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Lempe J, Moser M, Asquini E, Si-Ammour A, Flachowsky H. Functional evidence on the involvement of the MADS-box gene MdDAM4 in bud dormancy regulation in apple. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1433865. [PMID: 39077511 PMCID: PMC11284153 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1433865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Over the course of the year, temperate trees experience extremes in temperature and day length. In order to protect themselves from frost damage in winter, they enter a dormant state with no visible growth where all leaves are shed and buds are dormant. Also the young floral tissues need to withstand harsh winter conditions, as temperature fruit trees like apple develop their flower buds in the previous year of fruit development. So far, the genetic control of induction and release of dormancy is not fully understood. However, the transcription factor family of DORMANCY-Associated MADS-box (DAM) genes plays a major role in the control of winter dormancy. One of these genes is MdDAM4. This gene is expressed in the early phase of bud dormancy, but little is known about its function. Six transgenic apple lines were produced to study the function of MdDAM4 in apple. For plant transformation, the binary plasmid vector p9oN-35s-MdDAM4 was used that contains the coding sequence of MdDAM4 driven by the 35S promoter. Transgenicity of the lines was proven by PCR and southern hybridization. Based on siRNA sequencing and phenotypic observations, it was concluded that line M2024 overexpresses MdDAM4 whereas the gene is silenced in all other lines. Phenotyping of the transgenic lines provided evidence that the overexpression of MdDAM4 leads to an earlier induction and a later release of dormancy. Silencing this gene had exactly the opposite effects and thereby led to an increased duration of the vegetation period. Expression experiments revealed genes that were either potentially repressed or activated by MdDAM4. Among the potentially suppressed genes were several homologs of the cytokinin oxidase 5 (CKX5), five LOX homologs, and several expansins, which may indicate a link between MdDAM4 and the control of leaf senescence. Among the potentially activated genes is MdDAM1, which is in line with observed expression patterns during winter dormancy. MdDAM2, which shows little expression during endodormancy also appears to be activated by MdDAM4. Overall, this study provides experimental evidence with transgenic apple trees for MdDAM4 being an important regulator of the onset of bud dormancy in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Lempe
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Elisa Asquini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Azeddine Si-Ammour
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
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Ahmad S, Lu C, Gao J, Wei Y, Xie Q, Jin J, Zhu G, Yang F. Integrated proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic profiling reveals that the gibberellin-abscisic acid hub runs flower development in the Chinese orchid Cymbidium sinense. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae073. [PMID: 38738212 PMCID: PMC11088716 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The seasonal flowering Chinese Cymbidium produce an axillary floral meristem and require a dormancy period during cold conditions for flower development. However, the bud activation mechanism remains elusive. This study evaluates the multi-omics across six stages of flower development, along with functional analysis of core genes to decipher the innate mechanism of floral bud initiation and outgrowth in the Chinese orchid Cymbidium sinense. Transcriptome and proteome analyses identified 10 modules with essential roles in floral bud dormancy and activation. Gene clusters in the early stages of flower development were mainly related to flowering time regulation and meristem determination, while the late stages were correlated with hormone signaling pathways. The metabolome identified 69 potential hormones in which gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were the main regulatory hubs, and GA4 and GA53 exhibited a reciprocal loop. Extraneous GA application caused rapid elongation of flower buds and promoted the expression of flower development genes. Contrarily, exogenous ABA application extended the dormancy process and ABA inhibitors induced dormancy release. Moreover, CsAPETALA1 (CsAP1) was identified as the potential target of ABA for floral bud activation. Transformation of CsAP1 in Arabidopsis and its transient overexpression in C. sinense protoplasts not only affected flowering time and floral organ morphogenesis in Arabidopsis but also orchestrated the expression of flowering and hormone regulatory genes. The presence of ABA response elements in the CsAP1 promoter, rapid downregulation of CsAP1 after exogenous ABA application, and the activation of the floral bud after ABA inhibitor treatment suggest that ABA can control bud outgrowth through CsAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagheer Ahmad
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chuqiao Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yonglu Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianpeng Jin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Genfa Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fengxi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Zhao K, Zhou Y, Zheng Y, Zheng RY, Hu M, Tong Y, Luo X, Zhang Y, Shen ML. The collaborative mode by PmSVPs and PmDAMs reveals neofunctionalization in the switch of the flower bud development and dormancy for Prunus mume. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1023628. [PMID: 36561463 PMCID: PMC9763448 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1023628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Prunus mume (Rosaceae, Prunoideae) serves as an excellent ornamental woody plant with a large-temperature-range cultivation scope. Its flower buds require a certain low temperature to achieve flowering circulation. Thus, it is important to delve into the processes of flower bud differentiation and dormancy, which affected its continuous flowering. These processes are generally considered as regulation by the MADS-box homologs, SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP), and DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX (DAM). However, a precise model on their interdependence and specific function, when acting as a complex in the flower development of P. mume, is needed. Therefore, this study highlighted the integral roles of PmDAMs and PmSVPs in flower organ development and dormancy cycle. The segregation of PmDAMs and PmSVPs in a different cluster suggested distinct functions and neofunctionalization. The expression pattern and yeast two-hybrid assays jointly revealed that eight genes were involved in the floral organ development stages, with PmDAM1 and PmDAM5 specifically related to prolificated flower formation. PmSVP1-2 mingled in the protein complex in bud dormancy stages with PmDAMs. Finally, we proposed the hypothesis that PmSVP1 and PmSVP2 could combine with PmDAM1 to have an effect on flower organogenesis and interact with PmDAM5 and PmDAM6 to regulate flower bud dormancy. These findings could help expand the current molecular mechanism based on MADS-box genes during flower bud development and dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation and Engineering Application Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation and Engineering Application Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rui-yue Zheng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation and Engineering Application Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meijuan Hu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation and Engineering Application Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Tong
- College of Landscape Architecture, Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation and Engineering Application Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianmei Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yangting Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation and Engineering Application Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ming-li Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Quesada-Traver C, Lloret A, Carretero-Paulet L, Badenes ML, Ríos G. Evolutionary origin and functional specialization of Dormancy-Associated MADS box (DAM) proteins in perennial crops. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:473. [PMID: 36199018 PMCID: PMC9533583 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bud dormancy is a phenological adaptation of temperate perennials that ensures survival under winter temperature conditions by ceasing growth and increasing cold hardiness. SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP)-like factors, and particularly a subset of them named DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX (DAM), are master regulators of bud dormancy in perennials, prominently Rosaceae crops widely adapted to varying environmental conditions. RESULTS SVP-like proteins from recently sequenced Rosaceae genomes were identified and characterized using sequence, phylogenetic and synteny analysis tools. SVP-like proteins clustered in three clades (SVP1-3), with known DAM proteins located within SVP2 clade, which also included Arabidopsis AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (AthAGL24). A more detailed study on these protein sequences led to the identification of a 15-amino acid long motif specific to DAM proteins, which affected protein heteromerization properties by yeast two-hybrid system in peach PpeDAM6, and the unexpected finding of predicted DAM-like genes in loquat, an evergreen species lacking winter dormancy. DAM gene expression in loquat trees was studied by quantitative PCR, associating with inflorescence development and growth in varieties with contrasting flowering behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenetic, synteny analyses and heterologous overexpression in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana supported three major conclusions: 1) DAM proteins might have emerged from the SVP2 clade in the Amygdaloideae subfamily of Rosaceae; 2) a short DAM-specific motif affects protein heteromerization, with a likely effect on DAM transcriptional targets and other functional features, providing a sequence signature for the DAM group of dormancy factors; 3) in agreement with other recent studies, DAM associates with inflorescence development and growth, independently of the dormancy habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Quesada-Traver
- Departamento de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera CV-315, Km 10.7, 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Alba Lloret
- Departamento de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera CV-315, Km 10.7, 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Lorenzo Carretero-Paulet
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
- Centro de Investigación de Colecciones Científicas de la Universidad de Almería (CECOUAL), University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María Luisa Badenes
- Departamento de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera CV-315, Km 10.7, 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Gabino Ríos
- Departamento de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera CV-315, Km 10.7, 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
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Identification, Phylogeny, Divergence, Structure, and Expression Analysis of A20/AN1 Zinc Finger Domain Containing Stress-Associated Proteins (SAPs) Genes in Jatropha curcas L. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101766. [PMID: 36292651 PMCID: PMC9601316 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Jatropha is a small woody perennial biofuel-producing shrub. Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) are novel stress regulatory zinc-finger proteins and are mainly associated with tolerance against various environmental abiotic stresses in Jatropha. In the present study, the JcSAP gene family were analyzed comprehensively in Jatropha curcas and 11 JcSAP genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis classified the JcSAP genes into four groups based on sequence similarity, similar gene structure features, conserved A20 and/or AN1 domains, and their responsive motifs. Moreover, the divergence analysis further evaluated the evolutionary aspects of the JcSAP genes with the predicted time of divergence from 9.1 to 40 MYA. Furthermore, a diverse range of cis-elements including light-responsive elements, hormone-responsive elements, and stress-responsive elements were detected in the promoter region of JcSAP genes while the miRNA target sites predicted the regulation of JcSAP genes via a candid miRNA mediated post-transcriptional regulatory network. In addition, the expression profiles of JcSAP genes in different tissues under stress treatment indicated that many JcSAP genes play functional developmental roles in different tissues, and exhibit significant differential expression under stress treatment. These results collectively laid a foundation for the functional diversification of JcSAP genes.
