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Zhao J, Lu F, Dong Z. Strategies for Constructing Tissue-Engineered Fat for Soft Tissue Regeneration. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:395-408. [PMID: 38032533 PMCID: PMC10987464 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repairing soft tissue defects caused by inflammation, tumors, and trauma remains a major challenge for surgeons. Adipose tissue engineering (ATE) provides a promising way to solve this problem. METHODS This review summarizes the current ATE strategies for soft tissue reconstruction, and introduces potential construction methods for ATE. RESULTS Scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies are the two main approaches in ATE. Although several of these methods have been effective clinically, both scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies have limitations. The third strategy is a synergistic tissue engineering strategy and combines the advantages of scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies. CONCLUSION Personalized construction, stable survival of reconstructed tissues and functional recovery of organs are future goals of building tissue-engineered fat for ATE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Plastic Surgery Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ziqing Dong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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Mohammadyari F, Parvin S, Khorvash M, Amini A, Behzadi A, HajEbrahimi R, Kasaei F, Olangian-Tehrani S. Acellular dermal matrix in reconstructive surgery: Applications, benefits, and cost. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1133806. [PMID: 38993878 PMCID: PMC11235262 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1133806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Modern tissue engineering has made substantial advancements that have revolutionized plastic surgery. Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is an example that has gained considerable attention recently. ADM can be made from humans, bovines, or porcine tissues. ADM acts as a scaffold that incorporates into the recipient tissue. It is gradually infiltrated by fibroblasts and vascularized. Fortunately, many techniques have been used to remove cellular and antigenic components from ADM to minimize immune system rejection. ADM is made of collagen, fibronectin, elastin, laminin, glycosaminoglycans, and hyaluronic acid. It is used in critical wounds (e.g., diabetic wounds) to protect soft tissue and accelerate wound healing. It is also used in implant-based breast reconstruction surgery to improve aesthetic outcomes and reduce capsule contracture risk. ADM has also gained attention in abdominal and chest wall defects. Some studies have shown that ADM is associated with less erosion and infection in abdominal hernias than synthetic meshes. However, its higher cost prevents it from being commonly used in hernia repair. Also, using ADM in tendon repair (e.g., Achilles tendon) has been associated with increased stability and reduced rejection rate. Despite its advantages, ADM might result in complications such as hematoma, seroma, necrosis, and infection. Moreover, ADM is expensive, making it an unsuitable option for many patients. Finally, the literature on ADM is insufficient, and more research on the results of ADM usage in surgeries is needed. This article aims to review the literature regarding the application, Benefits, and costs of ADM in reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sadaf Parvin
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Khorvash
- School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhasan Amini
- School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | | | - Fatemeh Kasaei
- School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sepehr Olangian-Tehrani
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Avicennet, Tehran, Iran
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Huang X, Ding Y, Pan W, Lu L, Jin R, Liang X, Chang M, Wang Y, Luo X. A Comparative Study on Two Types of Porcine Acellular Dermal Matrix Sponges Prepared by Thermal Crosslinking and Thermal-Glutaraldehyde Crosslinking Matrix Microparticles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:938798. [PMID: 35992352 PMCID: PMC9388789 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.938798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Common commercial porcine acellular dermal matrix (PADM) products take the form of a thin membrane. Given its dense structure, delaying vascularization after implantation remains an issue to be solved. In addition, overlaying multiple sheets to address deep wounds and large tissue defects that are difficult to repair by self-tissues could hinder tissue ingrowth, angiogenesis, and integration. Here, we creatively prepared PADM microparticles through a homogenizing treatment and crosslinked them to ADM sponges by thermal crosslinking (VT-ADM) and thermal-glutaraldehyde crosslinking (GA-ADM). The resulting VT-ADM was thicker than GA-ADM, and both maintained the natural dermal matrix microstructure and thermal stability. The porosity of GA-ADM (mean 82%) was lower than that of VT-ADM (mean 90.2%), but the mechanical strength and hydrophilicity were significantly higher. The two types of ADM sponges showed no obvious difference in cell adhesion and proliferation without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the human adipose stem cells were co-cultured with ADM sponges which promoted proliferation, tube formation, and migration of endothelial cells, and the GA-ADM group