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Štefunková N, Greifová H, Jambor T, Tokárová K, Zuščíková L, Bažány D, Massányi P, Capcarová M, Lukáč N. Comparison of the Effect of BPA and Related Bisphenols on Membrane Integrity, Mitochondrial Activity, and Steroidogenesis of H295R Cells In Vitro. Life (Basel) 2023; 14:3. [PMID: 38276253 PMCID: PMC10821247 DOI: 10.3390/life14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disruptive chemical that is widely utilized in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resin, which are used to make a wide range of consumer products, food and drink containers, and medical equipment. When the potential risk of BPA emerged, it was substituted by allegedly less harmful substitutes such as bisphenols S, F, B, and AF. However, evidence suggests that all bisphenols can have endocrine-disruptive effects, while the extent of these effects is unknown. This study aimed to determine effect of BPA, BPAF, BPB, BPF, and BPS on viability and steroidogenesis in human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line in vitro. The cytotoxicity of bisphenols was shown to be considerable at higher doses. However, at low concentrations, it improved viability as well as steroid hormone secretion, indicating that bisphenols have a biphasic, hormetic effect in biological systems. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that bisphenols selectively inhibit some steroidogenic enzymes. These findings suggest that bisphenols have the potential to disrupt cellular steroidogenesis in humans, but substantially more detailed and systematic research is needed to gain a better understanding of the risks associated with bisphenols and their endocrine-disrupting effect on humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Štefunková
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia (P.M.)
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2
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Feng Y, Cui X, Yin J, Shao B. Chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants-induced mitochondrial abnormalities and the correlation with progesterone production in mLTC-1 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113432. [PMID: 36115506 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Environmental monitoring data have indicated that three chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants (Cl-OPFRs), including tris(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloropropyl)-phosphate (TCPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate (TDCPP) are the predominant chemicals in various environmental matrices and exhibit reproductive endocrine disrupting activities. Currently, mitochondrial abnormality is a new paradigm for evaluating chemical-mediated cell dysfunction. However, a comprehensive correlation between these two aspects of Cl-OPFRs remains unclear. In this research, the effects of TCEP, TCPP, and TDCPP on progesterone production and mitochondrial impairment were investigated by using mouse Leydig tumor cells (mLTC-1). The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values at 48 h exposure indicated that the rank order of anti-androgenic activity was TDCPP > TCPP. Whereas, TCEP exhibited elevation of progesterone production. At concentrations close to IC50 of progesterone production by TCPP and TDCPP, the elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reduction of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and alteration of mitochondrial structures was observed. In addition, the expression of main genes related to progesterone synthesis was dramatically down-regulated by TCPP and TDCPP treatments. These results imply that the inhibition effect of TCPP and TDCPP on progesterone production might be related to mitochondrial damage and down-regulated steroidogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Xia Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China.
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Yu Y, Xin X, Ma F, Li X, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Chen H, Li H, Ge RS. Bisphenol AF blocks Leydig cell regeneration from stem cells in male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118825. [PMID: 35026324 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, mainly from the manufacture and use of plastics. The use of BPA is restricted, and its new analogs (including bisphenol AF, BPAF) are being produced to replace it. However, the effect of BPAF on the male reproductive system remains unclear. Here, we report the effect of BPAF on Leydig cell regeneration in rats. Leydig cells were eliminated by ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS, i.p., 75 mg/kg) and the regeneration began 14 days after its treatment. We gavaged 0, 10, 100, and 200 mg/kg BPAF to rats on post-EDS day 7-28. BPAF significantly reduced serum testosterone and progesterone levels at ≧10 mg/kg. It markedly reduced serum levels of estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone at 100 and 200 mg/kg. BPAF significantly reduced Leydig cell number at 200 mg/kg. BPAF significantly down-regulated the expression of Cyp17a1 at doses of 10 mg/kg and higher and the expression of Insl3, Star, Hsd17b3, Hsd11b1 in Leydig cells at 100 and 200 mg/kg, while it induced a significant up-regulation of Fshr, Dhh, and Sox9 in Sertoli cells at 200 mg/kg. BPAF induced oxidative stress and reduced the level of SOD2 at 200 mg/kg. It induced apoptosis and autophagy by increasing the levels of BAX, LC3B, and BECLIN1 and lowering the levels of BCL2 and p62 at 100 and 200 mg/kg. It induced autophagy possibly via decreasing the phosphorylation of AKT1 and mTOR. BPAF also significantly induced ROS production and apoptosis at a concentration of 10 μM, and reduced testosterone synthesis in rat R2C Leydig cells at a concentration of 10 μM in vitro, but did not affect cell viability after 24 h of treatment. In conclusion, BPAF is a novel endocrine disruptor, inhibiting the regeneration of Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yige Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Xiu Xin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Haiqiong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
