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Ross R, John E, McGlory C, Davidson LE, Stotz PJ. Does Aerobic Exercise Increase Skeletal Muscle Mass in Female and Male Adults? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:776-782. [PMID: 38190393 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is uncertain whether aerobic exercise in the form of walking contributes to the preservation or increase in total or regional skeletal muscle mass (SMM). PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of aerobic exercise on total and regional (upper body verses leg SMM) in male ( n = 105) and female ( n = 133) adults with overweight and obesity. METHODS A retrospective analysis of data from four randomized controlled trials. Participants included those who completed the given trial (control, n = 63; intervention, n = 175) and with complete magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measured adipose tissue and SMM pre- and postintervention. Macronutrient intake was assessed for a subsample of participants. Supervised exercise was performed by walking on a treadmill for durations ranging from 12 to 24 wk at intensities between 50% and 75% of V̇O 2peak . RESULTS All MRI-measured adipose tissue depots were reduced, and cardiorespiratory fitness was increased by aerobic exercise compared with controls ( P < 0.001). Independent of baseline SMM, aerobic exercise was associated with a small reduction (estimated mean difference ± standard error) in whole-body SMM (-0.310 ± 0.150 kg, P = 0.039) and upper body SMM (-0.273 ± 0.121 kg, P = 0.025) compared with control. No between-group difference was observed for change in leg SMM ( P > 0.10). A negative association was observed between the relative change in body weight and change in total ( R2 = 0.37, P < 0.001), upper body ( R2 = 0.21, P < 0.001), and leg SMM ( R2 = 0.09, P = 0.701). The SMM-to-adipose tissue ratio increased in response to aerobic exercise and was positively associated with weight loss ( P < 0.001). Change in SMM was not associated with dietary protein intake ( P > 0.10). CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise performed while walking preserves, but does not increase, SMM in exercising muscle of adults. SMM not directly targeted by aerobic exercise may not be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily John
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CANADA
| | - Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CANADA
| | - Lance E Davidson
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Paula J Stotz
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CANADA
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Ruple BA, Mattingly ML, Godwin JS, McIntosh MC, Kontos NJ, Agyin-Birikorang A, Michel JM, Plotkin DL, Chen SY, Ziegenfuss TN, Fruge AD, Gladden LB, Robinson AT, Mobley CB, Mackey AL, Roberts MD. The effects of resistance training on denervated myofibers, senescent cells, and associated protein markers in middle-aged adults. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23621. [PMID: 38651653 PMCID: PMC11047210 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302103rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Denervated myofibers and senescent cells are hallmarks of skeletal muscle aging. However, sparse research has examined how resistance training affects these outcomes. We investigated the effects of unilateral leg extensor resistance training (2 days/week for 8 weeks) on denervated myofibers, senescent cells, and associated protein markers in apparently healthy middle-aged participants (MA, 55 ± 8 years old, 17 females, 9 males). We obtained dual-leg vastus lateralis (VL) muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA), VL biopsies, and strength assessments before and after training. Fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA), satellite cells (Pax7+), denervated myofibers (NCAM+), senescent cells (p16+ or p21+), proteins associated with denervation and senescence, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) proteins were analyzed from biopsy specimens. Leg extensor peak torque increased after training (p < .001), while VL mCSA trended upward (interaction p = .082). No significant changes were observed for Type I/II fCSAs, NCAM+ myofibers, or senescent (p16+ or p21+) cells, albeit satellite cells increased after training (p = .037). While >90% satellite cells were not p16+ or p21+, most p16+ and p21+ cells were Pax7+ (>90% on average). Training altered 13 out of 46 proteins related to muscle-nerve communication (all upregulated, p < .05) and 10 out of 19 proteins related to cellular senescence (9 upregulated, p < .05). Only 1 out of 17 SASP protein increased with training (IGFBP-3, p = .031). In conclusion, resistance training upregulates proteins associated with muscle-nerve communication in MA participants but does not alter NCAM+ myofibers. Moreover, while training increased senescence-related proteins, this coincided with an increase in satellite cells but not alterations in senescent cell content or SASP proteins. These latter findings suggest shorter term resistance training is an unlikely inducer of cellular senescence in apparently healthy middle-aged participants. However, similar study designs are needed in older and diseased populations before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - J. Max Michel
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abigail L. Mackey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Park JH, Nam HS, Park M, Kim YH. Differential association between physical activity behaviours and dynapenia by comorbid diseases in community-dwelling Korean older adults. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2024; 21:6. [PMID: 38459483 PMCID: PMC10921688 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-024-00340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) behaviours and comorbid diseases are associated with muscle strength. However, the association between dynapenia and detailed PA behaviours, including participation in aerobic and resistance exercises and sedentary behaviour (SB), in relation to comorbid diseases has not yet been investigated. Using nationwide data, this study aimed to evaluate the independent association of dynapenia with detailed PA behaviour (participation in aerobic and resistance exercises and SB), and assess the differential associations of detailed PA behaviour with dynapenia according to comorbid diseases with prevalent sarcopenia. METHODS A total of 7,558 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥ 65 years who were included in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2014 to 2019 were included in the present study. Cross-sectional associations between PA behaviours (participation in aerobic exercise, participation in resistance exercise, and SB) and dynapenia were analysed using complex-sample multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models according to the type of comorbid disease (cardiovascular disease [CVD], diabetes mellitus [DM], and chronic lung disease [CLD]). RESULTS Sufficient aerobic exercise, sufficient resistance exercise, and low sedentary time of < 420 min/day showed independent negative associations with dynapenia (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-0.83; OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.42-0.69; and OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72-0.97, respectively). Among the participants with CVD or CLD, the associations of sufficient resistance exercise (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.26-0.82 and OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.35-0.75 for CVD and CLD, respectively) and low sedentary time (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.98 and OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.55-0.93 for CVD and CLD, respectively) with dynapenia were significant, whereas the association of sufficient aerobic exercise with dynapenia was insignificant. Meanwhile, in participants with DM, sufficient aerobic exercise (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52-0.94) and sufficient resistance exercise (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.29-0.70) were independently associated with dynapenia, whereas no association between SB and dynapenia was found. CONCLUSION We observed an independent inverse association between PA behaviours and dynapenia. Disease-specific associations between each PA behaviour (sufficient aerobic exercise, sufficient resistance exercise, and low sedentary time) and dynapenia differed in the older adults. Therefore, these differences should be acknowledged during interventions for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyeon Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Nam
