asgari M, Hirvonen L, Bakir G, Khattignavong E, Ezzo M, Aguayo S, Schuh CM, Gough K, Bozec L. Modulation of the biophysical and biochemical properties of collagen by glycation for tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:182-198. [PMID: 36435437 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The structural and functional properties of collagen are modulated by the presence of intramolecular and intermolecular crosslinks. Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) can produce intermolecular crosslinks by bonding the free amino groups of neighbouring proteins. In this research, the following hypothesis is explored: The accumulation of AGEs in collagen decreases its proteolytic degradation rates while increasing its stiffness. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) detect biochemical changes in collagen scaffolds during the glycation process. The accumulation of AGEs increases exponentially in the collagen scaffolds as a function of Methylglyoxal (MGO) concentration by performing autofluorescence measurement and competitive ELISA. Glycated scaffolds absorb water at a much higher rate confirming the direct affinity between AGEs and interstitial water within collagen fibrils. In addition, the topology of collagen fibrils as observed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a lot more defined following glycation. The elastic modulus of collagen fibrils decreases as a function of glycation, whereas the elastic modulus of collagen scaffolds increases. Finally, the enzymatic degradation of collagen by bacterial collagenase shows a sigmoidal pattern with a much slower degradation rate in the glycated scaffolds. This study identifies unique variations in the properties of collagen following the accumulation of AGEs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In humans, Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) are naturally produced as a result of aging process. There is an evident lack of knowledge in the basic science literature explaining the biomechanical impact of AGE-mediated crosslinks on the functional and structural properties of collagen at both the nanoscale (single fibrils) and mesoscale (bundles of fibrils). This research, demonstrates how it is possible to harness this natural phenomenon in vitro to enhance the properties of engineered collagen fibrils and scaffolds. This study identifies unique variations in the properties of collagen at nanoscale and mesoscale following accumulation of AGEs. In their approach, they investigate the unique properties conferred to collagen, namely enhanced water sorption, differential elastic modulus, and finally sigmoidal proteolytic degradation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Vaez
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Meisam Asgari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Liisa Hirvonen
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gorkem Bakir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Maya Ezzo
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sebastian Aguayo
- Dentistry School, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christina M Schuh
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kathleen Gough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Inguito KL, Schofield MM, Faghri AD, Bloom ET, Heino M, West VC, Ebron KMM, Elliott DM, Parreno J. Stress deprivation of tendon explants or Tpm3.1 inhibition in tendon cells reduces F-actin to promote a tendinosis-like phenotype. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar141. [PMID: 36129771 PMCID: PMC9727789 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-02-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin is a central mediator between mechanical force and cellular phenotype. In tendons, it is speculated that mechanical stress deprivation regulates gene expression by reducing filamentous (F)-actin. However, the mechanisms regulating tenocyte F-actin remain unclear. Tropomyosins (Tpms) are master regulators of F-actin. There are more than 40 Tpm isoforms, each having the unique capability to stabilize F-actin subpopulations. We investigated F-actin polymerization in stress-deprived tendons and tested the hypothesis that stress fiber-associated Tpm(s) stabilize F-actin to regulate cellular phenotype. Stress deprivation of mouse tail tendon down-regulated tenogenic and up-regulated protease (matrix metalloproteinase-3) mRNA levels. Concomitant with mRNA modulation were increases in G/F-actin, confirming reduced F-actin by tendon stress deprivation. To investigate the molecular regulation of F-actin, we identified that tail, Achilles, and plantaris tendons express three isoforms in common: Tpm1.6, 3.1, and 4.2. Tpm3.1 associates with F-actin in native and primary tenocytes. Tpm3.1 inhibition reduces F-actin, leading to decreases in tenogenic expression, increases in chondrogenic expression, and enhancement of protease expression in mouse and human tenocytes. These expression changes by Tpm3.1 inhibition are consistent with tendinosis progression. A further understanding of F-actin regulation in musculoskeletal cells could lead to new therapeutic interventions to prevent alterations in cellular phenotype during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron L. Inguito
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Mandy M. Schofield
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Arya D. Faghri
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Ellen T. Bloom
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Marissa Heino
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Valerie C. West
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | | | - Dawn M. Elliott
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Justin Parreno
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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11
