A systems-biology clinical trial of a personalized multimodal lifestyle intervention for early Alzheimer's disease

The need for systems thinking to advance Alzheimer's disease research

Despite extensive research efforts to mechanistically understand late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and other complex mental health disorders, curative treatments remain elusive. We emphasize the multiscale multicausality inherent to LOAD, highlighting the interplay between interconnected pathophysiological processes and risk factors. Systems thinking methods, such as causal loop diagrams and systems dynamic models, offer powerful means to capture and study this complexity. Recent studies developed and validated a causal loop diagram and system dynamics model using multiple longitudinal data sets, enabling the simulation of personalized interventions on various modifiable risk factors in LOAD. The results indicate that targeting factors like sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms could be promising and yield synergistic benefits. Furthermore, personalized interventions showed significant potential, with top-ranked intervention strategies differing significantly across individuals. We argue that systems thinking approaches can open new prospects for multifactorial precision medicine. In future research, systems thinking may also guide structured, model-driven data collection on the multiple interactions in LOAD's complex multicausality, facilitating theory development and possibly resulting in effective prevention and treatment options.

A Remotely Coached Multimodal Lifestyle Intervention for Alzheimer's Disease Ameliorates Functional and Cognitive Outcomes

BACKGROUND

Comprehensive treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) requires not only pharmacologic treatment but also management of existing medical conditions and lifestyle modifications including diet, cognitive training, and exercise. Personalized, multimodal therapies are needed to best prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease (AD).

OBJECTIVE

The Coaching for Cognition in Alzheimer's (COCOA) trial was a prospective randomized controlled trial to test the hypothesis that a remotely coached multimodal lifestyle intervention would improve early-stage AD.

METHODS

Participants with early-stage AD were randomized into two arms. Arm 1 (N = 24) received standard of care. Arm 2 (N = 31) additionally received telephonic personalized coaching for multiple lifestyle interventions. The primary outcome was a test of the hypothesis that the Memory Performance Index (MPI) change over time would be better in the intervention arm than in the control arm. The Functional Assessment Staging Test was assessed for a secondary outcome. COCOA collected psychometric, clinical, lifestyle, genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and microbiome data at multiple timepoints (dynamic dense data) across two years for each participant.

RESULTS

The intervention arm ameliorated 2.1 [1.0] MPI points (mean [SD], p = 0.016) compared to the control over the two-year intervention. No important adverse events or side effects were observed.

CONCLUSION

Multimodal lifestyle interventions are effective for ameliorating cognitive decline and have a larger effect size than pharmacological interventions. Dietary changes and exercise are likely to be beneficial components of multimodal interventions in many individuals. Remote coaching is an effective intervention for early stage ADRD. Remote interventions were effective during the COVID pandemic.

Digital health: trends, opportunities and challenges in medical devices, pharma and bio-technology

Digital health interventions refer to the use of digital technology and connected devices to improve health outcomes and healthcare delivery. This includes telemedicine, electronic health records, wearable devices, mobile health applications, and other forms of digital health technology. To this end, several research and developmental activities in various fields are gaining momentum. For instance, in the medical devices sector, several smart biomedical materials and medical devices that are digitally enabled are rapidly being developed and introduced into clinical settings. In the pharma and allied sectors, digital health-focused technologies are widely being used through various stages of drug development, viz. computer-aided drug design, computational modeling for predictive toxicology, and big data analytics for clinical trial management. In the biotechnology and bioengineering fields, investigations are rapidly growing focus on digital health, such as omics biology, synthetic biology, systems biology, big data and personalized medicine. Though digital health-focused innovations are expanding the horizons of health in diverse ways, here the development in the fields of medical devices, pharmaceutical technologies and biotech sectors, with emphasis on trends, opportunities and challenges are reviewed. A perspective on the use of digital health in the Indian context is also included.

Impact of Eating a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet on Cortical Atrophy in a Cross-Section of Amyloid Positive Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Small Sample Study

BACKGROUND

A carbohydrate-restricted diet aimed at lowering insulin levels has the potential to slow Alzheimer's disease (AD). Restricting carbohydrate consumption reduces insulin resistance, which could improve glucose uptake and neural health. A hallmark feature of AD is widespread cortical thinning; however, no study has demonstrated that lower net carbohydrate (nCHO) intake is linked to attenuated cortical atrophy in patients with AD and confirmed amyloidosis.

