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Jiang C, Meng A, Shi X, Fu Z, Wang Y, Zhou J, Zhang X, Liu C. Preparation of antioxidant peptides from yak skin gelatin and their protective effect on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Food Funct 2024. [PMID: 38982985 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00458b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
We herein report a study on the antioxidant peptides that show potential in alleviating myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MI/RI). Yak skin gelatin fraction Ac (YSG-Ac), obtained through ultrafiltration and gel filtration with Sephadex G-15, exhibits a favorable nutrient composition, high foaming capacity and stability, and resistance against gastrointestinal digestion. LC-MS/MS analysis reveals that YSG-Ac contains 26 peptide segments with sequence lengths of 8 to 12 amino acids. Online screening suggests that the antioxidant capacity of YSG-Ac is mainly attributed to the presence of hydrophobic and antioxidant amino acids. In vitro, our results demonstrate the MI/RI protective effects of YSG-Ac by effectively repairing H2O2-induced oxidative damage in H9c2 cells, which is achieved by inhibiting malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increasing glutathione peroxidase (GSH-pX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In vivo, our results further confirm the effectiveness of YSG-Ac in narrowing the area of myocardial infarction, decreasing MDA levels, increasing SOD activity, and reducing the content of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a mouse MI/RI model. Molecular docking analysis indicates that PGADGQPGAK with xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and GAAGPTGPIGS with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) exhibit strong bonding capability, and other related targets also show certain binding ability toward YSG-Ac. This suggests that YSG-Ac can regulate MI/RI through multiple targets and pathways. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of YSG-Ac as a functional food ingredient with antioxidant and MI/RI protective characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongning Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian New Town, Tangshan, 063210 Hebei Province, China.
| | - Aiguo Meng
- Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian New Town, Tangshan, 063210 Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian New Town, Tangshan, 063210 Hebei Province, China.
| | - Zhiping Fu
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian New Town, Tangshan, 063210 Hebei Province, China.
| | - Yali Wang
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian New Town, Tangshan, 063210 Hebei Province, China.
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian New Town, Tangshan, 063210 Hebei Province, China.
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Hebei General Hospital, No. 348 Heping West Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang City, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian New Town, Tangshan, 063210 Hebei Province, China.
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Wang X, Sun H, Cheng G, Ge J. Reduction of oxidative stress response and protection of liver and renal cell functions by reduced glutathione in lower limb arterial ischemia-reperfusion in New Zealand white rabbits with high triglyceride levels. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33258. [PMID: 39022000 PMCID: PMC11252971 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Acute liver and kidney injury is the most common complication after aortic surgery, which seriously affects the survival and safety of perioperative patients. The presence of chronic preoperative liver and renal insufficiency, presence of preoperative blood inflammation indicators, duration of intraoperative extracorporeal circulation, and volume of red blood cell transfusion are the main influencing factors for acute postoperative liver and kidney injuries. In recent years, with the research progress on oxidative stress, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that oxidative stress may cause tissue damage after ischemia-reperfusion (IR). However, the impact of the oxidative stress of distal tissues caused by IR on liver and renal cells after arterial surgeries has not yet been elucidated. Methods New Zealand white rabbits were used for the experiments and were divided into three groups. Among them, two groups were fed high-fat feed to establish a white rabbit model of hypertriglyceridemia, whereas the control group was provided with ordinary feed. In the experiment, white rabbits were subjected to occlusion of the infrarenal aorta abdominalis to simulate IR of the lower limbs. The effects of high triglyceride levels after the arterial IR of the lower limbs were investigated using the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), a fat metabolite, in ischemic muscle tissues and blood tissues. One of the groups receiving high-fat feed received intervention with reduced glutathione (GSH) before IR of the lower limbs. Pathological studies were performed to identify the expression levels of inflammatory factors and inflammatory cells in liver and renal cells as well as cell apoptosis. The effects of GSH administration before IR on reducing the oxidative stress in adipose tissues and alleviating liver and kidney damage after stress response were investigated. Results After IR, the increases in ROS and MDA in ischemic muscle tissues and blood tissues were higher in white rabbits with high triglyceride levels than in those that only received ordinary feed or received intervention with GSH. In addition, for white rabbits with high triglyceride levels, the TNF-α expression levels in the liver increased after IR. Moreover, a considerable increase in the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, macrophages, and T lymphocytes were observed in renal cells. A large number of inflammatory cells and the formation of immune complexes were also noted in the glomeruli; in addition, cell apoptosis was promoted. Conclusion This study showed that high triglyceride levels enhanced the oxidative stress response and increased ROS production in New Zealand white rabbits after arterial IR of the lower limbs. High ROS levels activated the expression of inflammatory factors and inflammatory cells in the liver and kidney, which affected cell functions and promoted apoptosis. At high triglyceride levels, GSH downregulated ROS production in oxidative stress after IR, thereby protecting liver and kidney functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230001, PR China
