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Paladini D, Biancotto G, Della Sala F, Severino M, Rossi A. Neurosonographic and MRI diagnosis of fetal cerebral lesions heralding polymicrogyria. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2024; 63:293-302. [PMID: 37671454 DOI: 10.1002/uog.27460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Paladini
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit - IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Biancotto
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit - IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - F Della Sala
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit - IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Severino
- Neuroradiology Unit - IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Rossi
- Neuroradiology Unit - IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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2
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Carroll RS, Duker AL, Schelhaas AJ, Little ME, Miller EG, Bober MB. Should We Stop Calling Thanatophoric Dysplasia a Lethal Condition? A Case Report of a Long-Term Survivor. Palliat Med Rep 2020; 1:32-39. [PMID: 34223453 PMCID: PMC8241327 DOI: 10.1089/pmr.2020.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thanatophoric dysplasia (TD) is a rare skeletal dysplasia commonly thought to be lethal. In this case report, we discuss a nine-year-old male with TD and review his parents' decision making shortly after their son was born, the technology needed to sustain him, and his parents' perception of his quality of life. We also summarize the clinical course of published long-term survivors with TD. Pediatric Palliative Care teams, especially those conducting perinatal palliative care consultations, are often asked to support families in the face of prognostic uncertainty. Our case report and review of the literature adds to the uncertainty of prognosis in TD and suggests that pediatric palliative care providers should be wary of the label “lethal.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricki S Carroll
- Division of Orthogenetics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.,Division of Palliative Medicine, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angela L Duker
- Division of Orthogenetics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Andrea J Schelhaas
- Division of Orthogenetics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Little
- Division of Orthogenetics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Elissa G Miller
- Division of Palliative Medicine, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael B Bober
- Division of Orthogenetics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gilligan LA, Calvo-Garcia MA, Weaver KN, Kline-Fath BM. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging of skeletal dysplasias. Pediatr Radiol 2020; 50:224-233. [PMID: 31776601 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-019-04537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is obtained for prenatal diagnosis and prognostication of skeletal dysplasias; however, related literature is limited. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to define the utility of fetal MRI for skeletal dysplasias and to report MRI findings associated with specific diagnoses. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board; informed consent was waived. Women referred for suspected fetal skeletal dysplasia who underwent MRI between January 2003 and December 2018 were included. Definitive diagnoses were determined by genetic testing, autopsy, physical examination and/or postnatal/postmortem imaging. Fetal MRI examinations and reports were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize imaging findings. RESULTS Eighty-nine women were referred for fetal MRI for possible skeletal dysplasia. Forty-three (48%) were determined to have a diagnosis other than skeletal dysplasia and nine were excluded for lack of specific skeletal dysplasia diagnosis. Thirty-seven cases of skeletal dysplasia with available fetal MRI and specific diagnosis were included for analysis. Diagnoses included achondrogenesis (n=2), achondroplasia (n=5), Boomerang dysplasia (n=1), campomelic dysplasia (n=2), Jeune syndrome (n=1), Kniest dysplasia (n=1), osteogenesis imperfecta (n=15) and thanatophoric dysplasia (n=10). A specific skeletal dysplasia diagnosis was mentioned in 17/37 (46%) of MRI imaging reports and correct for 14/17 (82%). MRI findings were reported for each specific skeletal dysplasia diagnosis. CONCLUSION Fetal MRI is a useful diagnostic tool for skeletal dyplasias and excluded the diagnosis in nearly half of referred pregnancies. In addition to providing fetal lung volumes, fetal MRI demonstrates findings of the brain in achondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia, of the spine in achondroplasia and achondrogenesis, of the calvarium in osteogenesis imperfecta and thanatophoric dysplasia, and of the cartilage in Kniest dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Gilligan
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 5031, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Maria A Calvo-Garcia
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 5031, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - K Nicole Weaver
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Beth M Kline-Fath
