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Laura L, Arapović M, Duvnjak S, Arapović J. Empathy and mental health in veterinary medicine. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1991-1997. [PMID: 38668804 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
In veterinary medicine, the relationship between empathy and mental health presents a complex and important aspect of professional well-being. Veterinarians are frequently exposed to numerous work-related stressors and are therefore more likely to experience mental health disorders and commit suicide. Due to the specific nature of the profession, veterinarians deal with negative patient outcomes, inform owners of unfavourable news, handle heavy workloads, and professional isolation. Psychological stress is a result of all these factors coming together, and it can lead to anxiety, depression, burnout, and even frequently reported suicide. Animal euthanasia has been recognised as a unique professional risk factor that can have harmful psychological effects on veterinary professionals.This paper explores the role of empathy in the mental health of veterinarians and other veterinary staff, and how this might contribute to their vulnerability to psychological stress and suicidal ideation. Empathy plays an important role in interpersonal interactions, while also influencing human-animal relationships, which adds a whole new level of complexity to the doctor-patient dynamic in this field. Veterinarians are responsible for providing compassionate care for both the animals they treat and their owners. They must manage the emotionally demanding work while preserving their mental health by balancing between providing empathetic care and sustaining their own emotional boundaries. To alleviate the negative effects of psychological stress, veterinary professionals require interventions such as peer support groups, stress management training, and mental health support programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Laura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Maja Arapović
- School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Jurica Arapović
- School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Irwin A, Silver-MacMahon H, Santos L, Mossop L, Macconnell K. Not all uncivil behaviours are equal: exploring responses to incivility in veterinary practice using vignettes. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38646862 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2343939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Workplace incivility is considered a common workplace stressor, linked to a range of adverse impacts such as reduced wellbeing. However, there is a lack of research focused on how targets of incivility respond. The current study addresses that gap by examining responses to incivility within veterinary practice. Veterinarians and veterinary nurses (n = 132) evaluated six scenarios depicting two types of incivility (direct e.g. demeaning comments/indirect, for example, ignoring someone) across three instigators (clients, co-workers, senior colleagues), reporting their perception and appraisal of the uncivil behaviour depicted along with potential responses. Direct incivility was linked to responses such as reciprocation, exit, and support seeking, whereas indirect incivility was associated with affiliative and ignoring responses. Negative appraisal of incivility predicted a higher likelihood of exit, avoidance, support seeking and reporting responses. These findings suggest that incivility targets utilise a broad range of response options and adapt their response dependent on the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Irwin
- Applied Psychology & Human Factors research group, School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - L Santos
- School of Biodiversity, One health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - L Mossop
- University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - K Macconnell
- Applied Psychology & Human Factors research group, School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Chan CKY, Wong PWC. Hong Kong veterinarians' encounters with client-related stress - a qualitative study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1186715. [PMID: 38098999 PMCID: PMC10720360 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1186715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Limited research has explored the stressors experienced by veterinarians in East Asia. Metropolitan cities like Hong Kong may have overlooked factors that significantly contribute to veterinarians' stress. This paper examines how client-related stressors and contextual factors contribute to the stress levels of Hong Kong-based veterinarians. Methods Veterinarians from small domestic animal practices in Hong Kong were recruited using purposive and targeted snowball samplings until thematic saturation was achieved. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed, coded, and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis with an interpretivist paradigm based on Heidegger's phenomenological approach. Results A total of 18 participating veterinarians described the expectations of and communication with the animal-health enthusiast (AHE) community, including clients, pet owners, and animal lovers, as their primary source of stress. Discrepant expectations and miscommunication between the AHE and veterinary communities, along with contextual factors, such as convenience in clinic switching, negative online reviews, and the relatively short history of the veterinary profession in the multilingual city, were identified as contributing factors to their stress. Recent socio-political events and the pandemic further intensified societal emotions, leading some clients to project frustrations onto perceived authority figures, including health professionals. Conclusion The study highlights that client-related stress extends beyond the health of animal patients, encompassing the expectations of the AHE community, which requires professional-level communication skills to build a mutually respectful three-party relationship. Besides, Hong Kong's unique contextual and historical factors subtly but chronically impact veterinary practices, which can be easily overlooked. Recognising these influences and how they interact is crucial for collaboration, within and beyond the profession, at the policy level to improve veterinary training and practices. Implications Our findings highlight the importance of expectation management and improving communication quality to foster healthy relationships among animals, the AHE community, and veterinary professionals. These efforts are believed to alleviate veterinarians' stress and enhance the well-being of all parties involved. We recommend incorporating effective communication and self-care discussions into the veterinary curriculum and advocating ongoing training for practising veterinarians. At the community level, encouraging open dialogues between animal caregivers and veterinary professionals can help address expectation discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul W. C. Wong