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Jalal A, Sun J, Chen Y, Fan C, Liu J, Wang C. Evolutionary Analysis and Functional Identification of Clock-Associated PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR (PRRs) Genes in the Flowering Regulation of Roses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137335. [PMID: 35806340 PMCID: PMC9266954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudo-response regulators (PRRs) are the important genes for flowering in roses. In this work, clock PRRs were genome-wide identified using Arabidopsis protein sequences as queries, and their evolutionary analyses were deliberated intensively in Rosaceae in correspondence with angiosperms species. To draw a comparative network and flow of clock PRRs in roses, a co-expression network of flowering pathway genes was drawn using a string database, and their functional analysis was studied by silencing using VIGS and protein-to-protein interaction. We revealed that the clock PRRs were significantly expanded in Rosaceae and were divided into three major clades, i.e., PRR5/9 (clade 1), PRR3/7 (clade 2), and TOC1/PRR1 (clade 3), based on their phylogeny. Within the clades, five clock PRRs were identified in Rosa chinensis. Clock PRRs had conserved RR domain and shared similar features, suggesting the duplication occurred during evolution. Divergence analysis indicated the role of duplication events in the expansion of clock PRRs. The diverse cis elements and interaction of clock PRRs with miRNAs suggested their role in plant development. Co-expression network analysis showed that the clock PRRs from Rosa chinensis had a strong association with flowering controlling genes. Further silencing of RcPRR1b and RcPRR5 in Rosa chinensis using VIGS led to earlier flowering, confirming them as negative flowering regulators. The protein-to-protein interactions between RcPRR1a/RcPRR5 and RcCO suggested that RcPRR1a/RcPRR5 may suppress flowering by interfering with the binding of RcCO to the promoter of RcFT. Collectively, these results provided an understanding of the evolutionary profiles as well as the functional role of clock PRRs in controlling flowering in roses.
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da Silveira Falavigna V, Severing E, Lai X, Estevan J, Farrera I, Hugouvieux V, Revers LF, Zubieta C, Coupland G, Costes E, Andrés F. Unraveling the role of MADS transcription factor complexes in apple tree dormancy. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2071-2088. [PMID: 34480759 PMCID: PMC9292984 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A group of MADS transcription factors (TFs) are believed to control temperature-mediated bud dormancy. These TFs, called DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX (DAM), are encoded by genes similar to SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) from Arabidopsis. MADS proteins form transcriptional complexes whose combinatory composition defines their molecular function. However, how MADS multimeric complexes control the dormancy cycle in trees is unclear. Apple MdDAM and other dormancy-related MADS proteins form complexes with MdSVPa, which is essential for the ability of transcriptional complexes to bind to DNA. Sequential DNA-affinity purification sequencing (seq-DAP-seq) was performed to identify the genome-wide binding sites of apple MADS TF complexes. Target genes associated with the binding sites were identified by combining seq-DAP-seq data with transcriptomics datasets obtained using a glucocorticoid receptor fusion system, and RNA-seq data related to apple dormancy. We describe a gene regulatory network (GRN) formed by MdSVPa-containing complexes, which regulate the dormancy cycle in response to environmental cues and hormonal signaling pathways. Additionally, novel molecular evidence regarding the evolutionary functional segregation between DAM and SVP proteins in the Rosaceae is presented. MdSVPa sequentially forms complexes with the MADS TFs that predominate at each dormancy phase, altering its DNA-binding specificity and, therefore, the transcriptional regulation of its target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor da Silveira Falavigna
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
- Department of Plant Developmental BiologyMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
| | - Edouard Severing
- Department of Plant Developmental BiologyMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
| | - Xuelei Lai
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et VégétaleUniversité Grenoble‐AlpesCNRSCEAINRAEIRIG‐DBSCI38000GrenobleFrance
| | - Joan Estevan
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Isabelle Farrera
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Véronique Hugouvieux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et VégétaleUniversité Grenoble‐AlpesCNRSCEAINRAEIRIG‐DBSCI38000GrenobleFrance
| | | | - Chloe Zubieta
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et VégétaleUniversité Grenoble‐AlpesCNRSCEAINRAEIRIG‐DBSCI38000GrenobleFrance
| | - George Coupland
- Department of Plant Developmental BiologyMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
| | - Evelyne Costes
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Fernando Andrés
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
