Cervical consistency index and risk of Cesarean delivery after induction of labor at term

Inconsistent definitions of prolonged labor in international literature: a scoping review

Objective

Prolonged labor is the commonest indication for intrapartum cesarean section, but definitions are inconsistent and some common definitions were recently found to overestimate the speed of physiological labor. The objective of this review is to establish an overview of synonyms and definitions used in the literature for prolonged labor, separated into first and second stages, and establish types of definitions used.

Data sources

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Emcare, and Academic Search Premier.

Study eligibility criteria

All articles in English that (1) attempted to define prolonged labor, (2) included a definition of prolonged labor, or (3) included any synonym for prolonged labor, were included.

Methods

Data on study design, year of publication, country or region of origin, synonyms used, definition of prolonged first and/or second stage, and origin of provided definition (if not primarily established by the study) were collected into a database.

Results

In total, 3402 abstracts and 536 full-text papers were screened, and 232 papers were included. Our search established 53 synonyms for prolonged labor. Forty-three studies defined prolonged labor and 189 studies adopted a definition of prolonged labor. Definitions for prolonged first stage of labor were categorized into: time-based (n=14), progress-based (n=12), clinician-based (n=5), or outcome-based (n=4). For the 33 studies defining prolonged second stage, the majority of definitions (n=25) were time-based, either based on total duration or duration of no descent of the presenting part.

Conclusions

Despite efforts to arrive at uniform labor curves, there is still little uniformity in definitions of prolonged labor. Consensus on which definition to use is called for, in order to safely and respectfully allow physiological labor progress, ensure timely management, and assess and compare incidence of prolonged labor between settings.

Association between the cervical sliding sign and successful induction of labor in women with an unfavorable cervix: A prospective observational study

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the role of the cervical sliding sign (CSS) in the prediction of the outcome of induction of labor (IOL).

STUDY DESIGN

Two-center prospective observational cohort study involving a non-consecutive series of uncomplicated singleton term pregnancies, planned for IOL, with a fetus in cephalic presentation and unfavorable cervix as defined by a Bishop score ≤ 6. The Bishop score was evaluated by transvaginal digital examination and the cervical length and CSS by transvaginal ultrasound. The presence of CSS was defined as the sliding of the anterior cervical lip on the posterior one under gentle pressure of the transvaginal probe. The primary outcome of the study was successful vaginal delivery within 24 h. The secondary outcome was the induction-to-active-labor time. The interobserver agreement for the CSS was also evaluated.

RESULTS

Over a period of 12 months, 179 women were included. The CSS was found in 86 (48.0 %) patients and was associated with an increased likelihood of vaginal delivery within 24 h (60/86 or 69.8 % vs 27/93 or 29.0 %, P < 0.001) and a shorter induction-to-active-labor time (954 ± 618 min vs 1416 ± 660 min, P < 0.001). Multivariable regression analysis showed that the CSS was an independent predictor of vaginal delivery within 24 h (aOR 5.37, 95 % CI 2.26-12.75) and shorter induction-to-active-labor time interval (HR 1.81, 95 % CI 1.19-2.74). The interobserver variability based on intraclass correlation coefficient for the CSS was excellent (ICC = 0.90).

CONCLUSION

In women undergoing IOL with an unfavorable cervix, the CSS is associated with a higher frequency of vaginal delivery within 24 h and a shorter induction-to-active-labor time.

Prediction of spontaneous onset of labor at term (PREDICT study): Research protocol

Background

Recent studies have shown that elective induction of labor versus expectant management after 39 weeks of pregnancy result in lower incidence of perinatal complications, while the proportion of cesarean deliveries remains stable, or even decreases. Still, evidence regarding collateral consequences of the potential increase of induction of labor procedures is still lacking. Also, the results of these studies must be carefully interpreted and thoroughly counter-balanced with women’s thoughts and opinions regarding the active management of the last weeks of pregnancy. Therefore, it may be useful to develop a tool that aids in the decision-making process by differentiating women who will spontaneously go into labor from those who will require induction.

Objective

To develop a predictive model to calculate the probability of spontaneous onset of labor at term.

