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Guo Y, Lu Q, Yang XJ, He Y, Wu Y, Qin B, Li T, Duan M, Liu N, Wu X, He Y. Efficacy of Shu-yi-ning-chang decoction on IBS-D: Modulating Nr4a3 pathway to reduce visceral hypersensitivity. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299376. [PMID: 38630738 PMCID: PMC11023393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the therapeutic effect of SYNC in diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) and explore its underlying mechanism through transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-Seq). MATERIALS AND METHODS A rat model of IBS-D was constructed to elucidate the effects of SYNC. Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR), fecal water content (FWC), and recording body weight were calculated to assess visceral sensitivity in rats. Histopathological changes in the colon and alterations in mast cell (MC) count were determined. Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess mast cell tryptase (MCT) expression in rat colons. Serum levels of corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH), interleukin-6 (IL-6), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were quantified using ELISA. RNA-Seq of colon tissue was performed, followed by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Western blot analysis was conducted to quantify the expression levels of key proteins in the Nr4a3 pathway in the colon and hypothalamus tissues of rats. RESULTS SYNC alleviated visceral hypersensitivity and mood disorders in rats with IBS-D. Moreover, it was positively correlated with its dosage and the observed effects, such as the enhancement of the colon's mucosal lining condition and reduction in the number and activation of MCs within the model group. SYNC reduced the expression levels of factors related to the brain-gut axis and inflammatory markers in the bloodstream. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that SYNC down-regulated the expression of Nr4a3 and PI3K. These SYNC-targeted genes primarily played roles in immune regulation and inflammatory responses, correlating with the modulation of Nr4a3 and the PI3K/AKT pathway. Western blot analysis further confirmed SYNC's influence on inflammation-related MC activation by downregulating key proteins in the Nr4a3/PI3K pathway. CONCLUSIONS SYNC inhibited mast cell activation and attenuated visceral hypersensitivity in the colon tissues of IBS-D rats. These effects were mediated by the Nr4a3/PI3K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Guo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiongqiong Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxi He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Baijun Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Duan
- Department of Clinical medicine, Changsha Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nvping Liu
- Department of Clinical medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Clinical medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuanjun He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
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Zolotova D, Teterovska R, Bandere D, Lauberte L, Niedra S. Antidiabetic Properties of the Root Extracts of Dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale) and Burdock ( Arctium lappa). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1021. [PMID: 38611548 PMCID: PMC11013470 DOI: 10.3390/plants13071021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Several preclinical studies suggest the potential of edible plants in controlling blood sugar levels and stabilizing diet. The goals of the study were to examine, analyze, and describe whether there are chemical compounds in dandelion and burdock roots that could have antidiabetic properties. The 70% ethyl alcohol and lyophilizate extracts (AE and LE, respectively), were used, and analyses were carried out on their total polysaccharide (TP), total phenolic content (TPC), tannin, and inulin. The antioxidant activity of extracts was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and hypoglycemic properties were based on α-amylase activity. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for the tentative identification of the chemical components. Qualitative techniques confirmed the presence of inulin in both roots. Analysis of TPC, tannin content, DPPH assay, and α-amylase activity revealed higher values for burdock compared to dandelion. However, dandelion exhibited higher TP content. Burdock contained a small amount of tannin, whereas the tannin content in dandelion was insignificant. All LE consistently exhibited higher values in all analyses and assays for all roots compared to AE. Despite burdock root showing overall better results, it is uncertain whether these plants can be recommended as antidiabetic agents without in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Zolotova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Renāte Teterovska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.T.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Red Cross Medical College, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dace Bandere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.T.); (D.B.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia
| | - Liga Lauberte
- Laboratory of Finished Dosage Forms, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (L.L.); (S.N.)
| | - Santa Niedra
- Laboratory of Finished Dosage Forms, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (L.L.); (S.N.)