exhibited better migration behavior. There were no markable differences among expressions of pro-angiogenesis genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, and epidermal growth factor. In a nude mouse model, the VT-ADM and GA-ADM pre-cultured with human adipose stem cells for 1 week in advance were implanted subcutaneously. The VT-ADM and the GA-ADM showed great histocompatibility without local redness, swelling, or necrosis. The vascular density of the local skin flap above the material was visualized using indocyanine green and showed no statistical difference between the two groups. The collagen tissue deposition in the pores and vessel formation within the sponges increased with time. Although VT-ADM had a higher degradation rate in vivo, the integrity of the two scaffolds was preserved. Collectively, the VT-ADM and the GA-ADM retained a natural matrix structure and presented biocompatibility. Thus, the above-mentioned two crosslinking methods for ADM sponges are safe and practicable. The novel ADM sponges with good physicochemical and biological properties are no longer limited to membrane tissue regeneration but could also realize structure remodeling where they act as scaffolds for a soft tissue filler and three-dimensional reconstruction of the tissue with strength requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqian Pan
- Jiangsu Unitrump Biomedical Technology Co.,Ltd., Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Jin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengling Chang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinmin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yinmin Wang, ; Xusong Luo,
| | - Xusong Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yinmin Wang, ; Xusong Luo,
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4
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Huang X, Zhu Z, Lu L, Jin R, Sun D, Luo X. Frozen bean curd-inspired Xenogeneic acellular dermal matrix with triple pretreatment approach of freeze-thaw, laser drilling and ADSCs pre-culture for promoting early vascularization and integration. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac053. [PMID: 35974951 PMCID: PMC9375572 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Xenogeneic acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is widely used in clinical practice given its good biocompatibility and biomechanical properties. Yet, its dense structure remains a hindrance. Incorporation of laser drilling and pre-culture with Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been attempted to promote early vascularization and integration, but the results were not ideal. Inspired by the manufacturing procedure of frozen bean curd, we proposed a freeze-thaw treatment to enhance the porosity of ADM. We found that the ADM treated with -80°C3R+-30°C3R had the largest disorder of stratified plane arrangement (deviation angle 28.6%) and the largest porosity (96%), making it an optimal approach. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells on freeze-thaw treated ADM demonstrated increased expression in Tie-2 and CD105 genes, proliferation, and tube formation in vitro compared with those on ADM. Combining freeze-thaw with laser drilling and pre-culture with ADSCs, such tri-treatment improved the gene expression of pro-angiogenic factors including IGF-1, EGF, and VEGF, promoted tube formation, increased cell infiltration, and accelerated vascularization soon after implantation. Overall, freeze-thaw is an effective method for optimizing the internal structure of ADM, and tri-treatments may yield clinical significance by promoting early cell infiltration, vascularization, and integration with surrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, , Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, , Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lin Lu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rui Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Di Sun
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xusong Luo
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, , Shanghai, PR China
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Chen Y, Liu X, Zheng X, Huang X, Dan W, Li Z, Dan N, Wang Y. Advances on the modification and biomedical applications of acellular dermal matrices. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-022-00093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAcellular dermal matrix (ADM) is derived from natural skin by removing the entire epidermis and the cell components of dermis, but retaining the collagen components of dermis. It can be used as a therapeutic alternative to “gold standard” tissue grafts and has been widely used in many surgical fields, since it possesses affluent predominant physicochemical and biological characteristics that have attracted the attention of researchers. Herein, the basic science of biologics with a focus on ADMs is comprehensively described, the modification principles and technologies of ADM are discussed, and the characteristics of ADMs and the evidence behind their use for a variety of reconstructive and prosthetic purposes are reviewed. In addition, the advances in biomedical applications of ADMs and the common indications for use in reconstructing and repairing wounds, maintaining homeostasis in the filling of a tissue defect, guiding tissue regeneration, and delivering cells via grafts in surgical applications are thoroughly analyzed. This review expectedly promotes and inspires the emergence of natural raw collagen-based materials as an advanced substitute biomaterial to autologous tissue transplantation.