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sheikh Khalifa Specialty Hospital, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Mina Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Hyung Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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Troutman AD, Srinivasan S, Metzger CE, Fallen PB, Chen N, O'Neill KD, Allen MR, Biruete A, Moe SM, Avin KG. Musculoskeletal Health Worsened from Carnitine Supplementation and Not Impacted by a Novel Individualized Treadmill Training Protocol. Am J Nephrol 2024; 55:369-379. [PMID: 38377965 PMCID: PMC11147712 DOI: 10.1159/000537827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease (CKD) negatively affects musculoskeletal health, leading to reduced mobility, and quality of life. In healthy populations, carnitine supplementation and aerobic exercise have been reported to improve musculoskeletal health. However, there are inconclusive results regarding their effectiveness and safety in CKD. We hypothesized that carnitine supplementation and individualized treadmill exercise would improve musculoskeletal health in CKD. METHODS We used a spontaneously progressive CKD rat model (Cy/+ rat) (n = 11-12/gr): (1) Cy/+ (CKD-Ctrl), (2) CKD-carnitine (CKD-Carn), and (3) CKD-treadmill (CKD-TM). Carnitine (250 mg/kg) was injected daily for 10 weeks. Rats in the treadmill group ran 4 days/week on a 5° incline for 10 weeks progressing from 30 min/day for week one to 40 min/day for week two to 50 min/day for the remaining 8 weeks. At 32 weeks of age, we assessed overall cardiopulmonary fitness, muscle function, bone histology and architecture, and kidney function. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons tests. RESULTS Moderate to severe CKD was confirmed by biochemistries for blood urea nitrogen (mean 43 ± 5 mg/dL CKD-Ctrl), phosphorus (mean 8 ± 1 mg/dL CKD-Ctrl), parathyroid hormone (PTH; mean 625 ± 185 pg/mL CKD-Ctrl), and serum creatinine (mean 1.1 ± 0.2 mg/mL CKD-Ctrl). Carnitine worsened phosphorous (mean 11 ± 3 mg/dL CKD-Carn; p < 0.0001), PTH (mean 1,738 ± 1,233 pg/mL CKD-Carn; p < 0.0001), creatinine (mean 1 ± 0.3 mg/dL CKD-Carn; p < 0.0001), cortical bone thickness (mean 0.5 ± 0.1 mm CKD-Ctrl, 0.4 ± 0.1 mm CKD-Carn; p < 0.05). Treadmill running significantly improves maximal aerobic capacity when compared to CKD-Ctrl (mean 14 ± 2 min CKD-TM, 10 ± 2 min CKD-Ctrl; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Carnitine supplementation worsened CKD progression, mineral metabolism biochemistries, and cortical porosity and did not have an impact on physical function. Individualized treadmill running improved maximal aerobic capacity but did not have an impact on CKD progression or bone properties. Future studies should seek to better understand carnitine doses in conditions of compromised renal function to prevent toxicity which may result from elevated carnitine levels and to optimize exercise prescriptions for musculoskeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Troutman
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Shruthi Srinivasan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Corinne E Metzger
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul B Fallen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Neal Chen
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kalisha D O'Neill
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Annabel Biruete
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sharon M Moe
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Keith G Avin
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Sánchez-Sánchez JL, He L, Morales JS, de Souto Barreto P, Jiménez-Pavón D, Carbonell-Baeza A, Casas-Herrero Á, Gallardo-Gómez D, Lucia A, Del Pozo Cruz B, Valenzuela PL. Association of physical behaviours with sarcopenia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2024; 5:e108-e119. [PMID: 38310891 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(23)00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical behaviours (ie, physical activity and sedentary behaviour) might have a role in the development of sarcopenia, although the evidence is unclear. We aimed to explore the association of total and intensity-specific levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with sarcopenia and its components (ie, muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance) in older adults. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis and searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to July 26, 2022, for peer-reviewed, observational studies or baseline data from randomised clinical trials conducted in older adults (ie, individual age ≥60 years or mean age ≥65 years) and published in English that reported on the association of physical activity or sedentary behaviour or both with sarcopenia (or its determinants: muscle mass or strength, and physical performance). Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured by any method. The main outcome was sarcopenia, which could be diagnosed by any means. Estimates were extracted and pooled using Bayesian meta-analytic models and publication bias was assessed using the Egger's test. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022315865. FINDINGS We identified 15 766 records, of which 124 studies (230 174 older adults; 121 301 [52·7%] were female and 108 873 [47·3%] were male) were included in the systematic review. 86 studies were subsequently included in the meta-analysis. Higher levels of total physical activity were inversely associated with sarcopenia both cross-sectionally (21 studies, n=59 572; odds ratio 0·49, 95% credible interval 0·37-0·62) and longitudinally (four studies, n=7545; 0·51, 0·27-0·94). A protective association was also identified for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in cross-sectional research (five studies, n=6787; 0·85, 0·71-0·99), whereas no association was identified for the remaining physical behaviours (ie, steps, light physical activity, or sedentary behaviour). INTERPRETATION Total and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity are inversely associated with sarcopenia. These findings might support the importance of moderate-to-vigorous, rather than light, intensity physical activity-based interventions to prevent sarcopenia. FUNDING None. TRANSLATION For the Spanish translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis Sánchez-Sánchez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain; Health Sciences Department, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Lingxiao He
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Javier S Morales
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain; Biomedical Research Innovation Institute of Cádiz, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Philipe de Souto Barreto