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3
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Xiang Z, Guan H, Zhao X, Xie Q, Xie Z, Cai F, Dang R, Li M, Wang C. Dietary gallic acid as an antioxidant: A review of its food industry applications, health benefits, bioavailability, nano-delivery systems, and drug interactions. Food Res Int 2024; 180:114068. [PMID: 38395544 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA), a dietary phenolic acid with potent antioxidant activity, is widely distributed in edible plants. GA has been applied in the food industry as an antimicrobial agent, food fresh-keeping agent, oil stabilizer, active food wrap material, and food processing stabilizer. GA is a potential dietary supplement due to its health benefits on various functional disorders associated with oxidative stress, including renal, neurological, hepatic, pulmonary, reproductive, and cardiovascular diseases. GA is rapidly absorbed and metabolized after oral administration, resulting in low bioavailability, which is susceptible to various factors, such as intestinal microbiota, transporters, and metabolism of galloyl derivatives. GA exhibits a tendency to distribute primarily to the kidney, liver, heart, and brain. A total of 37 metabolites of GA has been identified, and decarboxylation and dihydroxylation in phase I metabolism and sulfation, glucuronidation, and methylation in phase Ⅱ metabolism are considered the main in vivo biotransformation pathways of GA. Different types of nanocarriers, such as polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanodots, have been successfully developed to enhance the health-promoting function of GA by increasing bioavailability. GA may induce drug interactions with conventional drugs, such as hydroxyurea, linagliptin, and diltiazem, due to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes, including cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2D6, and transporters, including P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3. In conclusion, in-depth studies of GA on food industry applications, health benefits, bioavailability, nano-delivery systems, and drug interactions have laid the foundation for its comprehensive application as a food additive and dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedong Xiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Huida Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Zhejun Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Fujie Cai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Rui Dang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Manlin Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China.
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China.
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Teterovska R, Sile I, Paulausks A, Kovalcuka L, Koka R, Mauriņa B, Bandere D. The Antioxidant Activity of Wild-Growing Plants Containing Phenolic Compounds in Latvia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4108. [PMID: 38140435 PMCID: PMC10748313 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Ethnobotanical reports from Latvia show that Tanacetum vulgare, Calluna vulgaris, Quercus robur, Artemisa absinthium, and Artemisia vulgaris contain phenolic compounds that have antioxidant properties, which can be beneficial in the treatment and prophylaxis of many diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize the phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of these plants. Plant extracts were prepared using ethanol or acetone and then freeze-dried. Their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC) were determined and characterized by HPLC. Their antioxidant properties were determined using a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. C. vulgaris herb and T. vulgare leaf extracts contained the highest amounts of flavonoids, but the bark of Q. robur had mostly tannins and phenolic acids. A. absinthium and A. vulgaris had the lowest amounts of polyphenols. When compared using extraction solvents, all acetone extracts had more TPC, more TFC, and better antioxidant activity. All plants contained chlorogenic acid, which contributes to antioxidant properties. The analysed plant extracts could be used in future studies to develop medicinal products with antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renāte Teterovska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Red Cross Medical College of Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1009 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inga Sile
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Riga Stradinš University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (I.S.); (B.M.)
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Street, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Artūrs Paulausks
- Laboratory of Finished Dosage Forms, Riga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Liga Kovalcuka
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia;
| | - Rudīte Koka
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradinš University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Baiba Mauriņa
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Riga Stradinš University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (I.S.); (B.M.)