Methods

We designed a prospective national multicentric observational study including women enrolled at 39 weeks of gestation, carrying singleton pregnancies. After signing an informed consent form, several clinical, ultrasonographic, biophysical and biochemical variables will be collected by trained staff. If delivery has not occurred at 40 weeks of pregnancy, a second visit and evaluation will be performed. Prenatal care will be continued according to current hospital guidelines. Once recruitment is completed, the information gathered will be used to develop a logistic regression-based predictive model of spontaneous onset of labor between 39 and 41 weeks of gestation. A secondary exploration of the data collected at 40 weeks, as well as a survival analysis regarding time-to-delivery outcomes will also be performed. A total sample of 429 participants is needed for the expected number of events.

Conclusion

This study aims to develop a model which may help in the decision-making process during follow-up of the last weeks of pregnancy.

Trial registration

NCT05109247 (clinicaltrials.gov).

Prediction of Successful Induction of Labor using Ultrasonic Fetal Parameters

Background:

Induction of labor (IOL) is a common obstetrical procedure. Bishop's score was the single predictor element used by practitioners to assess the risk of failure, which led to an increase in cesarean sections (CS). Ultrasound (US) examination was proposed since the variability limitations of Bishop score warranted alternative assessment tools.

Objective:

This study verifies how the US and other maternal parameters are used in the transperineal approach as an indication and as a predictor of successful induction.

Material and methods:

A prospective clinical study of 100 participants with term singleton pregnancy referred for IOL and who fit the criteria of this study. Their maternal parameters and fetal head to perineum distance (HPD), measured by the transperineal US, were calculated before the induction. After the induction, the patients were stratified into two groups, which are vaginal delivery (68%) and CS (32%). The estimated time interval to delivery was also recorded.

Results:

None of the maternal parameters was significant; the P-values of maternal age, parity, body mass index (BMI), gestational age, and weight of the fetus is 0.75, 0.75, 0.69, 0.81, and 0.81, respectively. One-way ANOVA test estimated the most significant factors for inducing labor. Fetal HPD and induction to delivery interval were remarkably significant in both groups <0.0001.

Conclusion:

The shorter the HPD (<47.65±1.66 mm), the higher the possibility of vaginal delivery and a shorter delivery interval. By contrast, the longer HPD (>52.56±1.93mm), the lower the possibility of vaginal delivery and a longer delivery interval. These promising results may serve as a valuable tool in predicting a mode of delivery.

Antenatal cervical length measurement as a predictor of successful vaginal birth

Background

Antenatal cervical length measurement has paramount importance in the prediction of labor. It was compared to the Bishop Score and incorporated in the modified Bishop score due to its relevance and convenience. It is a more accurate tool that imposes no harm or distress to the patients. The study aimed to evaluate the role of antenatal cervical length measurement in the prediction of a successful vaginal birth and its relation to the duration of labor.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study, conducted at the emergency ward of obstetrics and gynecology department. We recruited 162 women over 1 year from January 2018 to January 2019. Women eligible for the study had a transvaginal ultrasound for the examination of the cervical length before the onset of labor. The success of vaginal delivery was evaluated.

Results

The mean cervical length (mm) was 43.3 ± 8.0. The majority of the patients labored spontaneously [102 (63.0%)] while the remaining ones required induction of labor due to different causes. One hundred and eight patients (66.7%) had a successful vaginal delivery. The cervical length was significantly shorter among patients who delivered vaginally than those delivered by CS (P-value < 0.001). Multiple factors had a significant role in the prediction of the mode of delivery (cervical length, BMI, the onset of labor, parity). Maternal body mass index and labor induction were associated with a prolonged duration of the active phase of labor.

Conclusion

Antenatal cervical length measurement predicted the mode of delivery as well as the gestational age at which delivery ensued. It can be used in patients’ counseling regarding the mode of delivery.

Quantitative elastography of cervical stiffness during the three trimesters of pregnancy with a semiautomatic measurement program: A longitudinal prospective pilot study

AIM

To assess the reproducibility of a semiautomatic quantification tool for cervical stiffness and evaluate the normal changes in cervical elasticity during the three trimesters of pregnancy.