| | - Hailei Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230001, PR China
| | - Guangcun Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230001, PR China
| | - Jianjun Ge
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230001, PR China
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Wang S, Liu W, Liu S, Li J, Geng Y, Zhao Y. Improved cardioprotective effect of 3-nitro-N-methyl salicylamide solution after a prolonged preservation time of rat heart. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2024; 51:e13835. [PMID: 37994166 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic reperfusion injury, caused by oxidative stress during reperfusion, is an inevitable outcome of organ transplantation, especially when the organ preservation time is prolonged. Prolonged ischaemic preservation is a valuable technique for improving the success of organ transplantation, but numerous challenges remain. 3-nitro-N-methyl salicylamide (3-NNMS), an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III, can be used to reduce reactive oxygen species production during blood reperfusion by slowing the electron flow rate of the respiratory chain. Based on this property, a novel preservation solution was developed for the preservation of isolated rat heart and its cardioprotective effect was investigated during an 8-h cold ischaemia preservation time for the first time. For comparison, 3-NNMS was also included in the histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution. Compared to HTK, HTK supplemented with 3-NNMS significantly improved the heart rate of isolated rat hearts after 8 h of cold storage. Both 3-NNMS solution and HTK supplemented with 3-NNMS solution decreased cardiac troponin T and lactate dehydrogenase levels in perfusion fluid and reduced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels in the myocardium. The 3-NNMS also maintained the membrane potential of myocardial mitochondria and significantly increased superoxide dismutase levels. These results showed that the new 3-NNMS solution can protect mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte function by increasing antioxidant capacity and reducing oxidative stress in cryopreserved rat hearts during a prolonged preservation time, resulting in less myocardial injury and better heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- School of Graduate, Harbin Sport University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
- Guiyang Healthcare Vocational University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiacong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Geng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Yungang Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
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Yao Y, Lin L, Tang W, Shen Y, Chen F, Li N, Wang B. Pretreatment with geniposide mitigates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating inflammatory response through TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Eur J Histochem 2023; 67:3742. [PMID: 37682077 PMCID: PMC10518652 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2023.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Geniposide (GEN), a medical herb, is known for its therapeutic applications in cardiovascular diseases, though its efficacy in treating myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI) is yet to be fully elucidated. This study is an endeavor to explore the potential protective mechanism of GEN against MI/RI. To simulate the MI/RI condition, the left anterior descending artery was occluded for 30 min, followed by a reperfusion period of 120 min in a rat model. Three dosages (50, 100, or 150 mg/kg) of GEN were intraperitoneally injected to the Sprague-Dawley rats once a day, for seven days before the ligation of the artery. The rats were categorized into sham group, MI/RI group, and three different dosages GEN-treated groups. As the results showed, the pretreatment with GEN mitigated myocardial injury, reduced infarct volume, inhibited apoptosis, enhanced superoxide dismutase activity, and decreased malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase activity, as well as serum creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Moreover, GEN ameliorated MI/RI by downregulating protein expression of toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88, and p-nuclear factor-κB. In conclusion, the pretreatment of GEN may be considered as a potential therapeutic option for MI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Yao
- Department of General Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
| | - Leqing Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
| | - Wenxue Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
| | - Yueliang Shen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
| | - Fayu Chen
- Department of General Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
| | - Baiyong Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
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Ye M, Zhang J, Jiang D, Tan Q, Li J, Yao C, Zhu C, Zhou Y. A Hemicyanine-Assembled Upconversion Nanosystem for NIR-Excited Visualization of Carbon Monoxide Bio-Signaling In Vivo. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202263. [PMID: 35713262 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is considered as the second gasotransmitter involved in a series of physiological and pathological processes. Although a number of organic fluorescent probes have been developed for imaging CO, these probes display excitation within the ultraviolet or visible range, which restrict their applications in the complex biosystems. In the present work, a strategy is developed to construct an upconversion nanoparticles-based nanosystem for upconversion luminescent (UCL) sensing CO. This nanosystem exhibits a fast response to CO with high sensitivity and selectivity in aqueous solution by a near-infrared-excited ratiometric UCL detection method. Meanwhile, laser scanning upconversion luminescence microscope experiments demonstrate that this nanosystem can visualize the endogenous CO bio-signaling in living cells, deep tissues, zebrafish, and living mice by ratiometric UCL imaging. In particular, this nanosystem has been successfully employed in visualization of the endogenous CO bio-signaling through up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the progression of hypoxia, acute inflammation, or ischemic injury. This work demonstrates that the outstanding performance of the nanosystem not only can provide an effective tool for further understanding the role of CO in the physiological and pathological environment, but also may have great potential ability for tracking the expression of HO-1 in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minan Ye