| | - Dace Bandere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia
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5
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Shan J, Liu S, Liu H, Yuan J, Lin J. Mechanism of Qingchang Suppository on repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier in ulcerative colitis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1221849. [PMID: 37675045 PMCID: PMC10478270 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1221849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a refractory inflammatory bowel disease, and the outcomes of conventional therapies of UC, including 5-aminosalicylic acid, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and biological agents, are not satisfied with patients and physicians with regard to adverse reactions and financial burden. The abnormality of the intestinal mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of UC was verified. Qingchang Suppository (QCS) is an herbal preparation and is effective in treating ulcerative proctitis. The mechanism of QCS and its active ingredients have not been concluded especially in mucosal healing. This review elucidated the potential mechanism of QCS from the intestinal mucosal barrier perspective to help exploring future QCS research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Shan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Suxian Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyue Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianye Yuan
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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The Impact of Za'atar Antioxidant Compounds on the Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Disorders: Insights for Future Clinical Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020426. [PMID: 36829984 PMCID: PMC9952350 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in host homeostasis and energy balance, changes in its composition can be associated with disease states through the promotion of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders and increasing intestinal permeability, ultimately leading to the impairment of intestinal barrier function. Za'atar is one of the most popular plant-based foods in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Za'atar is a mixture of different plant leaves, fruits, and seeds and contains hundreds of antioxidant compounds, especially polyphenols, and fiber, with pre-clinical and clinical evidence suggesting health-promoting effects in cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Za'atar compounds have also been studied from a gastrointestinal perspective, concerning both gut microbiota and gastrointestinal diseases. Antioxidants such as Za'atar polyphenols may provide beneficial effects in the complex interplay between the diet, gut microbiota, and intestinal permeability. To our knowledge, no studies have reported the effects of the whole Za'atar mixture, however, based on the pre-clinical studies published on components and single compounds found in Za'atar, we provide a clinical overview of the possible effects on the gastrointestinal tract, focusing mainly on carvacrol, rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, and other polyphenols. We also cover the potential clinical applications of Za'atar mixture as a possible nutraceutical in disorders involving the gastrointestinal tract.
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7
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Yu TY, Feng YM, Kong WS, Li SN, Sun XJ, Zhou G, Xie RF, Zhou X. Gallic acid ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1095721. [PMID: 36762118 PMCID: PMC9905138 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1095721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic recurrent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The conventional drugs for UC may induce severe side effects. Herbal medicine is considered as a complementary and alternative choice for UC. Purpose: This study aims to estimate the effect of natural polyphenol gallic acid (GA) on the NLRP3 inflammasome with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Study design: The body weights and symptoms of BALB/c mice were recorded. Histological evaluation, ELISA, q-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were carried out to observe the morphology, cytokine contents, mRNA expressions, and protein expressions, respectively. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage was used to probe GA's effect on relative protein expression. Results: GA attenuated weight loss (p < 0.05), relieved symptoms, and ameliorated colonic morphological injury (p < 0.05) in mice with colitis induced by DSS. GA also lowered the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, and IFN-γ in the serum and colon of mice, which were elevated by DSS, downregulated protein, and mRNA expressions of the NLRP3 pathway in the colon tissue. Furthermore, GA downregulated the expressions of NLRP3 (p < 0.05), iNOS (p < 0.01), COX2 (p < 0.01), and P-p65 (p < 0.05), and suppressed NO release (p < 0.001) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Conclusion: GA ameliorated DSS-induced UC in mice via inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings furnish evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of herbal medicines containing GA on UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yuan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yi-Ming Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Song Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Ni Li
- Shanghai Nanyang Model Private High School, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Fengdu County People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Gui Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Fang Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Xin Zhou,
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Han X, Li M, Sun L, Liu X, Yin Y, Hao J, Zhang W. p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Ameliorates Colitis by Improving the Mucosal Barrier in a Gut Microbiota-Dependent Manner. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245383. [PMID: 36558542 PMCID: PMC9784546 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease characterized by intestinal inflammatory cell infiltration and intestinal mucosal damage. The mechanism by which diet contributes to the pathogenesis of IBD remains largely unknown. In this study, we explored the therapeutic effect of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HA), a phenolic acid mainly derived from dietary polyphenols in the gut, on DSS-induced colitis. HA intervention effectively relieved the dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis, reduced inflammation, and enhanced mucosal barrier function, as evidenced by an increment of goblet cell numbers and MUC2. These effects were largely dependent on the gut microbiota (GM), as antibiotics treatment substantially attenuated the improvement of colitis by HA. On the other hand, transplantation of GM from colitis mice treated with HA significantly reduced the colitis induced by DSS. Our study demonstrates that HA ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by improving the mucosal barrier in a GM-dependent manner. This study provides new dietary choices for the prevention and treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinjuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianyu Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (W.Z.)