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Steffey MA, Griffon DJ, Risselada M, Buote NJ, Scharf VF, Zamprogno H, Winter AL. A narrative review of the physiology and health effects of burnout associated with veterinarian-pertinent occupational stressors. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1184525. [PMID: 37465277 PMCID: PMC10351608 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1184525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic workplace stress and burnout are serious problems in veterinary medicine. Although not classified as a medical condition, burnout can affect sleep patterns and contributes to chronic low grade systemic inflammation, autonomic imbalance, hormonal imbalances and immunodeficiencies, thereby increasing the risks of physical and psychological ill health in affected individuals. Cultural misconceptions in the profession often lead to perceptions of burnout as a personal failure, ideas that healthcare professionals are somehow at lower risk for suffering, and beliefs that affected individuals can or should somehow heal themselves. However, these concepts are antiquated, harmful and incorrect, preventing the design of appropriate solutions for this serious and growing challenge to the veterinary profession. Veterinarians must first correctly identify the nature of the problem and understand its causes and impacts before rational solutions can be implemented. In this first part of two companion reviews, burnout will be defined, pathophysiology discussed, and healthcare and veterinary-relevant occupational stressors that lead to burnout identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A. Steffey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dominique J. Griffon
- Western University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Marije Risselada
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West-Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nicole J. Buote
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Valery F. Scharf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Campbell M, Hagen BNM, Gohar B, Wichtel J, Jones-Bitton A. A qualitative study exploring the perceived effects of veterinarians' mental health on provision of care. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1064932. [PMID: 36825229 PMCID: PMC9941564 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1064932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Veterinary medicine is a rewarding, yet demanding profession with a myriad of occupational stressors that can impact the mental health of veterinarians. Stress, mental health outcomes, and associated risk factors amongst veterinarians have been well-researched. Much less research has investigated how high stress and/or poor mental health can impact veterinarians' provision of care. Methods One-on-one research interviews were conducted with 25 veterinarians at a Canadian veterinary conference in July 2016 and verbatim transcripts were produced from the audio recordings. The research team collaboratively analyzed the interviews using thematic analysis. Results Five themes described the perceived impacts of high stress and/or poor mental health: perceived negative impacts on interactions with (1) co-workers and (2) clients; (3) reduced concentration; (4) difficulty in decision making; and (5) reduced quality of care. Discussion These results highlight the perceived impacts of self-reported high stress and/or poor mental health on veterinary team dynamics, the potential to impact case outcomes, and possibly endanger patient safety. Interventions to help mitigate the impacts of high stress and poor mental health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Campbell
- Department of Population Medicine, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Megan Campbell ✉
| | - Briana N. M. Hagen
- Department of Population Medicine, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Basem Gohar
- Department of Population Medicine, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Wichtel
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Andria Jones-Bitton
- Department of Population Medicine, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Irwin A, Silver-MacMahon H, Wilcke S. Consequences and coping: Investigating client, co-worker and senior colleague incivility within veterinary practice. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e2030. [PMID: 36002792 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplace incivility is a workplace stressor with varying effects according to the status of the target and instigator. This study sought to examine veterinary staff's experiences of incivility from clients, co-workers and senior colleagues. METHOD An online mixed-measures survey gathered data from UK veterinary staff (n = 252, primarily veterinarians and nurses). Quantitative scales were used to collect data on incivility frequency, burnout, mental health, job satisfaction, turnover intention and key coping responses. Qualitative data expanded on preferred coping strategies. RESULTS The impact of uncivil behaviour varied according to the source of the incivility and the status of the target. Senior colleague incivility predicted veterinarian turnover intention, whereas client incivility predicted burnout. Similarly, senior colleague incivility predicted job satisfaction for veterinary nurses. Seeking support was the most frequently reported coping strategy. The qualitative data illustrated strategies focused on calming the situation and management of self. LIMITATIONS The data are based on self-reports and are subject to social desirability bias. The sample is limited to UK veterinary staff. CONCLUSION Veterinary staff are at risk of experiencing incivility, with varying impacts across job roles and incivility sources. A proactive system approach to incivility is recommended, encompassing support and procedural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Irwin
- Applied Psychology and Human Factors Group, School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Stephanie Wilcke
- Applied Psychology and Human Factors Group, School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Gibson J, White K, Mossop L, Oxtoby C, Brennan M. 'We're gonna end up scared to do anything': A qualitative exploration of how client complaints are experienced by UK veterinary practitioners. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1737. [PMID: 35661168 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND UK veterinary practitioners are reported to be fearful of client complaints, but their experiences have not been formally captured. Understanding how complaints impact veterinary practitioners is key to mitigating detrimental consequences. METHODS A qualitative exploration of how UK veterinary practitioners experience and respond to adverse events was conducted. Data were collected via focus groups and interviews, which were transcribed and simultaneously analysed. Coding and theme development were inductive rather than restricted by preconceived theories. RESULTS Twelve focus groups and 15 individual interviews took place. One theme identified focused on the impact of client complaints. Practitioners experienced unintentional distraction and disengagement from clinical work, as well as employing defensive strategies as a direct result of complaints. The vexatious nature of some complainants was highlighted, along with concerns about practice and regulatory complaint management, lack of appropriate support, discriminatory behaviours and the influence of 'trial by media'. CONCLUSIONS Client complaints present a threat to practitioner mental health and workforce sustainability, as well as having implications for patient safety. Mitigating these effects is a complex and multifaceted undertaking, but fairness, transparency and timeliness of practice and regulatory complaint investigation must be prioritised, along with provision of tailored support for those facing complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gibson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK.,Centre for Evidence Based Veterinary Medicine, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kate White
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Liz Mossop
- Vice Chancellors Office, University of Lincoln, Brayford Campus, Lincoln, UK
| | | | - Marnie Brennan
- Centre for Evidence Based Veterinary Medicine, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
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Gardner D. Client incivility and its effects on veterinary wellbeing. Vet Rec 2022; 190:157-159. [DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Gardner
- School of Psychology Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
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