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 5031, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Chen CP, Chang TY, Lin TW, Chern SR, Chen SW, Lai ST, Chuang TY, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis of hydrancephaly and enlarged cerebellum and cisterna magna in a fetus with thanatophoric dysplasia type II and a review of prenatal diagnosis of brain anomalies associated with thanatophoric dysplasia. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 57:119-122. [PMID: 29458880 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present prenatal diagnosis of hydrancephaly and enlarged cerebellum and cisterna magna in a fetus with thanatophoric dysplasia type II (TD2) and a review of prenatal diagnosis of brain anomalies associated with TD. CASE REPORT A 33-year-old woman was referred for genetic counseling at 25 weeks of gestation because of fetal ultrasound abnormalities. Prenatal ultrasound at 14 weeks of gestation revealed an increased nuchal translucency (NT) and hydrocephalus. Level II ultrasound examination at 25 weeks of gestation revealed hydrancephaly, macrocephaly, a cloverleaf skull, frontal bossing, enlarged cerebellum and cisterna magna, a narrow chest, small ribs, short straight limbs. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 46,XX. FGFR3 mutation analysis using the DNA extracted from uncultured amniocytes revealed a genotype of WT/c.1948A>G (p.Lys650Glu). The result was consistent with a K650E mutation in FGFR3 and TD2. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated. CONCLUSION Fetuses with TD2 may present increased NT, early onset hydrocephalus, enlarged cerebellum and cisterna magna, and hydrancephaly on prenatal ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Chuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Manikkam SA, Chetcuti K, Howell KB, Savarirayan R, Fink AM, Mandelstam SA. Temporal Lobe Malformations in Achondroplasia: Expanding the Brain Imaging Phenotype Associated with FGFR3-Related Skeletal Dysplasias. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 39:380-384. [PMID: 29170271 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thanatophoric dysplasia, achondroplasia, and hypochondroplasia belong to the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) group of genetic skeletal disorders. Temporal lobe abnormalities have been documented in thanatophoric dysplasia and hypochondroplasia, and in 1 case of achondroplasia. We retrospectively identified 13 children with achondroplasia who underwent MR imaging of the brain between 2002 and 2015. All children demonstrated a deep transverse temporal sulcus on MR imaging. Further common neuroimaging findings were incomplete hippocampal rotation (12 children), oversulcation of the mesial temporal lobe (11 children), loss of gray-white matter differentiation of the mesial temporal lobe (5 children), and a triangular shape of the temporal horn (6 children). These appearances are very similar to those described in hypochondroplasia, strengthening the association of temporal lobe malformations in FGFR3-associated skeletal dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Manikkam
- From the Departments of Medical Imaging (S.A. Manikkam, A.M.F., S.A. Mandelstam)
| | - K Chetcuti
- Department of Radiology (K.C.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - K B Howell
- Neurology (K.B.H.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Departments of Paediatrics (K.B.H., S.A. Mandelstam).,Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.B.H., R.S., A.M.F., S.A. Mandelstam), Melbourne, Australia
| | - R Savarirayan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.B.H., R.S., A.M.F., S.A. Mandelstam), Melbourne, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (R.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - A M Fink
- From the Departments of Medical Imaging (S.A. Manikkam, A.M.F., S.A. Mandelstam).,Radiology (A.M.F., S.A. Mandelstam), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.B.H., R.S., A.M.F., S.A. Mandelstam), Melbourne, Australia
| | - S A Mandelstam
- From the Departments of Medical Imaging (S.A. Manikkam, A.M.F., S.A. Mandelstam).,Departments of Paediatrics (K.B.H., S.A. Mandelstam).,Radiology (A.M.F., S.A. Mandelstam), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.B.H., R.S., A.M.F., S.A. Mandelstam), Melbourne, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.A. Mandelstam), Melbourne, Australia
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Tutschek B, Blaas HGK, Abramowicz J, Baba K, Deng J, Lee W, Merz E, Platt L, Pretorius D, Timor-Tritsch IE, Gindes L. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the fetal skull and face. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2017; 50:7-16. [PMID: 28229509 DOI: 10.1002/uog.17436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Tutschek
- Prenatal Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H-G K Blaas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, National Center for Fetal Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Abramowicz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Baba
- Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - J Deng
- University College London, London, UK
| | - W Lee
- Baylor College of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Merz
- Krankenhaus Nordwest - Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis and Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - L Platt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D Pretorius
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - I E Timor-Tritsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Gindes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wolfson Medical Center, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Wang DC, Shannon P, Toi A, Chitayat D, Mohan U, Barkova E, Keating S, Tomlinson G, Glanc P. Temporal lobe dysplasia: a characteristic sonographic finding in thanatophoric dysplasia. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2014; 44:588-594. [PMID: 24585534 DOI: 10.1002/uog.