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Wang K, Li J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Qin Y, Yang F, Zhang M, Zhu H, Li Z. Orchestrated cellular, biochemical, and biomechanical optimizations endow platelet-rich plasma-based engineered cartilage with structural and biomechanical recovery. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3824-3838. [PMID: 33937588 PMCID: PMC8065202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, biomaterials for cartilage regeneration has been intensively investigated. However, the development of scaffolds that capture regenerated cartilage with biomechanical and structural recovery has rarely been reported. To address this challenge, platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-based cartilage constructs with a well-orchestrated symphony of cellular, biochemical and biomechanical elements were prepared by simultaneously employing chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPCs) as a cell source, optimizing platelet concentration, and adding an enzyme-ion activator. It was shown that this triple-optimized PRP + CPC construct possessed increased biomechanical properties and suitable biochemical signals. The following in vitro study demonstrated that the triple-optimized PRP + CPC constructs generated cartilage-like tissue with higher expression levels of chondrogenic-specific markers, more deposition of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix (ECM), and greater biomechanical values than those of the other constructs. Twelve weeks after the construct was implanted in a cartilage defect in vivo, histological analysis, qPCR, and biomechanical tests collectively showed that the triple-optimized constructs yielded a more chondrocyte-like cell phenotype with a higher synthesis of Col-II and aggrecan. More importantly, the triple-optimized constructs facilitated cartilage regeneration with better biomechanical recovery than that of the other constructs. These results demonstrate the efficacy of the triple-optimization strategy and highlight the simplicity and potency of this PRP + CPC construct for cartilage regeneration. Cartilage tissue engineering has been intensively investigated. We designed a PRP-based construct with favorable cell source, reinforced scaffold and appropriate biofactors. This designed construct can facilitate cartilage regeneration with biomechanical and structural recovery simultaneously. The favorable performance of the proposed scaffolds highlights the triple-optimization strategy to improve cartilage engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Foot and Ankle, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhang
- Department of Foot and Ankle, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Heng Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine/Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Haidian, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhongli Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian, Beijing, 100853, China
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Lawson TB, Mäkelä JTA, Klein T, Snyder BD, Grinstaff MW. Nanotechnology and osteoarthritis; part 1: Clinical landscape and opportunities for advanced diagnostics. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:465-472. [PMID: 32827322 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease of the entire joint, often triggered by cartilage injury, mediated by a cascade of inflammatory pathways involving a complex interplay among metabolic, genetic, and enzymatic factors that alter the biochemical composition, microstructure, and biomechanical performance. Clinically, OA is characterized by degradation of the articular cartilage, thickening of the subchondral bone, inflammation of the synovium, and degeneration of ligaments that in aggregate reduce joint function and diminish quality of life. OA is the most prevalent joint disease, affecting 140 million people worldwide; these numbers are only expected to increase, concomitant with societal and financial burden of care. We present a two-part review encompassing the applications of nanotechnology to the diagnosis and treatment of OA. Herein, part 1 focuses on OA treatment options and advancements in nanotechnology for the diagnosis of OA and imaging of articular cartilage, while part 2 (10.1002/jor.24842) summarizes recent advances in drug delivery, tissue scaffolds, and gene therapy for the treatment of OA. Specifically, part 1 begins with a concise review of the clinical landscape of OA, along with current diagnosis and treatments. We next review nanoparticle contrast agents for minimally invasive detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of OA via magnetic resonace imaging, computed tomography, and photoacoustic imaging techniques as well as for probes for cell tracking. We conclude by identifying opportunities for nanomedicine advances, and future prospects for imaging and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor B Lawson
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Orthopaedics Research Department, Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janne T A Mäkelä
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Travis Klein
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brian D Snyder