- IHU HealthAge, Toulouse, France; Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France; Maintain Aging Research Team, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Recherche en santé des POPulations (CERPOP), Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - David Jiménez-Pavón
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain; Biomedical Research Innovation Institute of Cádiz, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Carbonell-Baeza
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain; Biomedical Research Innovation Institute of Cádiz, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Álvaro Casas-Herrero
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; Geriatric Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Gallardo-Gómez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Epidemiology of Physical Activity and Fitness Across Lifespan Research Group, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Del Pozo Cruz
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain; Biomedical Research Innovation Institute of Cádiz, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Hortobágyi T, Vetrovsky T, Brach JS, van Haren M, Volesky K, Radaelli R, Lopez P, Granacher U. Effects of Exercise Training on Muscle Quality in Older Individuals: A Systematic Scoping Review with Meta-Analyses. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:41. [PMID: 37278947 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quantity and quality of skeletal muscle are important determinants of daily function and metabolic health. Various forms of physical exercise can improve muscle function, but this effect can be inconsistent and has not been systematically examined across the health-neurological disease continuum. The purpose of this systematic scoping review with meta-analyses was to determine the effects and potential moderators of exercise training on morphological and neuromuscular muscle quality (MMQ, NMQ) in healthy older individuals. In addition and in the form of a scoping review, we examined the effects of exercise training on NMQ and MMQ in individuals with neurological conditions. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in the electronic databases Medline, Embase, and Web of Science. Randomized controlled trials were included that examined the effects of exercise training on muscle quality (MQ) in older individuals with and without neurological conditions. Risk of bias and study quality were assessed (Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0). We performed random-effects models using robust variance estimation and tested moderators using the approximate Hotelling-Zhang test. RESULTS Thirty studies (n = 1494, 34% females) in healthy older individuals and no studies in individuals with neurological conditions were eligible for inclusion. Exercise training had small effects on MMQ (g = 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03-0.40, p = 0.029). Heterogeneity was low (median I2 = 16%). Training and demographic variables did not moderate the effects of exercise on MMQ. There was no association between changes in MMQ and changes in functional outcomes. Exercise training improved NMQ (g = 0.68, 95% CI 0.35-1.01, p < 0.000) across all studies, in particular in higher-functioning older individuals (g = 0.72, 95% CI 0.38-1.06, p < 0.001), in lower extremity muscles (g = 0.74, 95% CI 0.35-1.13, p = 0.001), and after resistance training (g = 0.91; 95% CI 0.42-1.41, p = 0.001). Heterogeneity was very high (median I2 = 79%). Of the training and demographic variables, only resistance training moderated the exercise-effects on NMQ. High- versus low-intensity exercise moderated the exercise-effects on NMQ, but these effects were considered unreliable due to a low number of studies at high intensity. There was no association between changes in NMQ and changes in functional outcomes. CONCLUSION Exercise training has small effects on MMQ and medium-large effects on NMQ in healthy older individuals. There was no association between improvements in MQ and increases in muscle strength, mobility, and balance. Information on dose-response relations following training is currently lacking. There is a critical gap in muscle quality data for older individuals with lower function and neurological conditions after exercise training. Health practitioners should use resistance training to improve muscle function in older individuals. Well-designed studies are needed to examine the relevance of exercise training-induced changes in MQ in daily function in older individuals, especially to those with lower function and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
- Somogy County Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, Kaposvár, Hungary
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Sport Research, Sports University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Tomas Vetrovsky
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jennifer S Brach
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martijn van Haren
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Krystof Volesky
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Regis Radaelli
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, CIPER, University of Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Pedro Lopez
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Increasing Muscle Mass in Elders through Diet and Exercise: A Literature Review of Recent RCTs. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061218. [PMID: 36981144 PMCID: PMC10048759 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to review the current evidence on the independent and combined effects of diet and exercise and their impact on skeletal muscle mass in the elderly population. Skeletal muscle makes up approximately 40% of total body weight and is essential for performing daily activities. The combination of exercise and diet is known to be a potent anabolic stimulus through stimulation of muscle protein synthesis from amino acids. Aging is strongly associated with a generalized deterioration of physiological function, including a progressive reduction in skeletal muscle mass and strength, which in turn leads to a gradual functional impairment and an increased rate of disability resulting in falls, frailty, or even death. The term sarcopenia, which is an age-related syndrome, is primarily used to describe the gradual and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass (mainly in type II muscle fibers) and function. Multimodal training is emerging as a popular training method that combines a wide range of physical dimensions. On the other hand, nutrition and especially protein intake provide amino acids, which are essential for muscle protein synthesis. According to ESPEN, protein intake in older people should be at least 1 g/kgbw/day. Essential amino acids, such as leucine, arginine, cysteine, and glutamine, are of particular importance for the regulation of muscle protein synthesis. For instance, a leucine intake of 3 g administered alongside each main meal has been suggested to prevent muscle loss in the elderly. In addition, studies have shown that vitamin D and other micronutrients can have a protective role and may modulate muscle growth; nevertheless, further research is needed to validate these claims. Resistance-based exercise combined with a higher intake of dietary protein, amino acids, and/or vitamin D are currently recognized as the most effective interventions to promote skeletal muscle growth. However, the results are quite controversial and contradictory, which could be explained by the high heterogeneity among studies. It is therefore necessary to further assess the impact of each individual exercise and nutritional approach, particularly protein and amino acids, on human muscle turnover so that more efficient strategies can be implemented for the augmentation of muscle mass in the elderly.