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Sander IL, Dvorak N, Stebbins JA, Carr AJ, Mouthuy PA. Advanced Robotics to Address the Translational Gap in Tendon Engineering. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2022; 2022:9842169. [PMID: 36285305 PMCID: PMC9508494 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9842169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon disease is a significant and growing burden to healthcare systems. One strategy to address this challenge is tissue engineering. A widely held view in this field is that mechanical stimulation provided to constructs should replicate the mechanical environment of native tissue as closely as possible. We review recent tendon tissue engineering studies in this article and highlight limitations of conventional uniaxial tensile bioreactors used in current literature. Advanced robotic platforms such as musculoskeletal humanoid robots and soft robotic actuators are promising technologies which may help address translational gaps in tendon tissue engineering. We suggest the proposed benefits of these technologies and identify recent studies which have worked to implement these technologies in tissue engineering. Lastly, key challenges to address in adapting these robotic technologies and proposed future research directions for tendon tissue engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain L. Sander
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
- Oxford Gait Laboratory, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Tebbit Centre, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK
| | - Nicole Dvorak
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Julie A. Stebbins
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
- Oxford Gait Laboratory, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Tebbit Centre, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK
| | - Andrew J. Carr
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Pierre-Alexis Mouthuy
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
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12
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Tang Y, Wang Z, Xiang L, Zhao Z, Cui W. Functional biomaterials for tendon/ligament repair and regeneration. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac062. [PMID: 36176715 PMCID: PMC9514853 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increase in life expectancy and the popularity of high-intensity exercise, the frequency of tendon and ligament injuries has also increased. Owing to the specificity of its tissue, the rapid restoration of injured tendons and ligaments is challenging for treatment. This review summarizes the latest progress in cells, biomaterials, active molecules and construction technology in treating tendon/ligament injuries. The characteristics of supports made of different materials and the development and application of different manufacturing methods are discussed. The development of natural polymers, synthetic polymers and composite materials has boosted the use of scaffolds. In addition, the development of electrospinning and hydrogel technology has diversified the production and treatment of materials. First, this article briefly introduces the structure, function and biological characteristics of tendons/ligaments. Then, it summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different materials, such as natural polymer scaffolds, synthetic polymer scaffolds, composite scaffolds and extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived biological scaffolds, in the application of tendon/ligament regeneration. We then discuss the latest applications of electrospun fiber scaffolds and hydrogels in regeneration engineering. Finally, we discuss the current problems and future directions in the development of biomaterials for restoring damaged tendons and ligaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkai Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
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13
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Benage LG, Sweeney JD, Giers MB, Balasubramanian R. Dynamic Load Model Systems of Tendon Inflammation and Mechanobiology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:896336. [PMID: 35910030 PMCID: PMC9335371 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.896336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic loading is a shared feature of tendon tissue homeostasis and pathology. Tendon cells have the inherent ability to sense mechanical loads that initiate molecular-level mechanotransduction pathways. While mature tendons require physiological mechanical loading in order to maintain and fine tune their extracellular matrix architecture, pathological loading initiates an inflammatory-mediated tissue repair pathway that may ultimately result in extracellular matrix dysregulation and tendon degeneration. The exact loading and inflammatory mechanisms involved in tendon healing and pathology is unclear although a precise understanding is imperative to improving therapeutic outcomes of tendon pathologies. Thus, various model systems have been designed to help elucidate the underlying mechanisms of tendon mechanobiology via mimicry of the in vivo tendon architecture and biomechanics. Recent development of model systems has focused on identifying mechanoresponses to various mechanical loading platforms. Less effort has been placed on identifying inflammatory pathways involved in tendon pathology etiology, though inflammation has been implicated in the onset of such chronic injuries. The focus of this work is to highlight the latest discoveries in tendon mechanobiology platforms and specifically identify the gaps for future work. An interdisciplinary approach is necessary to reveal the complex molecular interplay that leads to tendon pathologies and will ultimately identify potential regenerative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay G. Benage
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - James D. Sweeney
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Morgan B. Giers
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Morgan B. Giers,
| | - Ravi Balasubramanian
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- School of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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14