OBJECTIVE

We tested the hypothesis that individuals with AD and confirmed amyloid burden eating a carbohydrate-restricted diet have thicker cortex than those eating a moderate-to-high carbohydrate diet.

METHODS

A total of 31 patients (mean age 71.4±7.0 years) with AD and confirmed amyloid burden were divided into two groups based on a 130 g/day nCHO cutoff. Cortical thickness was estimated from T1-weighted MRI using FreeSurfer. Cortical surface analyses were corrected for multiple comparisons using cluster-wise probability. We assessed group differences using a two-tailed two-independent sample t-test. Linear regression analyses using nCHO as a continuous variable, accounting for confounders, were also conducted.

RESULTS

The lower nCHO group had significantly thicker cortex within somatomotor and visual networks. Linear regression analysis revealed that lower nCHO intake levels had a significant association with cortical thickness within the frontoparietal, cingulo-opercular, and visual networks.

CONCLUSIONS

Restricting carbohydrates may be associated with reduced atrophy in patients with AD. Lowering nCHO to under 130 g/day would allow patients to follow the well-validated MIND diet while benefiting from lower insulin levels.

The Coaching for Cognition in Alzheimer's (COCOA) trial: Study design

Comprehensive treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires not only pharmacologic treatment but also management of existing medical conditions and lifestyle modifications including diet, cognitive training, and exercise. We present the design and methodology for the Coaching for Cognition in Alzheimer's (COCOA) trial. AD and other dementias result from the interplay of multiple interacting dysfunctional biological systems. Monotherapies have had limited success. More interventional studies are needed to test the effectiveness of multimodal multi‐domain therapies for dementia prevention and treatment. Multimodal therapies use multiple interventions to address multiple systemic causes and potentiators of cognitive decline and functional loss; they can be personalized, as different sets of etiologies and systems responsive to therapy may be present in different individuals. COCOA is designed to test the hypothesis that coached multimodal interventions beneficially alter the trajectory of cognitive decline for individuals on the spectrum of AD and related dementias (ADRD). COCOA is a two‐arm prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT). COCOA collects psychometric, clinical, lifestyle, genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and microbiome data at multiple timepoints across 2 years for each participant. These data enable systems biology analyses. One arm receives standard of care and generic healthy aging recommendations. The other arm receives standard of care and personalized data‐driven remote coaching. The primary outcome measure is the Memory Performance Index (MPI), a measure of cognition. The MPI is a summary statistic of the MCI Screen (MCIS). Secondary outcome measures include the Functional Assessment Staging Test (FAST), a measure of function. COCOA began enrollment in January 2018. We hypothesize that multimodal interventions will ameliorate cognitive decline and that data‐driven health coaching will increase compliance, assist in personalizing multimodal interventions, and improve outcomes for patients, particularly for those in the early stages of the AD spectrum.

Case Study: A Precision Medicine Approach to Multifactorial Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease

We report a case of a patient with mixed dementia successfully treated with a personalized multimodal therapy. Monotherapeutics are inadequate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mixed dementia; therefore, we approach treatment through an adaptive personalized multimodal program. Many multimodal programs are pre-determined, and thus may not address the underlying contributors to cognitive decline in each particular individual. The combination of a targeted, personalized, precision medicine approach using a multimodal program promises advantages over monotherapies and untargeted multimodal therapies for multifactorial dementia. In this case study, we describe successful treatment for a patient diagnosed with AD, using a multimodal, programmatic, precision medicine intervention encompassing therapies targeting multiple dementia diastheses. We describe specific interventions used in this case that are derived from a comprehensive protocol for AD precision medicine. After treatment, our patient demonstrated improvements in quantitative neuropsychological testing, volumetric neuroimaging, PET scans, and serum chemistries, accompanied by symptomatic improvement over a 3.5-year period. This case outcome supports the need for rigorous trials of comprehensive, targeted combination therapies to stabilize, restore, and prevent cognitive decline in individuals with potentially many underlying causes of such decline and dementia. Our multimodal therapy included personalized treatments to address each potential perturbation to neuroplasticity. In particular, neuroinflammation and metabolic subsystems influence cognitive function and hippocampal volume. In this patient with a primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) multimorbidity component, we introduced a personalized diet that helped reduce liver inflammation. Together, all these components of multimodal therapy showed a sustained functional and cognitive benefit. Multimodal therapies may have systemwide benefits on all dementias, particularly in the context of multimorbidity. Furthermore, these therapies provide generalized health benefits, as many of the factors - such as inflammation - that impact cognitive function also impact other systems.