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Senolytic effect of high intensity interval exercise on human skeletal muscle. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:765-776. [PMID: 36779839 PMCID: PMC9970302 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
p16INK4a expression is a robust biomarker of senescence for stem cells in human tissues. Here we examined the effect of exercise intensity on in vivo senescence in skeletal muscle, using a randomized counter-balanced crossover design. Biopsied vastus lateralis of 9 sedentary men (age 26.1 ± 2.5 y) were assessed before and after a single bout of moderate steady state exercise (SSE, 60% maximal aerobic power) and high intensity interval exercise (HIIE, 120% maximal aerobic power) on a cycloergometer accumulating same amount of cycling work (in kilojoule). Increases in cell infiltration (+1.2 folds), DNA strand break (+1.3 folds), and γ-H2AX+ myofibers (+1.1 folds) occurred immediately after HIIE and returned to baseline in 24 h (p < 0.05). Muscle p16Ink4a mRNA decreased 24 h after HIIE (-57%, p < 0.05). SSE had no effect on cell infiltration, p16Ink4a mRNA, and DNA strand break in muscle tissues. Senescence-lowering effect of HIIE was particularly prominent in the muscle with high pre-exercise p16INK4a expression, suggesting that exercise intensity determines the level of selection pressure to tissue stem cells at late senescent stage in human skeletal muscle. This evidence provides an explanation for the discrepancy between destructive nature of high intensity exercise and its anti-aging benefits.
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Mao Y, Wu J, Liu G, Yu Y, Chen B, Liu J, Wang J, Yu P, Zhang C, Wu J. Chinese expert consensus on prevention and intervention for the elderly with malnutrition (2022). Aging Med (Milton) 2022; 5:191-203. [PMID: 36247340 PMCID: PMC9549312 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is a state of altered body composition and body cell mass due to inadequate intake or utilization of energy or nutrients, leading to physical and mental dysfunction and impaired clinical outcomes. As one of the most common geriatric syndromes, malnutrition in the elderly is a significant risk factor for poor clinical outcomes, causing a massive burden on medical resources and society. The risk factors for malnutrition in the elderly are diverse and include demographics, chronic diseases, and psychosocial factors. Presently, recommendations for the prevention and intervention of malnutrition in the elderly are not clear or consistent in China. This consensus is based on the latest global evidence and multiregional clinical experience in China, which aims to standardize the prevention and intervention of malnutrition in the elderly in China and improve the efficacy of clinical practice and the prognosis of elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Mao
- Department of Geriatric Medicinethe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Jianqing Wu
- Department of GeriatricsJiangsu Province HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Gongxiang Liu
- Center of Gerontology and GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChina National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric MedicineChengduChina
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Geriatric Medicinethe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of GeriatricsJiangsu Province HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Geriatric Medicinethe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Jianye Wang
- Beijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Pulin Yu
- Beijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Institute of Aging, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jinhui Wu
- Center of Gerontology and GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChina National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric MedicineChengduChina
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10
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Sung JH, Son SR, Baek SH, Kim BJ. The association of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercises with the handgrip strength of middle-aged and elderly Korean adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:676. [PMID: 35974299 PMCID: PMC9380318 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Handgrip strength (HGS), an indicator of overall muscle strength, is a key component in sarcopenia diagnosis. Although exercise is an effective strategy to prevent sarcopenia, the most appropriate exercise type targeting sarcopenia needs to be established. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the physical activity (PA) patterns and HGS. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using the data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018). The study population included 12,814 adults aged ≥ 40 years. According to the World Health Organization PA guidelines for public health, both aerobic (moderate to vigorous PA ≥ 150 min/week) and resistance exercises (≥ 2 sessions/week) are recommended. Study participants were categorized into one of the four groups depending on their adherence to each of two exercise guidelines (“neither,” “aerobic only,” “resistance only,” and “combined”). By defining normal HGS cutoff values as the lowest quartile of HGS from the population aged 20 years and above, we classified participants as “preserved” HGS group if their HGS was equal to or above the cutoff values. A Poisson regression model was used to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) for preserved HGS across the four PA guideline adherences stratified by age and sex groups. Results In middle-aged adults, the “combined” exercise group was independently associated with the preserved HGS (male, age 50–59 years, APR = 1.072; male, age 60–69 years, APR = 1.180; female, age 50–59 years, APR = 1.112; female, age 60–69 years, APR = 1.188). For adults aged ≥ 70 years, meeting only aerobic or resistance exercise guidelines showed a positive association with HGS before adjusting for other health-related variables. In males of ≥ 70 years, the APR of preserved HGS was highest in the “combined” exercise group (“resistance only,” APR = 1.459, “combined,” APR = 1.664), while in women aged ≥ 70 years, the significance was lost after adjusting for covariates. Conclusions Adults meeting both aerobic and resistance exercise guidelines were associated with the highest prevalence of preserved HGS. Performing both types of exercise might be the most effective way to prevent sarcopenia that should be investigated in future clinical trials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-022-03293-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hye Sung
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Rhim Son