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Shree A, Islam J, Yadav V, Sultana S, Khan HA. Hesperetin alleviates DMH induced toxicity via suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation in the colon of Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2153-2166. [PMID: 35567572 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH), a colon-specific environmental toxicant is one among the carcinogen responsible for the cause of colon cancer. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of Hesperetin (HST) against colon toxicity induced by DMH in Wistar rats. HST, a flavonoid widely found in citrus fruits possesses several biological activities including anti-microbial, anti-oxidant properties among others. A single dose of DMH (40 mg/kg body weight) was administered subcutaneously on 1st day for induction of colon toxicity followed by oral treatment with HST at a dose of 20 mg/kg bodyweight for 14 consecutive days. DMH administration leads to excessive ROS generation, resulting in an imbalance in redox homeostasis and causing membrane lipid peroxidation, which is also partly due to the decrease in the level of tissue antioxidant machinery. Our result showed HST significantly ameliorates DMH-induced lipid peroxidation and also substantially increases the activity/level of various anti-oxidant proteins (GR, GPx, GST, GSH, and SOD). HST was also found to reduce the expression of inflammatory proteins (TNF-α, IL-6, i-NOS, COX-2, NF-kB-p65), goblet cell disintegration as well as mucin depletion (sulfo and sialomucin) in the colon that was found to be elevated upon administration of DMH. Our histological results further provide confirmation of the protective role of HST against DMH-induced pathological alterations. The results of the present study demonstrate supplementation of HST is beneficial in ameliorating DMH-induced toxicity by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, goblet cell disintegration as well mucin depletion in the colon of Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa Shree
- Department of Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Johirul Islam
- Department of Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Yadav
- Department of Oncology, PGIMS-Rohtak, Rohtak, India
| | - Sarwat Sultana
- Department of Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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10
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Islam J, Shree A, Khan HA, Sultana S. Chemopreventive potential of Diosmin against benzo[a]pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss Albino mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23187. [PMID: 35920545 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer, one of the most common cancer is a cause of concern associated with cancer-related mortality. Benzo[a]pyrene [B(a)P], a potent carcinogen as well as an environmental contaminant is reported to be found in cigarette smoke among various sources. The present study focuses on the chemopreventive potential of Diosmin against B[a]P-induced lung carcinogenesis and its possible mechanism in male Swiss Albino mice (SAM). SAM were treated orally with Diosmin (200 mg/kg b.w.) for 16 weeks and/or B[a]P (50 mg/kg b.w) for a period of 4 weeks. B[a]P treated cancerous mice showed increased peroxidation of membrane lipid as well as a decrease in the level/activity of antioxidant proteins. Cancerous mice also showed an increased level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Diosmin treatment, however, leads to decreased peroxidation of lipids, increased antioxidant proteins as well decrease in the level of CEA and NSE. B[a]P-induced cancerous animals also exhibited increased expression of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), COX2 as well as prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) while Diosmin-treated mice were found to have an ameliorative effect. Histopathological results further confirm the protective effect of Diosmin in averting B[a]P-induced pathological alterations of lung tissue. Overall, our results suggest Diosmin exerts its chemopreventive potential possibly via targeting the CREB/cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/PGE2 pathway thereby repressing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johirul Islam
- Department of Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Alpa Shree
- Department of Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Haider Ali Khan
- Department of Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sarwat Sultana
- Department of Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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11
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Song L, Wu T, Zhang L, Wan J, Ruan Z. Chlorogenic acid improves the intestinal barrier by relieving endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibiting ROCK/MLCK signaling pathways. Food Funct 2022; 13:4562-4575. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02662c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic acids play an active role in protecting the intestinal barrier, the structural integrity and function of which are crucial for host health. In the present study, we aimed to...