Graphical Abstract
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Zhu Z, Guo L, Yeltai N, Xu H, Zhang Y. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2-enhanced adipogenesis and angiogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cell and human umbilical vein endothelial cell co-culture system in adipose tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 16:163-176. [PMID: 34811942 DOI: 10.1002/term.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) co-cultured in vitro are widely used in adipose tissue engineering but exhibit various limitations. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) has been proved essential during adipogenesis and angiogenesis in vivo. We examined whether adipogenesis and angiogenesis could also be directly promoted by CCL2 in vitro. Cells were cultured with 0, 10, 50, and 100 ng/ml CCL2. The effects of CCL2 on adipogenesis of hADSCs, and lipid accumulation in the positive control group (hADSCs), blank control group (hADSCs + HUVECs), and experimental group (hADSCs + HUVECs + CCL2) in the hADSC and HUVEC direct co-culture system were evaluated by Oil Red O staining. Angiogenesis in the presence of CCL2 was evaluated by Matrigel tube formation assay. Angiogenic- and adipogenic-associated gene and protein expression in the co-culture system were measured by Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction and western blotting, respectively. All concentrations of CCL2 promoted hADSC adipogenic differentiation and HUVEC tube formation (P < 0.05). Following direct co-culture, the experimental group accumulated more lipid droplets than the positive control (P < 0.0001), whereas the latter showed better adipogenesis than the blank control group. 50 ng/ml CCL2 exhibited stronger adipogenic and angiogenic potential than other concentrations. After 72 h of direct co-culture, the mRNA expression of adipogenic differentiation (peroxisome proliferators-activated receptorsγ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, Leptin, and lipoprotein lipase) and angiogenic genes (vascular endothelial growth factor-A, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, matrix metalloprotein (MMP) 9, and 14) in the experimental group was much higher than in the control (P < 0.05). The addition of 50 ng/ml CCL2 in the system resulted in elevated phosphorylated Protein kinase B/AKT expression. In summary, CCL2 directly promoted adipogenesis of hADSCs and angiogenesis of HUVECs under both mono-culture and co-culture condition in vitro possibly by enhancing AKT phosphorylation. An optimal concentration of 50 ng/ml CCL2 could improve the adipogenesis and angiogenesis of hADSC and HUVEC co-culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Linxiumei Guo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Nurzat Yeltai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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Yuan Z, Zhu Z, Zhu F, Ding F, Wang Y, Wang X, Luo X, Yang J, Liu F, Sun D. Impact of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells on dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans cells in an indirect co-culture: an in vitro study. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:440. [PMID: 34362454 PMCID: PMC8344160 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous adipose tissue transfer may be performed for aesthetic needs following the resection of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), the most common cutaneous soft tissue sarcoma, excluding Kaposi sarcoma. The regenerative effectiveness of cell-assisted lipotransfer is dependent on the presence of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs). This is the first study to evaluate the potential oncological risks as ADSCs could unintentionally be sited within the proximity of the tumor microenvironment of DFSP cells. METHODS Primary DFSP cells were indirectly co-cultured with ADSCs in a conditioned medium or in a Transwell system. The impact was analyzed by assessing proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and tumor-associated genes and proteins. Results of these assays were compared between co-culture and mono-culture conditions. RESULTS Our experimental results showed that ADSCs were able to promote proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of DFSP cells; this was accompanied by a significant increase in the expression levels of beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor, collagen type I alpha 1 chain, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. CONCLUSIONS The current report clearly demonstrates that ADSCs can enhance different malignant properties of DFSP cells in vitro, which should not be neglected when considering the clinical use of human ADSCs and its related derivatives in skin regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Yuan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Fangxing Zhu
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Feixue Ding
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yinmin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xusong Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Di Sun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Lai C, Song G, Pan B, Zhao B, Wang H, Tian D, Zhao J, Du L, Guo X, Jin X, Zong X. What happens to an acellular scar matrix after implantation in vivo? A histological and related molecular biology study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 16:015001. [PMID: 33245056 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abb5e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that scar acellular matrices (AMs), which allow cell proliferation, have similar characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate the repair effect of scar AMs on animals, thus providing a reference for clinical application. Selected mature and immature scar AMs were implanted into animals, and then a negative control group was set for comparison. The effect of scar AMs on wound healing was observed through tissue staining, RT-qPCR, and immunohistochemistry. The materials showed milder inflammation and faster extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition than the negative control group. The ECM deposition and new vessels increased over time. However, the arrangement of ECM in mature scar AM was more regular than in immature scar AM and the negative control group, and more new vessels grew in the mature scar AM group than in the immature scar AM group and negative control group over the same period. The transforming growth factor-β level was elevated at one month, two months, and six months. COLA1 and vimentin levels all peaked at six months. Matrix metalloproteinase and TIMP1 were also elevated at different months. Collectively, scar AMs can effectively promote wound healing and vascularization. Mature scar AMs have a better regeneration effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhi Lai
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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