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Rahman MS, Adegoke EO, Pang MG. Drivers of owning more BPA. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126076. [PMID: 34004580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous environmental toxin worldwide. Despite the many studies documenting the toxicity of this substance, it remains a popular choice for consumer products. The internet, magazine articles, and newspaper reports are replete with tips on how to avoid BPA exposure, which mostly spread contradictory and often unscientific information. Therefore, based on a comprehensive search of the available biomedical literature, we summarized several confounding factors that may be directly or indirectly related to human BPA exposure. We found that the unique properties of BPA materials (i.e. low cost, light-weight, resistance to corrosion, and water/air-tightness), lack of personal health and hygiene education, fear of BPA-substitutes (with yet unknown risks), inappropriate production, processing, and marketing of materials containing BPA, as well as the state of regulatory guidance are influencing the increased exposure to BPA. Besides, we detailed the disparities between scientifically derived safe dosages of BPA and those designated as "safe" by government regulatory agencies. Therefore, in addition to providing a current assessment of the states of academic research, government policies, and consumer behaviors, we make several reasonable and actionable recommendations for limiting human exposure to BPA through improved labeling, science-based dosage limits, and public awareness campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saidur Rahman
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Elikanah Olusayo Adegoke
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Geol Pang
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Bisphenol analogs AF, S and F: Effects on functional characteristics of porcine granulosa cells. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 103:18-27. [PMID: 34019995 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to replace industrial functions of the restricted endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA), its structural analogs are increasingly employed without adequate assessment of their biological actions. Our study examined effects of the bisphenols AF (BPAF), S (BPS) and F (BPF), on functions of porcine ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) with the focus on viability, steroid production (10-9-10-4M), and expression of factors (10-9-10-5M) important for the follicle development: vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Cell viability was not impaired by the bisphenol analogs, except for the highest BPAF concentration (10-4M). While the lower concentrations of the bisphenols were without effect, each of them reduced follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced progesterone synthesis at the highest dose. Estradiol synthesis was sensitive to BPS, inhibitory effects of which were manifested from the concentration of 10-6M. Treatment of GCs with the selected bisphenol concentrations did not result in marked alterations in steroidogenic enzyme expression. Bisphenols did not significantly modulate VEGFA mRNA expression or output either under basal or FSH-stimulated conditions. BPF at 10-5M increased MMP9 expression in FSH-stimulated cells. FSH upregulated FOXO1 expression, however, none of the bisphenols significantly affected FOXO1 levels either in basal or in FSH-stimulated conditions. AHR mRNA expression remained unchanged after bisphenol treatment. Although the significant effects of BPAF, BPS and BPF appeared only at supraphysiological doses, the results obtained indicate that BPA analogs are not inert with regard to ovarian physiology.
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Rajkumar A, Luu T, Beal MA, Barton-Maclaren TS, Robaire B, Hales BF. Elucidation of the Effects of Bisphenol A and Structural Analogs on Germ and Steroidogenic Cells Using Single Cell High-Content Imaging. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:224-238. [PMID: 33501994 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns about the potential adverse effects of bisphenol A (BPA) have led to an increase in the use of replacements, yet the toxicity data for several of these chemicals are limited. Using high-content imaging, we compared the effects of BPA, BPAF, BPF, BPS, BPM, and BPTMC in germ (C18-4 spermatogonial) and steroidogenic (MA-10 Leydig and KGN granulosa) cell lines. Effects on cell viability and phenotypic markers were analyzed to determine benchmark concentrations (BMCs) and estimate administered equivalent doses (AEDs). In all 3 cell lines, BPA was one of the least cytotoxic bisphenol compounds tested, whereas BPM and BPTMC were the most cytotoxic. Interestingly, BPF and BPS were cytotoxic only in MA-10 cells. Effects on phenotypic parameters, including mitochondria, lysosomes, lipid droplets, and oxidative stress, were both bisphenol- and cell-line specific. BPA exposure affected mitochondria (BMC: 1.2 μM; AED: 0.09 mg/kg/day) in C18-4 cells. Lysosome numbers were increased in MA-10 cells exposed to BPA or BPAF but decreased in KGN cells exposed to BPAF or BPM. Lipid droplets were decreased in C18-4 cells exposed to BPF and in MA-10 cells exposed to BPTMC but increased in BPF, BPM, and BPTMC-exposed KGN cells. BPA and BPM exposure induced oxidative stress in MA-10 and KGN cells, respectively. In summary, structurally similar bisphenols displayed clear cell-line-specific differences in BMC and AED values for effects on cell viability and phenotypic endpoints. This approach, together with additional data on human exposure, may aid in the selection and prioritization of responsible replacements for BPA. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishankari Rajkumar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Trang Luu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Marc A Beal
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Tara S Barton-Maclaren
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Li X, Wen Z, Wang Y, Mo J, Zhong Y, Ge RS. Bisphenols and Leydig Cell Development and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:447. [PMID: 32849262 PMCID: PMC7411000 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, mainly from the production and use of plastics and the degradation of wastes related to industrial plastics. Evidence from laboratory animal and human studies supports the view that BPA has an endocrine disrupting effect on Leydig cell development and function. To better understand the adverse effects of BPA, we reviewed its role and mechanism by analyzing rodent data in vivo and in vitro and human epidemiological evidence. BPA has estrogen and anti-androgen effects, thereby destroying the development and function of Leydig cells and causing related reproductive diseases such as testicular dysgenesis syndrome, delayed puberty, and subfertility/infertility. Due to the limitation of BPA production, the increased use of BPA analogs has also attracted attention to these new chemicals. They may share actions and mechanisms similar to or different from BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zina Wen