- Orthopaedics Research Department, Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Filali S, Pirot F, Miossec P. Biological Applications and Toxicity Minimization of Semiconductor Quantum Dots. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:163-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Deng C, Xu C, Zhou Q, Cheng Y. Advances of nanotechnology in osteochondral regeneration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 11:e1576. [PMID: 31329375 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades, nanotechnology has proven to be one of the most powerful engineering strategies. The nanotechnologies for osteochondral tissue engineering aim to restore the anatomical structures and physiological functions of cartilage, subchondral bone, and osteochondral interface. As subchondral bone and articular cartilage have different anatomical structures and the physiological functions, complete healing of osteochondral defects remains a great challenge. Considering the limitation of articular cartilage to self-healing and the complexity of osteochondral tissue, osteochondral defects are in urgently need for new therapeutic strategies. This review article will concentrate on the most recent advancements of nanotechnologies, which facilitates chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation for osteochondral regeneration. Moreover, this review will also discuss the current strategies and physiological challenges for the regeneration of osteochondral tissue. Specifically, we will summarize the latest developments of nanobased scaffolds for simultaneously regenerating subchondral bone and articular cartilage tissues. Additionally, perspectives of nanotechnology in osteochondral tissue engineering will be highlighted. This review article provides a comprehensive summary of the latest trends in cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration, paving the way for nanotechnologies in osteochondral tissue engineering. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuijun Deng
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sugaya H, Mishima H, Gao R, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R, Aoto K, Li M, Yoshioka T, Ogawa T, Ochiai N, Yamazaki M. Fate of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells following autologous transplantation in a rabbit model of osteonecrosis. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:198-204. [PMID: 26794712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Internalizing quantum dots (i-QDs) are a useful tool for tracking cells in vivo in models of tissue regeneration. We previously synthesized i-QDs by conjugating QDs with a unique internalizing antibody against a heat shock protein 70 family stress chaperone. In the present study, i-QDs were used to label rabbit mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that were then transplanted into rabbits to assess differentiation potential in an osteonecrosis model. METHODS The i-QDs were taken up by bone marrow-derived MSCs collected from the iliac of 12-week-old Japanese white rabbits that were positive for cluster of differentiation (CD)81 and negative for CD34 and human leukocyte antigen DR. The average rate of i-QD internalization was 93.3%. At 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks after transplantation, tissue repair was evaluated histologically and by epifluorescence and electron microscopy. RESULTS The i-QDs were detected at the margins of the drill holes and in the necrotized bone trabecular. There was significant colocalization of the i-QD signal in transplanted cells and markers of osteoblast and mineralization at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-transplantation, while i-QDs were detected in areas of mineralization at 12 and 24 weeks post-transplantation. Moreover, i-QDs were observed in osteoblasts in regenerated tissue by electron microscopy, demonstrating that the tissue was derived from transplanted cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that transplanted MSCs can differentiate into osteoblasts and induce tissue repair in an osteonecrosis model and can be tracked over the long term by i-QD labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Sugaya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hajime Mishima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Ran Gao
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sunil C Kaul
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Aoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshioka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ogawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Ochiai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamazaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Solorio LD, Phillips LM, McMillan A, Cheng CW, Dang PN, Samorezov JE, Yu X, Murphy WL, Alsberg E. Spatially organized differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells within biphasic microparticle-incorporated high cell density osteochondral tissues. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2306-13. [PMID: 26371790 PMCID: PMC4638379 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Giving rise to both bone and cartilage during development, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) have the unique capacity to generate the complex tissues of the osteochondral interface. Utilizing a scaffold-free hMSC system, biphasic osteochondral constructs are incorporated with two types of growth factor-releasing microparticles to enable spatially organized differentiation. Gelatin microspheres (GM) releasing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) combined with hMSC form the chondrogenic phase. The osteogenic phase contains hMSC only, mineral-coated hydroxyapatite microparticles (MCM), or MCM loaded with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), cultured in medium with or without BMP-2. After 4 weeks, TGF-β1 release from GM within the cartilage phase promotes formation of a glycosaminoglycan- and type II collagen-rich matrix, and has a local inhibitory effect on osteogenesis. In the osteogenic phase, type X collagen and osteopontin are produced in all conditions. However, calcification occurs on the outer edges of the chondrogenic phase in some constructs cultured in media containing BMP-2, and alkaline phosphatase levels are elevated, indicating that BMP-2 releasing MCM provides better control over region-specific differentiation. The production of complex, stem cell-derived osteochondral tissues via incorporated microparticles could enable earlier implantation, potentially improving outcomes in the treatment of osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loran D. Solorio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Lauren M. Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Alexandra McMillan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Christina W. Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Phuong N. Dang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Julia E. Samorezov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - William L. Murphy