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Detao Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Qi Tan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Yao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, The Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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Menon AV, Kim J. Iron Promotes Cardiac Doxorubicin Retention and Toxicity Through Downregulation of the Mitochondrial Exporter ABCB8. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:817951. [PMID: 35359834 PMCID: PMC8963208 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.817951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In several cancers, the efflux and resistance against doxorubicin (DOX), an effective anticancer drug, are associated with cellular iron deficiency and overexpression of the mitochondrial exporter ABCB8. Conversely, decreased ABCB8 expression and disrupted iron homeostasis in the heart have been implicated in DOX-associated cardiotoxicity. While studies have demonstrated that altered iron status can modulate the susceptibility to DOX cardiotoxicity, the exact molecular mechanisms have not been clearly understood. Here, we hypothesized that iron stores influence cardiac ABCB8 expression and consequently cardiac retention and toxicity of DOX. First, we found that ABCB8 deficiency in cardiomyocytes decreased DOX efflux, increased DOX-induced toxicity, and decreased cell viability. Conversely, intracellular DOX retention and toxicity were ameliorated by ABCB8 overexpression. To determine if altered cardiac iron status modifies ABCB8 expression, we treated cardiomyocytes with high iron or iron chelators. Western blot and qPCR analyses revealed that ABCB8 levels were decreased in iron overload and increased in iron deficiency. Subsequently, DOX retention and toxicity were increased in cardiomyocytes with iron overload, whereas iron deficiency ameliorated these effects. Next, we validated our results using a mouse model of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), a genetic iron overload disorder. HH mice exhibited decreased ABCB8 expression and increased DOX retention and toxicity. These changes were abolished by the treatment of HH mice with a low-iron diet. Finally, cardiac-specific overexpression of ABCB8 in HH mice prevented cardiac DOX accumulation and abrogated DOX-induced cardiotoxicity without altering iron overload in the heart. Together, our results demonstrate that ABCB8 mediates DOX efflux and that iron regulates DOX retention and toxicity by altering cardiac ABCB8 expression. Our study identifies a novel role of iron in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and suggests potential therapeutic intervention for DOX and anthracycline-based cancer pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jonghan Kim,
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Yang NJ, Liu YR, Tang ZS, Duan JA, Yan YF, Song ZX, Wang MG, Zhang YR, Chang BJ, Zhao ML, Zhao YT. Poria cum Radix Pini Rescues Barium Chloride-Induced Arrhythmia by Regulating the cGMP-PKG Signalling Pathway Involving ADORA1 in Zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:688746. [PMID: 34393777 PMCID: PMC8360851 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine Poria cum Radix Pini (PRP) is a fungal medicinal material that has been proven to play an important role in the treatment of arrhythmia. However, the mechanism of its effect on arrhythmia is still unclear. In this study, network pharmacology and metabolomics correlation analysis methods were used to determine the key targets, metabolites and potential pathways involved in the effects of PRP on arrhythmia. The results showed that PRP can significantly improve cardiac congestion, shorten the SV-BA interval and reduce the apoptosis of myocardial cells induced by barium chloride in zebrafish. By upregulating the expression of the ADORA1 protein and the levels of adenosine and cGMP metabolites in the cGMP-PKG signalling pathway, PRP can participate in ameliorating arrhythmia. Therefore, we believe that PRP shows great potential for the treatment of arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Juan Yang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yan-Ru Liu
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Zhi-Shu Tang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Feng Yan
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Zhong-Xing Song
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | | | - Yu-Ru Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Bai-Jin Chang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China.,Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Meng-Li Zhao
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yan-Ting Zhao
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
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Role of Oxidative Stress in Reperfusion following Myocardial Ischemia and Its Treatments. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6614009. [PMID: 34055195 PMCID: PMC8149218 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6614009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia is a disease with high morbidity and mortality, for which reperfusion is currently the standard intervention. However, the reperfusion may lead to further myocardial damage, known as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI). Oxidative stress is one of the most important pathological mechanisms in reperfusion injury, which causes apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, and some other damage in cardiomyocytes through multiple pathways, thus causing irreversible cardiomyocyte damage and cardiac dysfunction. This article reviews the pathological mechanisms of oxidative stress involved in reperfusion injury and the interventions for different pathways and targets, so as to form systematic treatments for oxidative stress-induced myocardial reperfusion injury and make up for the lack of monotherapy.
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