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol-Hee Baek
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Jo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. .,BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Soendenbroe C, Flindt Heisterberg MF, Schjerling P, Kjaer M, Andersen JL, Mackey AL. Human skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptor gene expression in elderly males performing heavy resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C159-C169. [PMID: 35649253 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00365.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle fiber denervation is a major contributor to the decline in muscle mass and function during aging. Heavy resistance exercise is an effective tool for increasing muscle mass and strength, but whether it can rescue denervated muscle fibers remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of heavy resistance exercise to modify indices of denervation in healthy elderly individuals. 38 healthy elderly men (72±5 years) underwent 16 weeks of heavy resistance exercise while 20 healthy elderly men (72±6 years) served as non-exercising sedentary controls. Muscle biopsies were obtained pre and post training, and midway at eight weeks. Biopsies were analysed by immunofluorescence for the prevalence of myofibers expressing embryonic myosin (MyHCe), neonatal myosin (MyHCn), nestin, and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), and by RT-qPCR for gene expression levels of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunits, MyHCn, MyHCe, p16 and Ki67. In addition to increases in strength and type II fiber hypertrophy, heavy resistance exercise training led to a decrease in AChR α1 and ε subunit mRNA (at eight weeks). Changes in gene expression levels of the α1 and ε AChR subunits with eight weeks of heavy resistance exercise supports the role of this type of exercise in targeting stability of the neuromuscular junction. The number of fibers positive for NCAM, nestin, and MyHCn was not affected, suggesting that a longer timeframe is needed for adaptations to manifest at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Soendenbroe
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.,Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mette F Flindt Heisterberg
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jesper L Andersen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.,Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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12
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García-Salgado A, Grande-Alonso M. Biobehavioural Physiotherapy through Telerehabilitation during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in a Patient with Post-polio Syndrome and Low Back Pain: A Case Report. Phys Ther Res 2022; 24:295-303. [PMID: 35036266 DOI: 10.1298/ptr.e10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Post-polio syndrome refers to the physical and psychological sequelae caused by poliovirus infection. For this reason, according to which the emotional and sensorimotor sphere is affected, we consider a biobehavioural approach based on education and therapeutic exercise to be necessary. The aim of this case report is to evaluate the effect of a biobehavioural approach in a patient with post-polio syndrome and low back pain. We describe a 57-year-old man with post-polio syndrome and low back pain following a fall at the end of February 2020. The pain, disability and lack of functionality caused by both processes led him to contact a physiotherapy service. A therapeutic planning was carried out for 3 months, where a biobehavioural approach based on therapeutic exercise and education, with an assessment and three face-to-face sessions which were complemented by online follow-up and finalised due to the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic in a telerehabilitation approach. It was organised in two phases; the initial phase lasted 2 weeks with the aim of reducing the symptoms of the lumbar region, and the advanced phase in which the aim was to improve his physical condition. During the three-month intervention, four assessments were conducted (Pre, at 4 weeks, at 8 weeks and at 12 weeks). At follow-up, improvements in functional and psychological variables were obtained. This case suggests that a biobehavioural approach through telerehabilitation was a useful option in this reported case and could be an option of treatment to improve psychological, physical and functional variables in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mónica Grande-Alonso
- Instituto de Rehabilitación Funcional La Salle, Spain.,Physical Therapy Department, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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13
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Stokes T, Mei Y, Seo F, McKendry J, McGlory C, Phillips SM. Dairy and Dairy Alternative Supplementation Increase Integrated Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates, and Are Further Increased when Combined with Walking in Healthy Older Women. J Nutr 2022; 152:68-77. [PMID: 34610129 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) by dietary protein is reduced with age. We hypothesized that twice-daily milk consumption would increase daily rates of MPS in older women relative to a nondairy milk alternative and that MPS would be enhanced by increased physical activity (PA). METHODS Twenty-two older women were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental groups: whole milk (WM; n = 7, 69 ± 3 y), skim milk (SM; n = 7, 68 ± 3 y), or an almond beverage (AB; n = 8, 63 ± 3 y). From days 1 to 3, participants consumed a standardized diet (0.8 g protein⋅kg-1 ⋅d-1) and performed their habitual PA (Phase 1, Baseline). From days 4 to 6, participants continued to perform habitual PA, but consumed an intervention diet consisting of the standardized diet plus twice-daily beverages (250 mL each) of either WM, SM, or AB (Phase 2, Diet Intervention). Finally, from days 7 to 9, the intervention diet was consumed, and PA via daily steps was increased to ∼150% of habitual daily steps (Phase 3, Intervention Diet + PA). Deuterated water was ingested throughout the study, and muscle biopsies were taken on days 1, 4, 7, and 10 to measure MPS. RESULTS Daily MPS rates were not differentially affected by the addition of WM, SM, or AB to a standardized diet. There was, however, a significant effect of study phase such that, when collapsed across conditions, MPS was significantly increased from Phase 1 to Phase 2 (+0.133%⋅d-1; 95% CI: 0.035-0.231; P < 0.01) and further increased from Phase 2 to Phase 3 (+0.156%⋅d-1; 95% CI: 0.063-0.250; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Increasing PA through walking was sufficient to increase daily MPS rates in older women, irrespective of whether dietary protein intake is increased beyond the recommended intake of 0.8 g⋅kg-1 ⋅d-1. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04981652.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yixue Mei