METHODS

This longitudinal prospective pilot study evaluated cervical elasticity during the three trimesters of pregnancy (11-14, 20-24 and 28-32 weeks) in women with singleton pregnancies. Women with a history of conization, cerclage, cervical Naboth cysts (diameter > 10 mm), cervical tumors, or uterine malformation were excluded. A semiautomatic tool was used to evaluate the stiffness of the whole cervix and the internal and external cervical os with multiple quantitative elasticity parameters and the cervical length (CL) on the sagittal view via transvaginal elastography. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis were used to assess intra- and interobserver variability. E-Cervix parameters during the three trimesters were compared using the Friedman test.

RESULTS

In total, 217 women with 651 strain examinations during the three trimesters were included. The intra- and interobserver ICC for the E-Cervix parameters ranged from 0.947 to 0.991 and 0.855 to 0.989, respectively. There were significant differences in all parameters among the three trimesters. Cervical elasticity showed significant softening and became heterogeneous during the three trimesters. The median CL was significantly shorter in the first trimester than in the second and third trimesters (P = 0.004, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

E-Cervix provides a graphical tool for operators to easily define regions of interest and obtain multiple repeatable measures of elasticity. The normal references for E-Cervix parameters during the three trimesters reflect the physiological cervical changes during pregnancy.

Prediction of duration of labor based on biomechanical measurements of the cervix: A preliminary study

OBJECTIVE

Induction of labor is a common procedure in obstetrics. Predictability of duration of labor could facilitate planning as well as patient's satisfaction. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a new biomechanical measurement of the cervix based on the aspiration technique for predicting the duration of labor after induction.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a prospective single centre study. Inclusion criteria were term nulliparous pregnant women with an unfavourable cervix who needed an induction of labor. Digital (Bishop score), sonographic (cervical length and cervical consistency index (CCI)) as well as aspiration measurements (closure pressure) of the cervix were performed and compared to duration of labor. The technical feasibility and the acceptability of the measurements were explored.

RESULTS

There were no technical complications of the sonographic or aspiration measurements. Measuring the Bishop score was reported as most painful examination. Both the time to active phase of labor and the time to delivery is significantly correlated with the Bishop score, but not with the cervical length, CCI or closure pressure.

CONCLUSION

The new biomechanical measurement of the cervix, based on the aspiration technique, is technically feasible and acceptable. In our small cohort no correlation was found between the closure pressure and the duration of labor.

Ultrasound in labor admission to predict need for emergency cesarean section: a prospective, blinded cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether assessment with ultrasound could improve the detection of emergency cesarean section (ECS) in laboring women.

METHODS

Women who presented with symptoms of active labor or women in need of labor induction were invited to participate in the study. Women included in the study were evaluated with ultrasonography for fetal biometry and vaginal examinations for Bishop score assessment. The main aim in this study was determining factors associated with ECS due to fetal distress and obstructed labor.

RESULTS

No fetal biometry variable was associated with ECS due to any indication (fetal distress and obstructed labor combined) in the univariate analysis. In multivariate analyses, biometry variables were adjusted for Bishop score at admission and only abdominal circumference percentile showed a significant association with the odds of ECS due to any indication (OR:1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.03). Biparietal diameter and abdominal circumference variables were associated with the odds of ECS due to obstructed labor in both univariate and multivariate analyses (p < .05 for all). However, the predictive accuracy of biparietal diameter percentile (area under the curve (AUC): 0.55, 95% CI: 0.46-0.63) and abdominal circumference percentile (AUC: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.48-0.64) without adjunct variables were poor. Moreover, the addition of fetal biometry parameters to Bishop score did not improve the predictive accuracy of Bishop score.

CONCLUSION

Ultrasound assessment at admission, in addition to Bishop score assessment, did not significantly improve the prediction of ECS. Also, the fetal biometry alone had poor predictive capability for ECS. Routine ultrasound assessment at labor admission appears to be ineffective for predicting ECS.PrecisFetal biparietal diameter and abdominal circumference showed an association with emergency cesarean due to obstructed labor but the predictive accuracy of fetal biometry was low. Routine ultrasound examination at admission, in addition to Bishop score assessment, may not useful for assessing the risk of emergency section in unselected populations.