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Zhang Q, Wang P, Fang X, Lin F, Fang J, Xiong C. Collagen gel contraction assays: From modelling wound healing to quantifying cellular interactions with three-dimensional extracellular matrices. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151253. [PMID: 35785635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells respond to and actively remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM). The dynamic and bidirectional interaction between cells and ECM, especially their mechanical interactions, has been found to play an essential role in triggering a series of complex biochemical and biomechanical signal pathways and in regulating cellular functions and behaviours. The collagen gel contraction assay (CGCA) is a widely used method to investigate cell-ECM interactions in 3D environments and provides a mechanically associated readout reflecting 3D cellular contractility. In this review, we summarize various versions of CGCA, with an emphasis on recent high-throughput and low-consumption CGCA techniques. More importantly, we focus on the technique of force monitoring during the contraction of collagen gel, which provides a quantitative characterization of the overall forces generated by all the resident cells in the collagen hydrogel. Accordingly, we present recent biological applications of the CGCA, which have expanded from the initial wound healing model to other studies concerning cell-ECM interactions, including fibrosis, cancer, tissue repair and the preparation of biomimetic microtissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pudi Wang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xu Fang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunyang Xiong
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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15
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Pentzold S, Wildemann B. Mechanical overload decreases tenogenic differentiation compared to physiological load in bioartificial tendons. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:5. [PMID: 35241113 PMCID: PMC8896085 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tenocytes as specialised fibroblasts and inherent cells of tendons require mechanical load for their homeostasis. However, how mechanical overload compared to physiological load impacts on the tenogenic differentiation potential of fibroblasts is largely unknown. Methods Three-dimensional bioartificial tendons (BATs) seeded with murine fibroblasts (cell line C3H10T1/2) were subjected to uniaxial sinusoidal elongation at either overload conditions (0–16%, Ø 8%) or physiological load (0–8%, Ø 4%). This regime was applied for 2 h a day at 0.1 Hz for 7 days. Controls were unloaded, but under static tension. Results Cell survival did not differ among overload, physiological load and control BATs. However, gene expression of tenogenic and extra-cellular matrix markers (Scx, Mkx, Tnmd, Col1a1 and Col3a1) was significantly decreased in overload versus physiological load and controls, respectively. In contrast, Mmp3 was significantly increased at overload compared to physiological load, and significantly decreased under physiological load compared to controls. Mkx and Tnmd were significantly increased in BATs subjected to physiological load compared to controls. Proinflammatory interleukin-6 showed increased protein levels comparing load (both over and physiological) versus unloaded controls. Alignment of the cytoskeleton in strain direction was decreased in overload compared to physiological load, while other parameters such as nuclear area, roundness or cell density were less affected. Conclusions Mechanical overload decreases tenogenic differentiation and increases ECM remodelling/inflammation in 3D-stimulated fibroblasts, whereas physiological load may induce opposite effects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13036-022-00283-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pentzold
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Britt Wildemann
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
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16
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Marqueti RDC, Kjaer M, Moriscot AS. Editorial: Trends in Muscle and Tendon Molecular and Cell Biology. Front Physiol 2022; 12:832613. [PMID: 35185607 PMCID: PMC8851330 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.832613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia Marqueti
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rita de Cássia Marqueti ;
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg Frederiksberg, and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anselmo Sigari Moriscot
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Kim DK, Ahn J, Kim SA, Go EJ, Lee DH, Park SC, Shetty AA, Kim SJ. Improved Healing of Rabbit Patellar Tendon Defects After an Atelocollagen Injection. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:2924-2932. [PMID: 34343026 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patellar tendinopathy is a common cause of limitations in daily life activities in young and/or active people. The patellar tendon consists of a complex of collagen fibers; therefore, collagen could be used as a scaffold in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy. PURPOSE To evaluate the healing capacity of injected atelocollagen as a treatment scaffold for patellar tendon defect and, hence, its potential for the treatment of patellar tendinopathy. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS After receiving a full-thickness patellar tendon defect, 24 New Zealand White rabbits were divided into a control group (without treatment) and an experimental group that received an atelocollagen injection into the defect. Six rabbits from each group were subsequently used for either histologic scoring or biomechanical testing. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare histologic evaluation scores and load to failure between the 2 groups. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS The experimental group showed excellent repair of the damaged patellar tendon and good remodeling of the defective area. In contrast, the control group showed defective healing with loose, irregular matrix fibers and adipose tissue formation. A statistically significant difference was found between the 2 groups in both histologic scores and biomechanical tests at postoperative week 12. CONCLUSION Injection of atelocollagen significantly improved the regeneration of damaged patellar tendons. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Atelocollagen gel injections could be used to treat patellar tendinopathy in outpatient clinic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck Kyu Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Barosun Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Ahn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Ae Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Go