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Freddie Seo
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - James McKendry
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Muscle Protein Synthesis Responses Following Aerobic-Based Exercise or High-Intensity Interval Training with or Without Protein Ingestion: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2022; 52:2713-2732. [PMID: 35675022 PMCID: PMC9585015 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic investigation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) responses with or without protein ingestion has been largely limited to resistance training. OBJECTIVE This systematic review determined the capacity for aerobic-based exercise or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to stimulate post-exercise rates of MPS and whether protein ingestion further significantly increases MPS compared with placebo. METHODS Three separate models analysed rates of either mixed, myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic, or mitochondrial protein synthesis (PS) following aerobic-based exercise or HIIT: Model 1 (n = 9 studies), no protein ingestion; Model 2 (n = 7 studies), peri-exercise protein ingestion with no placebo comparison; Model 3 (n = 14 studies), peri-exercise protein ingestion with placebo comparison. RESULTS Eight of nine studies and all seven studies in Models 1 and 2, respectively, demonstrated significant post-exercise increases in either mixed or a specific muscle protein pool. Model 3 observed significantly greater MPS responses with protein compared with placebo in either mixed or a specific muscle fraction in 7 of 14 studies. Seven studies showed no difference in MPS between protein and placebo, while three studies reported no significant increases in mitochondrial PS with protein compared with placebo. CONCLUSION Most studies reporting significant increases in MPS were confined to mixed and myofibrillar PS that may facilitate power generating capacity of working skeletal muscle with aerobic-based exercise and HIIT. Only three of eight studies demonstrated significant increases in mitochondrial PS post-exercise, with no further benefits of protein ingestion. This lack of change may be explained by the acute analysis window in most studies and apparent latency in exercise-induced stimulation of mitochondrial PS.
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15
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Brightwell CR, Kulkarni AS, Paredes W, Zhang K, Perkins JB, Gatlin KJ, Custodio M, Farooq H, Zaidi B, Pai R, Buttar RS, Tang Y, Melamed ML, Hostetter TH, Pessin JE, Hawkins M, Fry CS, Abramowitz MK. Muscle fibrosis and maladaptation occur progressively in CKD and are rescued by dialysis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:150112. [PMID: 34784301 PMCID: PMC8783691 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle maladaptation accompanies chronic kidney disease (CKD) and negatively impacts physical function. Emphasis in CKD has historically been placed on muscle fiber intrinsic deficits, such as altered protein metabolism and atrophy. However, targeted treatment of fiber intrinsic dysfunction has produced limited improvement, whereas alterations within the fiber extrinsic environment have scarcely been examined. METHODS We investigated alterations to the skeletal muscle interstitial environment with deep cellular phenotyping of biopsies from patients with CKD compared to age-matched control participants and performed transcriptome profiling to define the molecular underpinnings of CKD-associated muscle impairments. We further examined changes in the observed muscle maladaptation following initiation of dialysis therapy for kidney failure. RESULTS Patients with CKD exhibited a progressive fibrotic muscle phenotype, which was associated with impaired regenerative capacity and lower vascular density. The severity of these deficits was strongly associated with the degree of kidney dysfunction. Consistent with these profound deficits, CKD was associated with broad alterations to the muscle transcriptome, including altered extracellular matrix organization, downregulated angiogenesis, and altered expression of pathways related to stem cell self-renewal. Remarkably, despite the seemingly advanced nature of this fibrotic transformation, dialysis treatment rescued these deficits, restoring a healthier muscle phenotype. Furthermore, after accounting for muscle atrophy, strength and endurance improved after dialysis initiation. CONCLUSION These data identify a dialysis-responsive muscle fibrotic phenotype in CKD and suggest that the early dialysis window presents a unique opportunity of improved muscle regenerative capacity during which targeted interventions may achieve maximal impact. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01452412FUNDING. NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille R Brightwell
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States of America
| | - Ameya S Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States of America
| | - William Paredes
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Kehao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Jaclyn B Perkins
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States of America
| | - Knubian J Gatlin
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States of America
| | - Matthew Custodio
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Hina Farooq
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Bushra Zaidi
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Rima Pai
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Rupinder S Buttar
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Michal L Melamed
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Thomas H Hostetter
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey E Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Meredith Hawkins
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States of America
| | | | - Matthew K Abramowitz
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States of America
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16