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA, AO Foundation Collaborative Research Center, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos, 7270, Switzerland
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA, AO Foundation Collaborative Research Center, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos, 7270, Switzerland, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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Murata D, Tokunaga S, Tamura T, Kawaguchi H, Miyoshi N, Fujiki M, Nakayama K, Misumi K. A preliminary study of osteochondral regeneration using a scaffold-free three-dimensional construct of porcine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Surg Res 2015; 10:35. [PMID: 25890366 PMCID: PMC4389925 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-015-0173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major joint disease in humans and many other animals. Consequently, medical countermeasures for OA have been investigated diligently. This study was designed to examine the regeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone using three-dimensional (3D) constructs of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs). METHODS AT-MSCs were isolated and expanded until required for genetical and immunological analysis and construct creation. A construct consisting of about 760 spheroids that each contained 5.0 × 10(4) autologous AT-MSCs was implanted into an osteochondral defect (diameter: 4 mm; depth: 6 mm) created in the femoral trochlear groove of two adult microminipigs. After implantation, the defects were monitored by computed tomography every month for 6 months in animal no. 1 and 12 months in animal no. 2. RESULTS AT-MSCs were confirmed to express the premature genes and to be positive for CD90 and CD105 and negative for CD34 and CD45. Under specific nutrient conditions, the AT-MSCs differentiated into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages, as evidenced by the expressions of related marker genes and the production of appropriate matrix molecules. A radiopaque area emerged from the boundary between the bone and the implant and increased more steadily upward and inward for the implants in both animal no. 1 and animal no. 2. The histopathology of the implants after 6 months revealed active endochondral ossification underneath the plump fibrocartilage in animal no. 1. The histopathology after 12 months in animal no. 2 showed not only that the diminishing fibrocartilage was as thick as the surrounding normal cartilage but also that massive subchondral bone was present. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that implantation of a scaffold-free 3D construct of AT-MSCs into an osteochondral defect may induce regeneration of the original structure of the cartilage and subchondral bone over the course of 1 year, although more experimental cases are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Murata
- Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 21-24 Korimoto 1-chome, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Tokunaga
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 21-24 Korimoto 1-chome, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Tamura
- Cyfuse Biomedical K.K., 1-1 Maidashi 3-chome, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- Veterinary Pathology, Department of Pathological and Preventive Sciences, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 21-24 Korimoto 1-chome, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Noriaki Miyoshi
- Veterinary Pathology, Department of Pathological and Preventive Sciences, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 21-24 Korimoto 1-chome, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Makoto Fujiki
- Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 21-24 Korimoto 1-chome, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Koichi Nakayama
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjyo 1-chome, Honjyo-cho, Saga, 840-8502, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Misumi
- Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 21-24 Korimoto 1-chome, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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Sato K, Itoh T, Kato T, Kitamura Y, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R, Sato F, Ohneda O. Serum-free isolation and culture system to enhance the proliferation and bone regeneration of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:515-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mamidi MK, Dutta S, Bhonde R, Das AK, Pal R. Allogeneic and autologous mode of stem cell transplantation in regenerative medicine: Which way to go? Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:787-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Trachtenberg JE, Vo TN, Mikos AG. Pre-clinical characterization of tissue engineering constructs for bone and cartilage regeneration. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:681-96. [PMID: 25319726 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pre-clinical animal models play a crucial role in the translation of biomedical technologies from the bench top to the bedside. However, there is a need for improved techniques to evaluate implanted biomaterials within the host, including consideration of the care and ethics associated with animal studies, as well as the evaluation of host tissue repair in a clinically relevant manner. This review discusses non-invasive, quantitative, and real-time techniques for evaluating host-materials interactions, quality and rate of neotissue formation, and functional outcomes of implanted biomaterials for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Specifically, a comparison will be presented for pre-clinical animal models, histological scoring systems, and non-invasive imaging modalities. Additionally, novel technologies to track delivered cells and growth factors will be discussed, including methods to directly correlate their release with tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Trachtenberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS 142, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX, 77251-1892, USA