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Chan Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Asode Ananthram Shetty
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Social Care, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Seok Jung Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Maintenance of Ligament Homeostasis of Spheroid-Colonized Embroidered and Functionalized Scaffolds after 3D Stretch. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158204. [PMID: 34360970 PMCID: PMC8348491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are usually treated with autograft implantation to prevent knee instability. Tissue engineered ACL reconstruction is becoming promising to circumvent autograft limitations. The aim was to evaluate the influence of cyclic stretch on lapine (L) ACL fibroblasts on embroidered scaffolds with respect to adhesion, DNA and sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) contents, gene expression of ligament-associated extracellular matrix genes, such as type I collagen, decorin, tenascin C, tenomodulin, gap junctional connexin 43 and the transcription factor Mohawk. Control scaffolds and those functionalized by gas phase fluorination and cross-linked collagen foam were either pre-cultured with a suspension or with spheroids of LACL cells before being subjected to cyclic stretch (4%, 0.11 Hz, 3 days). Stretch increased significantly the scaffold area colonized with cells but impaired sGAGs and decorin gene expression (functionalized scaffolds seeded with cell suspension). Stretching increased tenascin C, connexin 43 and Mohawk but decreased decorin gene expression (control scaffolds seeded with cell suspension). Pre-cultivation of functionalized scaffolds with spheroids might be the more suitable method for maintaining ligamentogenesis in 3D scaffolds compared to using a cell suspension due to a significantly higher sGAG content in response to stretching and type I collagen gene expression in functionalized scaffolds.
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19
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Yang Y, Wu Y, Zhou K, Wu D, Yao X, Heng BC, Zhou J, Liu H, Ouyang H. Interplay of Forces and the Immune Response for Functional Tendon Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:657621. [PMID: 34150755 PMCID: PMC8213345 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.657621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon injury commonly occurs during sports activity, which may cause interruption or rapid decline in athletic career. Tensile strength, as one aspect of tendon biomechanical properties, is the main parameter of tendon function. Tendon injury will induce an immune response and cause the loss of tensile strength. Regulation of mechanical forces during tendon healing also changes immune response to improve regeneration. Here, the effects of internal/external forces and immune response on tendon regeneration are reviewed. The interaction between immune response and internal/external forces during tendon regeneration is critically examined and compared, in relation to other tissues. In conclusion, it is essential to maintain a fine balance between internal/external forces and immune response, to optimize tendon functional regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Yang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yicong Wu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Central Laboratories, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
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20
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Eichinger JF, Haeusel LJ, Paukner D, Aydin RC, Humphrey JD, Cyron CJ. Mechanical homeostasis in tissue equivalents: a review. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:833-850. [PMID: 33683513 PMCID: PMC8154823 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that growth and remodeling of load bearing soft biological tissues is to a large extent controlled by mechanical factors. Mechanical homeostasis, which describes the natural tendency of such tissues to establish, maintain, or restore a preferred mechanical state, is thought to be one mechanism by which such control is achieved across multiple scales. Yet, many questions remain regarding what promotes or prevents homeostasis. Tissue equivalents, such as collagen gels seeded with living cells, have become an important tool to address these open questions under well-defined, though limited, conditions. This article briefly reviews the current state of research in this area. It summarizes, categorizes, and compares experimental observations from the literature that focus on the development of tension in tissue equivalents. It focuses primarily on uniaxial and biaxial experimental studies, which are well-suited for quantifying interactions between mechanics and biology. The article concludes with a brief discussion of key questions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas F Eichinger
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Continuum and Materials Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lea J Haeusel
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Paukner
- Institute of Continuum and Materials Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Roland C Aydin
- Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Christian J Cyron
- Institute of Continuum and Materials Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany.
- Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
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21
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Xu P, Deng B, Zhang B, Luo Q, Song G. Stretch-Induced Tenomodulin Expression Promotes Tenocyte Migration via F-Actin and Chromatin Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4928. [PMID: 34066472 PMCID: PMC8124537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanosensitive gene tenomodulin (Tnmd) is implicated in tendon maturation and repair. However, the mechanism by which mechanical loading regulates Tnmd's expression and its role in tenocyte migration is yet to be defined. Here, we show that Tnmd and migration were upregulated in uniaxial cyclic stress-stimulated tenocytes. The knockdown of Tnmd reduced cell migration in the presence and absence of mechanical loading, suggesting that Tnmd is involved in tenocyte migration. Moreover, the treatment of stress-stimulated tenocytes with the actin inhibitor latrunculin (Lat A), histone acetyltransferase inhibitor anacardic acid (ANA), or histone demethylases inhibitor GSK-J4 suppressed Tnmd expression and tenocyte migration. These results show that actin stress fiber formation and chromatin decondensation regulates Tnmd expression, which might then regulate tenocyte migration. Thus, this study proposes the involvement of the actin and chromatin mechanotransduction pathway in the regulation of Tnmd and reveals a novel role of Tnmd in tenocyte migration. The identification of Tnmd function in tenocyte migration provides insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in Tnmd-mediated tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (P.X.); (B.D.); (Q.L.)
| | - Bin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (P.X.); (B.D.); (Q.L.)
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, College of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China;
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (P.X.); (B.D.); (Q.L.)
| | - Guanbin Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (P.X.); (B.D.); (Q.L.)
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22
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Rinoldi C, Kijeńska-Gawrońska E, Khademhosseini A, Tamayol A, Swieszkowski W. Fibrous Systems as Potential Solutions for Tendon and Ligament Repair, Healing, and Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001305. [PMID: 33576158 PMCID: PMC8048718 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tendon and ligament injuries caused by trauma and degenerative diseases are frequent and affect diverse groups of the population. Such injuries reduce musculoskeletal performance, limit joint mobility, and lower people's comfort. Currently, various treatment strategies and surgical procedures are used to heal, repair, and restore the native tissue function. However, these strategies are inadequate and, in some cases, fail to re-establish the lost functionality. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches aim to overcome these disadvantages by stimulating the regeneration and formation of neotissues. Design and fabrication of artificial scaffolds with tailored mechanical properties are crucial for restoring the mechanical function of tendons. In this review, the tendon and ligament structure, their physiology, and performance are presented. On the other hand, the requirements are focused for the development of an effective reconstruction device. The most common fiber-based scaffolding systems are also described for tendon and ligament tissue regeneration like strand fibers, woven, knitted, braided, and braid-twisted fibrous structures, as well as electrospun and wet-spun constructs, discussing critically the advantages and limitations of their utilization. Finally, the potential of multilayered systems as the most effective candidates for tendon and ligaments tissue engineering is pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rinoldi
- Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 02-507, Poland
| | - Ewa Kijeńska-Gawrońska
- Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 02-507, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 02-822, Poland
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Radiology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 02-507, Poland
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Tohidnezhad M, Zander J, Slowik A, Kubo Y, Dursun G, Willenberg W, Zendedel A, Kweider N, Stoffel M, Pufe T. Impact of Uniaxial Stretching on Both Gliding and Traction Areas of Tendon Explants in a Novel Bioreactor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082925. [PMID: 32331279 PMCID: PMC7215532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of mechanical stress on cells and their extracellular matrix, especially in gliding sections of tendon, are still poorly understood. This study sought to compare the effects of uniaxial stretching on both gliding and traction areas in the same tendon. Flexor digitorum longus muscle tendons explanted from rats were subjected to stretching in a bioreactor for 6, 24, or 48 h, respectively, at 1 Hz and an amplitude of 2.5%. After stimulation, marker expression was quantified by histological and immunohistochemical staining in both gliding and traction areas. We observed a heightened intensity of scleraxis after 6 and 24 h of stimulation in both tendon types, though it had declined again 48 h after stimulation. We observed induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -13 protein expression in both tendon types. The bioreactor produced an increase in the mechanical structural strength of the tendon during the first half of the loading time and a decrease during the latter half. Uniaxial stretching of flexor tendon in our set-up can serve as an overloading model. A combination of mechanical and histological data allows us to improve the conditions for cultivating tendon tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mersedeh Tohidnezhad
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.Z.); (Y.K.); (N.K.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-241-80-89550; Fax: +49-241-80-82431
| | - Johanna Zander
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.Z.); (Y.K.); (N.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Yusuke Kubo
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.Z.); (Y.K.); (N.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Gözde Dursun
- Institute of General Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (G.D.); (W.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Wolfgang Willenberg
- Institute of General Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (G.D.); (W.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Nisreen Kweider
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.Z.); (Y.K.); (N.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Marcus Stoffel
- Institute of General Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (G.D.); (W.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.Z.); (Y.K.); (N.K.); (T.P.)
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