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Li F, Hsueh YT, Hsu YJ, Lee MC, Chang CH, Ho CS, Huang CC. Effects of Isolated Soy Protein Supplementation Combined with Aerobic Exercise Training on Improving Body Composition, Anthropometric Characteristics and Cardiopulmonary Endurance in Women: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211798. [PMID: 34831554 PMCID: PMC8620840 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Today, women are concerned with health promotion but also with improvements in body weight and shape. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training (AET) combined with isolated soy protein (ISP) supplementation on the body composition, anthropometric characteristics, and cardiopulmonary endurance of women. The qualified subjects were randomly assigned to AET or AET + ISP groups. Women in the AET + ISP group were given an ISP-rich supplement (40 g/day) 5 days a week for 8 weeks; those in the AET group were given the same amount of water in an identical manner. All women received 60 min of AET twice a week for 8 weeks at an intensity of 40–65% heart rate reserve (HRR) and their body composition, anthropometric characteristics, and physical fitness were measured one week before and after the 8-week AET class. A total of 16 subjects (age: 36.13 ± 5.76 years) completed the study and were included in the dataset. The results of this study show that the AET + ISP group obtained greater reductions in body weight (effect size = 0.99), body mass index (BMI, effect size = 1.04), percentage body fat (PBF, effect size = 1.18), circumferences (waist and hip, all effect sizes > 0.8), and greater gains in the percentage lean body mass (PLBM, effect size = 0.89), compared with the AET group, without significant differences in 20 m multi-stage shuttle run test (20 m MST). We conclude that there is a trend for the consumption of ISP following AET to improve the body composition and anthropometric characteristics in women, compared with those who received the same AET without ISP supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chin-Shan Ho
- Correspondence: (C.-S.H.); (C.-C.H.); Tel.: +886-3-328-3201 (ext. 2425) (C.-S.H.); +886-3-328-3201 (ext. 2409) (C.-C.H.)
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Correspondence: (C.-S.H.); (C.-C.H.); Tel.: +886-3-328-3201 (ext. 2425) (C.-S.H.); +886-3-328-3201 (ext. 2409) (C.-C.H.)
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17
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Soendenbroe C, Andersen JL, Mackey AL. Muscle-nerve communication and the molecular assessment of human skeletal muscle denervation with aging. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C317-C329. [PMID: 34161153 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00174.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Muscle fiber denervation is a major contributor to the decline in physical function observed with aging. Denervation can occur through breakdown of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) itself, affecting only that particular fiber, or through the death of a motor neuron, which can lead to a loss of all the muscle fibers in that motor unit. In this review, we discuss the muscle-nerve relationship, where signaling from both the motor neuron and the muscle fiber is required for maximal preservation of neuromuscular function in old age. Physical activity is likely to be the most important single factor that can contribute to this preservation. Furthermore, we propose that inactivity is not an innocent bystander, but plays an active role in denervation through the production of signals hostile to neuron survival. Investigating denervation in human muscle tissue samples is challenging due to the shared protein profile of regenerating and denervated muscle fibers. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the key traits observed in immunohistochemical preparations of muscle biopsies from healthy, young, and elderly individuals. Overall, a combination of assessing tissue samples, circulating biomarkers, and electrophysiological assessments in humans will prove fruitful in the quest to gain more understanding of denervation of skeletal muscle. In addition, cell culture models represent a valuable tool in the search for key signaling factors exchanged between muscle and nerve, and which exercise has the capacity to alter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Soendenbroe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper L Andersen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Brightwell CR, Graber TG, Brightwell BD, Borkowski M, Noehren B, Fry CS. In vivo Measurement of Knee Extensor Muscle Function in Mice. J Vis Exp 2021:10.3791/62211. [PMID: 33749677 PMCID: PMC8095664 DOI: 10.3791/62211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plasticity in response to countless conditions and stimuli mediates concurrent functional adaptation, both negative and positive. In the clinic and the research laboratory, maximal muscular strength is widely measured longitudinally in humans, with knee extensor musculature the most reported functional outcome. Pathology of the knee extensor muscle complex is well documented in aging, orthopedic injury, disease, and disuse; knee extensor strength is closely related to functional capacity and injury risk, underscoring the importance of reliable measurement of knee extensor strength. Repeatable, in vivo assessment of knee extensor strength in pre-clinical rodent studies offers valuable functional endpoints for studies exploring osteoarthritis or knee injury. We report an in vivo and non-invasive protocol to repeatedly measure isometric peak tetanic torque of the knee extensors in mice across time. We demonstrate consistency using this novel method to measure knee extensor strength with repeated assessment in multiple mice producing similar results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille R Brightwell
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky
| | - Ted G Graber
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University
| | - Benjamin D Brightwell
- Kinesiology and Health Promotion Graduate Program, University of Kentucky; Biomotion Lab, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky
| | | | - Brian Noehren
- Biomotion Lab, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky;
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19