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Wang Y, Yuan M, Guo QY, Lu SB, Peng J. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treating Articular Cartilage Defects and Osteoarthritis. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1661-78. [PMID: 25197793 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x683485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage and osteoarthritis are the most common joint diseases. Joints are prone to damage caused by sports injuries or aging, and such damage regularly progresses to more serious joint disorders, including osteoarthritis, which is a degenerative disease characterized by the thinning and eventual wearing out of articular cartilage, ultimately leading to joint destruction. Osteoarthritis affects millions of people worldwide. Current approaches to repair of articular cartilage damage include mosaicplasty, microfracture, and injection of autologous chondrocytes. These treatments relieve pain and improve joint function, but the long-term results are unsatisfactory. The long-term success of cartilage repair depends on development of regenerative methodologies that restore articular cartilage to a near-native state. Two promising approaches are (i) implantation of engineered constructs of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-seeded scaffolds, and (ii) delivery of an appropriate population of MSCs by direct intra-articular injection. MSCs may be used as trophic producers of bioactive factors initiating regenerative activities in a defective joint. Current challenges in MSC therapy are the need to overcome current limitations in cartilage cell purity and to in vitro engineer tissue structures exhibiting the required biomechanical properties. This review outlines the current status of MSCs used in cartilage tissue engineering and in cell therapy seeking to repair articular cartilage defects and related problems. MSC-based technologies show promise when used to repair cartilage defects in joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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de Vries-van Melle ML, Narcisi R, Kops N, Koevoet WJLM, Bos PK, Murphy JM, Verhaar JAN, van der Kraan PM, van Osch GJVM. Chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in an osteochondral environment is mediated by the subchondral bone. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:23-33. [PMID: 23980750 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In articular cartilage repair, cells that will be responsible for the formation of repair tissue are often exposed to an osteochondral environment. To study cartilage repair mechanisms in vitro, we have recently developed a bovine osteochondral biopsy culture model in which cartilage defects can be simulated reproducibly. Using this model, we now aimed at studying the chondrogenic potential of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) in an osteochondral environment. In contrast to standard in vitro chondrogenesis, it was found that supplementing transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) to culture medium was not required to induce chondrogenesis of hBMSCs in an osteochondral environment. hBMSC culture in defects created in osteochondral biopsies or in bone-only biopsies resulted in comparable levels of cartilage-related gene expression, whereas culture in cartilage-only biopsies did not induce chondrogenesis. Subcutaneous implantation in nude mice of osteochondral biopsies containing hBMSCs in osteochondral defects resulted in the formation of more cartilaginous tissue than hBMSCs in chondral defects. The subchondral bone secreted TGFβ; however, the observed results could not be attributed to TGFβ, as either capturing TGFβ with an antibody or blocking the canonical TGFβ signaling pathway did not result in significant changes in cartilage-related gene expression of hBMSCs in the osteochondral culture model. Inhibition of BMP signaling did not prevent chondrogenesis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that chondrogenesis of hBMSCs is induced by factors secreted from the bone. We have strong indications that this is not solely mediated by members of the TGFβ family but other, yet unknown, factors originating from the subchondral bone appeared to play a key role.
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Yoshioka T, Mishima H, Sakai S, Uemura T. Long-Term Results of Cartilage Repair after Allogeneic Transplantation of Cartilaginous Aggregates Formed from Bone Marrow-Derived Cells for Large Osteochondral Defects in Rabbit Knees. Cartilage 2013; 4:339-44. [PMID: 26069678 PMCID: PMC4297161 DOI: 10.1177/1947603513494003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of cartilage repair after allogeneic transplantation of cartilaginous aggregates formed from bone marrow-derived cells. METHODS Bone marrow cells were harvested from 12-day-old rabbits. The cells were subjected to a monolayer culture, and the spindle-shaped cells attached to the flask surface were defined as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells. After the monolayer culture, a 3-dimensional cartilaginous aggregate was formed using a bioreactor with chondrogenesis. We created osteochondral defects, measuring 5 mm in diameter and 4 mm in depth, at the femoral trochlea of 10-week-old rabbits. Two groups were established, the transplanted group in which the cartilaginous aggregate was transplanted into the defect, and the control group in which the defect was left untreated. Twenty-six and 52 weeks after surgery, the rabbits were sacrificed and their tissue repair status was evaluated macroscopically (International Cartilage Repair Society [ICRS] score) and histologically (O'Driscoll score). RESULTS The ICRS scores were as follows: at week 26, 7.2 ± 0.5 and 7.6 ± 0.8; at week 52, 7.6 ± 1.1 and 9.7 ± 0.7, for the transplanted and control groups, respectively. O'Driscoll scores were as follows: at week 26, 12.6 ± 1.9 and 10.1 ± 1.9; at week 52, 9.6 ± 3.0 and 14.0 ± 1.4, each for transplanted and control groups, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the groups. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that allogeneic transplantation of cartilaginous aggregates formed from bone marrow-derived cells produces comparable long-term results based on macroscopic and histological outcome measures when compared with osteochondral defects that are left untreated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Yoshioka