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Yang F, Gao J, Wei Y, Ren R, Zhang G, Lu C, Jin J, Ai Y, Wang Y, Chen L, Ahmad S, Zhang D, Sun W, Tsai W, Liu Z, Zhu G. The genome of Cymbidium sinense revealed the evolution of orchid traits. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:2501-2516. [PMID: 34342129 PMCID: PMC8633513 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Orchidaceae is of economic and ecological importance and constitutes ˜10% of all seed plant species. Here, we report a genome physical map for Cymbidium sinense, a well-known species belonging to genus Cymbidium that has thousands of natural variation varieties of flower organs, flower and leaf colours and also referred as the King of Fragrance, which make it arose into a unique cultural symbol in China. The high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly was 3.52 Gb in size, 29 638 protein-coding genes were predicted, and evidence for whole-genome duplication shared with other orchids was provided. Marked amplification of cytochrome- and photosystem-related genes was observed, which was consistent with the shade tolerance and dark green leaves of C. sinense. Extensive duplication of MADS-box genes, and the resulting subfunctional and expressional differentiation, was associated with regulation of species-specific flower traits, including wild-type and mutant-type floral patterning, seasonal flowering and ecological adaption. CsSEP4 was originally found to positively regulate gynostemium development. The CsSVP genes and their interaction proteins CsAP1 and CsSOC1 were significantly expanded and involved in the regulation of low-temperature-dependent flowering. Important genetic clues to the colourful leaf traits, purple-black flowers and volatile trait in C. sinense were also found. The results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of important phenotypic traits of Cymbidium and its evolution and serve as a powerful platform for future evolutionary studies and molecular breeding of orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng‐Xi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and UtilizationInstitute of Environmental HorticultureGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Jie Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and UtilizationInstitute of Environmental HorticultureGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Yong‐Lu Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and UtilizationInstitute of Environmental HorticultureGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Rui Ren
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and UtilizationInstitute of Environmental HorticultureGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Guo‐Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and UtilizationThe Orchid Conservation and Research Center of ShenzhenThe National Orchid Conservation Center of ChinaShenzhenChina
| | - Chu‐Qiao Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and UtilizationInstitute of Environmental HorticultureGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Jian‐Peng Jin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and UtilizationInstitute of Environmental HorticultureGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Ye Ai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape ArchitectureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Ya‐Qin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant DevelopmentSchool of Life SciencesSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Li‐Jun Chen
- Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and UtilizationThe Orchid Conservation and Research Center of ShenzhenThe National Orchid Conservation Center of ChinaShenzhenChina
| | - Sagheer Ahmad
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and UtilizationInstitute of Environmental HorticultureGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Di‐Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape ArchitectureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Wei‐Hong Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape ArchitectureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Wen‐Chieh Tsai
- Orchid Research and Development CenterNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and MicrobiologyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Zhong‐Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape ArchitectureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Gen‐Fa Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and UtilizationInstitute of Environmental HorticultureGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
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Ramírez-Ramírez JA, Madrigal Y, Alzate JF, Pabón-Mora N. Evolution and expression of the MADS-box flowering transition genes AGAMOUS-like 24/SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE with emphasis in selected Neotropical orchids. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203755. [PMID: 34758403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In angiosperms the reproductive transition results in the transformation of a vegetative apical meristem (SAM) into an inflorescence meristem (IM), capable of forming floral meristems (FM). Two key players in the flowering transition are AGAMOUS-like 24 (AGL24) and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP). They are eudicot MADS-box paralogs performing opposite roles, as AGL24 positively regulates flowering while SVP represses the reproductive transition in Arabidopsis. We confirm that the Arabidopsis functional reference cannot be readily extrapolated to all eudicots as there are additional duplications of AGL24 in early divergent eudicots and core eudicots with significant sequence variation. In addition, we found that in monocots, two additional independent duplication events have resulted in at least three clades of AGL24/SVP homologs, some only found in Orchidaceae. Protein sequence analyses and comparative evolutionary rates point to higher rates of relaxed negative selection in the Core Eudicot AGL24 B and the Orch SVP-like B clades, in eudicots and monocots respectively. On the other hand, expression data points to plesiomorphic pleiotropic roles of AGL24/SVP genes likely similar to SVP core eudicot genes, and the acquisition of new roles as flowering positive regulators in Core Eudicot AGL24 A genes. Our research presents evidence on the diversification and recruitment of AGL24/SVP homologs in flowering transition in orchids. Although, broad expression of most copies does not allow to determine if they act as flowering repressors or promoters, the restricted expression of some homologs in the SAM suggests putative roles in maintaining the vegetative phase. If so studying in detail the function of AGL24/SVP homologs in orchids is critical to identify putative flowering repressors in a lineage where other canonical repressors remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Ramírez-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Yesenia Madrigal
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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