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Tavoian D, Russ DW, Consitt LA, Clark BC. Perspective: Pragmatic Exercise Recommendations for Older Adults: The Case for Emphasizing Resistance Training. Front Physiol 2020; 11:799. [PMID: 32719618 PMCID: PMC7348658 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal health benefits from exercise are achieved by meeting both aerobic and muscle strengthening guidelines, however, most older adults (OAs) do not exercise and the majority of those who do only perform one type of exercise. A pragmatic solution to this problem may be emphasizing a single exercise strategy that maximizes health benefits. The loss of muscle mass and strength at an accelerated rate are hallmarks of aging that, without intervention, eventually lead to physical disability and loss of independence. Additionally, OAs are at risk of developing several chronic diseases. As such, participating in activities that can maintain or increase muscle mass and strength, as well as decrease chronic disease risk, is essential for healthy aging. Unfortunately, there is a widely held belief that adaptations to aerobic and resistance exercise are independent of each other, requiring the participation of both types of exercise to achieve optimal health. However, we argue that this assertion is incorrect, and we discuss crossover adaptations of both aerobic and resistance exercise. Aerobic exercise can increase muscle mass and strength, though not consistently and may be limited to exercise that overloads a particular muscle group, such as stationary bicycling. In contrast, resistance exercise is effective at maintaining muscle health with increasing age, and also has significant effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cancer, and mortality. We posit that resistance exercise is the most effective standalone exercise strategy for improving overall health in OAs and should be emphasized in future guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallin Tavoian
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - David W. Russ
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Leslie A. Consitt
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Brian C. Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
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20
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Dvoretskiy S, Lieblein-Boff JC, Jonnalagadda S, Atherton PJ, Phillips BE, Pereira SL. Exploring the Association between Vascular Dysfunction and Skeletal Muscle Mass, Strength and Function in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E715. [PMID: 32156061 PMCID: PMC7146456 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of vascular dysfunction increases with advancing age, as does the loss of muscle mass, strength and function. This systematic review explores the association between vascular dysfunction and skeletal muscle health in healthy adults. Methods: EMBASE and MEDLINE were searched for cross-sectional and randomized controlled studies between January 2009 and April 2019, with 33 out of 1246 studies included based on predefined criteria. Assessments of muscular health included muscle mass, strength and function. Macrovascular function assessment included arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity or augmentation index), carotid intima-media thickness, and flow-mediated dilation. Microvascular health assessment included capillary density or microvascular flow (contrast enhanced ultrasound). Results: All 33 studies demonstrated a significant association between vascular function and skeletal muscle health. Significant negative associations were reported between vascular dysfunction and -muscle strength (10 studies); -mass (9 studies); and -function (5 studies). Nine studies reported positive correlations between muscle mass and microvascular health. Conclusions: Multiple studies have revealed an association between vascular status and skeletal muscle health in healthy adults. This review points to the importance of screening for muscle health in adults with vascular dysfunction with a view to initiating early nutrition and exercise interventions to ameliorate functional decline over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav Dvoretskiy
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA;
- Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH 43219, USA; (J.C.L.-B.); (S.J.)
| | | | | | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (P.J.A.); (B.E.P.)
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (P.J.A.); (B.E.P.)
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Moro T, Brightwell CR, Phalen DE, McKenna CF, Lane SJ, Porter C, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB, Fry CS. Low skeletal muscle capillarization limits muscle adaptation to resistance exercise training in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2019; 127:110723. [PMID: 31518665 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adequate muscle perfusion supports the transport of nutrients, oxygen and hormones into muscle fibers. Aging is associated with a substantial decrease in skeletal muscle capillarization, fiber size and oxidative capacity, which may be improved with regular physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between muscle capillarization and indices of muscle hypertrophy (i.e. lean mass; fiber cross sectional area (CSA)) in older adults before and after 12 weeks of progressive resistance exercise training (RET). DESIGN Interventional study SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: 19 subjects (10 male and 9 female; 71.1 ± 4.3 years; 27.6 ± 3.2 BMI) were enrolled in the study and performed a whole body RET program for 12 weeks. Subjects where then retrospectively divided into a LOW or HIGH group, based on their pre-RET capillary-to-fiber perimeter exchange index (CFPE). Physical activity level, indices of capillarization (capillaries-to-fiber ratio, C:Fi; CFPE index and capillary-to-fiber interface, LC-PF index), muscle hypertrophy, muscle protein turnover and mitochondrial function were assessed before and after RET. RESULTS Basal capillarization (C:Fi; CFPE and LP-CF index) correlates with daily physical activity level (C:Fi, r = 0.57, p = 0.019; CFPE index, r = 0.55, p = 0.024; LC-PF index, r = 0.56, p = 0.022) and CFPE and LC-PF indices were also positively associated with oxidative capacity (respectively r = 0.45, p = 0.06; r = 0.67, p = 0.004). Following RET, subjects in the HIGH group underwent hypertrophy with significant improvements in muscle protein synthesis and muscle fiber CSA (p < 0.05). However, RET did not promote muscle hypertrophy in the LOW group, but RET significantly increased muscle capillary density (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION/IMPLICATIONS Muscle fiber capillarization before starting an exercise training program may be predictive of the muscle hypertrophic response to RET in older adults. Increases in muscle fiber size following RET appear to be blunted when muscle capillarization is low, suggesting that an adequate initial capillarization is critical to achieve a meaningful degree of muscle adaptation to RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Camille R Brightwell
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Danielle E Phalen
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Colleen F McKenna
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Samantha J Lane
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Craig Porter
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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