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Mesquita M, Santos E, Kassuya CA, Salvador MJ. Chimarrão, terere and mate-tea in legitimate technology modes of preparation and consume: A comparative study of chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-anxiety properties of the mostly consumed beverages of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114401. [PMID: 34245836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used by South American populations for centuries and is popularly attributed to stimulating and detoxifying properties. Nowadays, their consume traditionally occurs through three different beverages: chimarrão, terere and mate-tea. AIM OF THE STUDY Although its composition and properties are well studied, literature lacks work comparing the potential of their extracts obtained by a legitimate preparation mode of their popular beverages. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate changes in chemical composition, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory efficacy and anxiolytic effect from lyophilized aqueous extracts obtained simulating the legitimate popular preparation mode of chimarrão, terere and mate-tea. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this work, were investigated differences related to preparation technology and dry material used through chemical composition analysis, with the lyophilized aqueous extracts obtained simulating the chimarrão, terere and mate-tea preparation. The chemical composition analysis comprises the total soluble phenolics content, chemical profiles by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, and quantitative component detection by HPLC-UV/DAD. Moreover, evaluations of comparative antioxidant activity of the extracts (DPPH and ORACFL assays), anti-inflammatory efficacy and anxiolytic effect were performed in vivo. RESULTS Our results showed that chimarrão extracts presented a richer composition in terms of phenolic compounds and purine alkaloids, and better antioxidant activity when compared to the other extracts. In pleurisy test, all products showed anti-inflammatory properties in the dose of 60 mg/kg. In the anxiolytic evaluation, although all extracts presented some effect, chimarrão and terere were better than mate-tea in general. No sign of toxicity was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that the beverage made as chimarrão has the best composition and the most promising properties overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mesquita
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Biology, PPG BCE, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - E Santos
- College of Health Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
| | - C A Kassuya
- College of Health Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
| | - M J Salvador
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Biology, PPG BCE, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Tu A, Wang XC, Chen H, Jia X, Wang T, Yi Y, Liu B, Xin W, Lü X, Shan Y. Ovomucin Ameliorates Intestinal Barrier and Intestinal Bacteria to Attenuate DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5887-5896. [PMID: 34013725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Egg white ovomucin (OVM) is homologically related to MUC2, the key component of colonic mucous layer. This study investigated the effects of orally administered OVM from egg white on the colonic mucosal barrier and the development of colitis using a colitis C57BL/6J mice model. The results showed that daily supplementation of 125 and 250 mg/kg BW of OVM partially relieved the villous destruction and loss of intestinal barrier integrity, and hence decreased the epithelial barrier permeability. The supplementation also reduced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Besides, OVM administration significantly increased the relative abundance of intestinal beneficial bacteria including Lactobacilli, Faecalibaculum, Ruminococcus, etc. and further upregulated the production of bacterial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which is a direct source of energy for the proliferation of epithelia and goblet cells. In conclusion, OVM from egg white ameliorates colitis by enhancing the intestinal barrier function and abundance of intestinal bacteria, thereby increasing the number of SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aobai Tu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xiu Chao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Hongwang Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yanglei Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Bianfang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Wang Xin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Shan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, P. R. China
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Taxifolin ameliorates Benzo[a]pyrene-induced lung injury possibly via stimulating the Nrf2 signalling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107566. [PMID: 33813368 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene, an environmental contaminant as well as a mutagen is widely found in cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust particles among other sources. The present study underlines the protective effect of Taxifolin on B[a]P induced lung injury in male Swiss Albino Mice by analyzing the activity/level of various pro and anti-oxidant parameters, Inflammatory markers, Phase II enzyme, as well as lung histology. Taxifolin was administered orally to mice at either dose of 20 or 40 mg/kg body weight for 14 days and then challenged with a single dose of B[a]P (125 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage) on the 14th day. Our results show treatment with B[a]P leads to increased activity/level of CYP450R, EH, pro-inflammatory proteins, as well as lipid peroxidation and reduce level/activity of anti-oxidant molecules while Taxifolin treatment shows ameliorative effect. Administration of B[a]P also leads to decrease in expression of ROS sensitive factor Nrf2 and its downstream target NQO1,HO-1,SOD while Taxifolin treated animals showed a very high level of expression of Nrf2,NQO1,HO-1,SOD. Since Nrf2 plays central role in providing resistance to oxidative stress and also suppresses inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB,we concluded Taxifolin suppresses oxidative stress and inflammation in B[a]P induced lung injury possibly via stimulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Afzal SM, Vafa A, Rashid S, Shree A, Islam J, Ali N, Sultana S. Amelioration of N,N'-dimethylhydrazine induced colon toxicity by epigallocatechin gallate in Wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:1558-1571. [PMID: 33754881 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211002884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is a life-threatening disease all over the world and is linked to constant oxidative stress and inflammation. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), is a naturally occurring flavone possessing health benefiting pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties. Our study investigates the role of EGCG on N,N'-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), a toxic environmental pollutant, induced colon toxicity. To investigate the effect of EGCG, Wistar rats were given EGCG for 7 days at the two doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight and DMH was injected on the seventh day in all the group rats except the control. Our results indicate that DMH administration increased the oxidative stress (MDA) and depleted the glutathione and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GR, GST and GPx) which was significantly ameliorated by EGCG treatment. Additionally DMH treatment upregulated inflammatory markers expression (NF-κB, COX-2 and IL-6) and enhanced mucosal damage in the colon. EGCG treatment significantly reduced inflammation and restored the normal histoarchitecture of the colon. We can conclude from the present study findings that EGCG protects the colon from DMH toxicity through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Afzal
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, 28848Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - A Vafa
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, 28848Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - S Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, 204568Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Shree
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, 28848Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - J Islam
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, 28848Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - N Ali
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, 28848Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, 37850King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Sultana
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, 28848Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:110985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Shree A, Islam J, Sultana S. Quercetin ameliorates reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, mucus depletion, goblet disintegration, and tumor multiplicity in colon cancer: Probable role of adenomatous polyposis coli, β-catenin. Phytother Res 2020; 35:2171-2184. [PMID: 33350534 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1,2 Dimethyl hydrazine (DMH), a cogent environmental toxicant, targets the colon. Previous reports suggest that DMH-mediated dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a vital role in the initial events of colon carcinogenesis. Our study was designed to investigate the effect of quercetin on DMH-mediated colon cancer by targeting adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and β-catenin in Wistar rats. Animals were pretreated orally with quercetin at doses of either 25 or 50 mg/kg bodyweight (bw) and DMH at a dose of 20 mg/kg bw subcutaneously up to the 15th week and sacrificed after the 30th week. DMH administration leads to reactive oxygen species generation, resulting in an imbalance in redox homeostasis and causing membrane lipid peroxidation, which is also partly due to the decrease in the level of tissue antioxidant machinery. Increased inflammatory and proliferative proteins were observed in DMH-induced colon cancerous rats. DMH treatment also led to dysregulation in the apoptotic pathway with decreased Bax:Bcl-2 ratio. Quercetin pretreatment ameliorates DMH-induced proliferation, activities of detoxifying enzymes, and putative early markers (mucin depletion and goblet cell disintegration) in colonic tissue. It also significantly regulates APC and β-catenin expression and inhibits tumor incidence and multiplicity. Histological results further confirm the beneficial role of quercetin in averting DMH-induced pathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa Shree
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Johirul Islam
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarwat Sultana
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Afzal SM, Vafa A, Rashid S, Barnwal P, Shahid A, Shree A, Islam J, Ali N, Sultana S. Protective effect of hesperidin against N,N'-dimethylhydrazine induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic response in the colon of Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 36:642-653. [PMID: 33289288 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hesperidin (HD), a citrus bioflavonoid possesses a variety of biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-carcinogenic properties. In the present study, we investigated the effect of HD treatment on N,N'-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and goblet cell disintegration in the colon of Wistar rats. Administration of HD was done at two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) orally to rats daily for 14 days followed by a single subcutaneous injection of DMH (40 mg/kg body weight) on the 14th day and next day animals were sacrificed. The protective potential of HD against colon toxicity was measured through membrane oxidation, antioxidant status, inflammatory and apoptotic markers expression, and histological changes. Results demonstrated that HD inhibited DMH mediated oxidative damage by diminishing the level of peroxidation of lipids and increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, and glutathione reductase. Moreover, HD attenuated inflammatory (NF-кB, IL-6, and COX-2) and apoptotic (p38-MAPK, p53, and caspase-3) markers expression. HD also attenuated the DMH induced goblet cell disintegration and restored histoarchitecture of the colon. The results of the present study demonstrate that HD efficiently protects against DMH induced colon toxicity by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekh Mohammad Afzal
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abul Vafa
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Preeti Barnwal
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayaz Shahid
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alpa Shree
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Johirul Islam
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nemat Ali
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarwat Sultana
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
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