- Department of Rehabilitation, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hajime Mishima
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Ibaraki Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, Inashiki, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Uemura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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de Mel A, Oh JT, Ramesh B, Seifalian AM. Biofunctionalized quantum dots for live monitoring of stem cells: applications in regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2012; 7:335-47. [PMID: 22594327 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to live monitor the degree of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) integration onto tissue-engineering scaffolds by conjugating relevant antibodies to quantum dots (QDs). MATERIALS & METHODS Biocompatible mercaptosuccinic acid-coated QDs were functionalized with two different antibodies to EPC (CD133 with QDs of 640 nm wavelength [λ] and later-stage mature EPCs; and von Willebrand factor with QDs of λ595 and λ555 nm) using conventional carbomide and N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. Biofunctionalization was characterized with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Cell viability assays and gross morphology observations confirmed cytocompatibility and normal patterns of celluar growth. The antigens corresponding to each state of cell maturation were determined using a single excitation at λ488 nm. RESULTS The optimal concentrations of antibody-QD conjugates were biocompatible, hemocompatible and determined the state of EPC transformation to endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Antibody-functionalized QDs suggest new applications in tissue engineering of polymer-based implants where cell integration can potentially be monitored without requiring the sacrifice of implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achala de Mel
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Nishi M, Matsumoto R, Dong J, Uemura T. Engineered bone tissue associated with vascularization utilizing a rotating wall vessel bioreactor. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:421-7. [PMID: 22865391 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered bone has attracted much attention as an alternative material for bone grafting; however, implantable bone tissue of an appropriate size and shape for clinical use has not yet been developed due to a lack of vascularization, which results in necrosis of the seeded cells in vivo. This is the first report of bone tissue engineering associated with vascularization by co-culturing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with MSC-derived endothelial cells (ECs) within a porous scaffold using a rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor. MSC-derived ECs were identified by immunofluorescence staining for von Willebrand factor (vWF) and by flow cytometry for CD31 expression. The tissue obtained was histochemically analyzed using toluidin blue, hematoxylin and eosin, anti-osteopontin antibody, anti-osteocalcin antibody, and tomato-lectin stain. Results showed that bone tissue containing vascular-like structures was generated. Three-dimensional culture condition created by medium flow in the RWV vessel and the interaction of MSCs with MSC-derived ECs might provide the cells an advantage in the construction of three-dimensional bone tissue with blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Nishi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
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Comparative evaluation of MSCs from bone marrow and adipose tissue seeded in PRP-derived scaffold for cartilage regeneration. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7008-18. [PMID: 22818985 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (1) determine whether platelet-rich plasma (PRP) could be prepared as a bioactive scaffold capable of endogenous growth factor release for cartilage repair; (2) compare the chondrogenic differentiation ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow (BMSC) and from adipose (ADSC) seeded within the PRP scaffold; and (3) test the efficacy of ADSC-PRP construct in cartilage regeneration in vivo. In vitro evaluation showed that a 3-dimensional scaffold with a mesh-like microstructure was formed from PRP, with the capability of endogenous growth factor release and ready cell incorporation. Upon seeding in the PRP scaffold, BMSC showed higher proliferation rate, and higher expression of cartilage-specific genes and proteins than ADSC. In an osteochondral defect model in rabbits, implanted BMSC seeded within PRP scaffold also exhibited better gross appearance and histological and immunohistochemical characteristics, higher cartilage-specific gene and protein expression as well as subchondral bone regeneration. ADSC seeded constructs developed into functional chondrocytes secreting cartilaginous matrix in rabbits at 9 weeks post-implantation. Our findings suggest that PRP is a candidate bioactive scaffold capable of releasing endogenous growth factors and that BMSC and ADSC seeded within the PRP scaffold differentiate into chondrocytes and may be suitable for cell-based cartilage repair.
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