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of temporal lobe dysplasia (TLD) detected on prenatal ultrasound in thanatophoric dysplasia (TD) over an 11-year period in a tertiary referral center. METHODS An 11-year retrospective review of perinatal autopsies from 2002 to 2013 was performed to identify cases of TD. The ultrasound images and corresponding reports of all TD cases were examined for the presence of TLD. The same set of images subsequently underwent a retrospective review by a perinatal radiologist with knowledge of the features of TLD to determine whether they could be identified. RESULTS Thirty-one cases of TD underwent perinatal autopsy, and prenatal ultrasound imaging was available for review in 24 (77%). Mean gestational age at diagnosis of TD was 21.3 (range, 18-36) weeks. TLD was identified and reported in 6/24 (25%) cases; all six cases occurred after 2007. Retrospective interpretation of the ultrasound images identified features of TLD in 10 additional cases. In total, 16/24 (67%) cases displayed sonographic evidence of TLD. Temporal trends showed that TLD features were present in 50% (5/10) of all TD cases between 2002 and 2006 and in 79% (11/14) of those detected between 2007 and 2013. CONCLUSIONS At present, the detection rate of TLD by ultrasound is low but may be increased by modified brain images that enhance visualization of the temporal lobes. Prenatal identification of TLD may help in the prenatal diagnosis of TD and thus provide more accurate prenatal counseling and guide molecular investigations to confirm the specific diagnosis of TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Pugash D, Lehman AM, Langlois S. Prenatal ultrasound and MRI findings of temporal and occipital lobe dysplasia in a twin with achondroplasia. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2014; 44:365-368. [PMID: 24616001 DOI: 10.1002/uog.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thanatophoric dysplasia, hypochondroplasia and achondroplasia are all caused by FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) mutations. Neuropathological findings of temporal lobe dysplasia are found in thanatophoric dysplasia, and temporal and occipital lobe abnormalities have been described recently in brain imaging studies of children with hypochondroplasia. We describe twins discordant for achondroplasia, in one of whom the prenatal diagnosis was based on ultrasound and fetal MRI documentation of temporal and occipital lobe abnormalities characteristic of hypochondroplasia, in addition to the finding of short long bones. Despite the intracranial findings suggestive of hypochondroplasia, achondroplasia was confirmed following postnatal clinical and genetic testing. These intracranial abnormalities have not been previously described in a fetus with achondroplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pugash
- Department of Radiology, British Columbia Women's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Thanatophoric dysplasia. Correlation among bone X-ray morphometry, histopathology, and gene analysis. Skeletal Radiol 2014; 43:1205-15. [PMID: 24859745 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-014-1899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Documentation through X-ray morphometry and histology of the steady phenotype expressed by FGFR3 gene mutation and interpolation of mechanical factors on spine and long bones dysmorphism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Long bones and spine of eight thanatophoric dysplasia and three age-matched controls without skeletal dysplasia were studied after pregnancy termination between the 18th and the 22nd week with X-ray morphometry, histology, and molecular analysis. Statistical analysis with comparison between TD cases and controls and intraobserver/interobserver variation were applied to X-ray morphometric data. RESULTS Generalized shortening of long bones was observed in TD. A variable distribution of axial deformities was correlated with chondrocyte proliferation inhibition, defective seriate cell columns organization, and final formation of the primary metaphyseal trabeculae. The periosteal longitudinal growth was not equally inhibited, so that decoupling with the cartilage growth pattern produced the typical lateral spurs around the metaphyseal growth plates. In spine, platyspondyly was due to a reduced height of the vertebral body anterior ossification center, while its enlargement in the transversal plane was not restricted. The peculiar radiographic and histopathological features of TD bones support the hypothesis of interpolation of mechanical factors with FGFR3 gene mutations. CONCLUSIONS The correlated observations of X-ray morphometry, histopathology, and gene analysis prompted the following diagnostic workup for TD: (1) prenatal sonography suspicion of skeletal dysplasia; (2) post-mortem X-ray morphometry for provisional diagnosis; (3) confirmation by genetic tests (hot-spot exons 7, 10, 15, and 19 analysis with 80-90% sensibility); (4) in negative cases if histopathology confirms TD diagnosis, research of rare mutations through sequential analysis of FGFR3 gene.
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Abstract
The aim of our study was to retrospectively assess morphological findings in thanatophoric dysplasia, particularly, in how many cases were cerebral manifestations with temporal lobe dysplasia identified. We also wanted to register and analyze the proportions between lung, brain, and body weight. Criteria for inclusion were an autopsy performed during the period ranging from 1985 to 2009 with a diagnosis of thanatophoric dysplasia. During a 25-year period 25 cases of thanatophoric dysplasia were registered. Temporal lobe dysplasia was recognized in 52% of the cases, and after 1998 temporal lobe dysplasia was described in all cases. In 19 cases the brain/body weight ratio was increased, and in all cases the lung/body weight ratio was below the corresponding ratio calculated according to standard measurements. In all but one case the ratio of brain to lung weight was increased. This study focuses on morphological findings, stressing the importance of temporal lobe dysplasia in confirming a diagnosis of thanatophoric dysplasia. Lung/body, brain/body, and brain/lung weight ratios confirm macrocephaly and lung hypoplasia, which are constant findings in cases involving thanatophoric dysplasia. Femur and brain morphology inclusive histology remains the ultimate tool for confirmation of this lethal condition, although it has to be seen in a context inclusive of radiological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Vogt
- Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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