- Chengdu Xi'nan Gynecology Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Mo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Chengdu Xi'nan Gynecology Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Zhong
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Ren-Shan Ge
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Barbagallo F, Condorelli RA, Mongioì LM, Cannarella R, Aversa A, Calogero AE, La Vignera S. Effects of Bisphenols on Testicular Steroidogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:373. [PMID: 32714277 PMCID: PMC7344146 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the adverse effects of human exposure to the so-called "endocrine disruptors" have been a matter of scientific debate and public attention. Bisphenols are synthetic chemicals, widely used in the manufacture of hard plastic products. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the best-known environmental toxicants proven to alter the reproductive function in men and to cause other health problems. Consumer concern resulted in "BPA free" products and in the development of bisphenol analogs (BPA-A) to replace BPA in many applications. However, these other bisphenol derivatives seem to have effects similar to those of BPA. Although a number of reviews have summarized the effects of BPA on human reproduction, the purpose of this article is to review the effects of bisphenols on testicular steroidogenesis and to explore their mechanisms of action. Testicular steroidogenesis is a fine-regulated process, and its main product, testosterone (T), has a crucial role in fetal development and maturation and in adulthood for the maintenance of secondary sexual function and spermatogenesis. Contradictory outcomes of both human and animal studies on the effects of BPA on steroid hormone levels may be related to various factors that include study design, dosage of BPA used in in vitro studies, timing and route of exposure, and other confounding factors. We described the main possible molecular target of bisphenols on this complex pathway. We report that Leydig cells (LCs), the steroidogenic testicular component, are highly sensitive to BPA and several mechanisms concur to the functional impairment of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barbagallo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosita A. Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- *Correspondence: Rosita A. Condorelli
| | - Laura M. Mongioì
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Aldo E. Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Lei B, Sun S, Zhang X, Feng C, Xu J, Wen Y, Huang Y, Wu M, Yu Y. Bisphenol AF exerts estrogenic activity in MCF-7 cells through activation of Erk and PI3K/Akt signals via GPER signaling pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:362-370. [PMID: 30590302 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The negative health effects of bisphenol A (BPA) due to its estrogenic activity result in the increasing usage of alternative bisphenols (BPs) including bisphenol AF (BPAF). To comprehensive understand health effects of BPAF, the MCF-7 cells were used to investigate the effects of BPAF on cell proliferation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and calcium ion (Ca2+) level. The molecular mechanisms of cell biological responses caused by BPAF were investigated by analyzing target protein expression. The results showed that low-concentration BPAF induces significant effects on MCF-7 cells, including promoting cell proliferation and elevating intracellular ROS and Ca2+ levels. BPAF in low concentration significantly enhances the protein expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα), G protein-coupled receptor (GPER), c-Myc, and Cyclin D1, as well as increases phosphorylation levels of protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) in MCF-7 cells. After the addition of ERα, GPER, and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, phosphorylations of Erk and Akt were both inhibited. In addition, specific signal inhibitors significantly attenuated the effects of BPAF. Silencing of GPER also markedly decreased BPAF induced cell proliferation. The present results suggested that BPAF can activate PI3K/Akt and Erk signals via GPER, which, in turn, stimulate cellular biological effects induced by BPAF. ERα also plays a critical role in BPAF induced cellular biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingli Lei
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Su Sun
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yu Wen
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yangen Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Minghong Wu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Sun Y, Lu X, Du P, Xie P, Ullah R. Terahertz spectroscopy of Bisphenol "A", "AF", "S", "E" and the interrelationship between their molecular vibrations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 209:70-77. [PMID: 30359851 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol "A" is a widespread environmental hormone. After the prohibition on the use of BPA in some applications, it is progressively replaced by its variants. However, these variants of Bisphenol "A" are also noxious. It is therefore of the utmost importance to find the similarity among these materials and put all of them under restriction to avoid harmful effects. Therefore, Bisphenol "A", "AF", "E", and "S" are studied by Terahertz spectroscopy (0.5-2.5 THz). Various molecular vibrations are found and assigned based on density-functional-theory calculations. Refractive Indices are calculated as well. The principal component analysis reveals the critical vibrational frequencies for their detection and shows the correlation between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Sun
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xingxing Lu
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Pengju Du
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Pengfei Xie
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ramzan Ullah
- Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan.
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