Using calculations of the electronically excited states for investigation of fluorescent sensors: A review: Using calculations of the electronically excited states for investigation of fluorescent sensors: A review

Quantum Chemical Characterization and Design of Quantum Dots for Sensing Applications

The ability to tune the optoelectronic properties of quantum dots (QDs) makes them ideally suited for the use as fluorescence sensing probes. The vast structural diversity in terms of the composition and size of QDs can make designing a QD for a specific sensing application a challenging process. Quantum chemical calculations have the potential to aid this process through the characterization of the properties of QDs, leading to their in silico design. This is explored in the context of QDs for the fluorescence sensing of dopamine based upon density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. The excited states of hydrogenated carbon, silicon, and germanium QDs are characterized through TDDFT calculations. Analysis of the molecular orbital diagrams for the isolated molecules and calculations of the excited states of the dopamine-functionalized quantum dots establish the possibility of a photoinduced electron-transfer process by determining the relative energies of the electronic states formed from a local excitation on the QD and the lowest QD → dopamine electron-transfer state. The results suggest that the Si₁₆₅H₁₀₀ and Ge₈₄H₆₄ QDs have the potential to act as fluorescent markers that could distinguish between the oxidized and reduced forms of dopamine, where the fluorescence would be quenched for the oxidized form. The work contributes to a better understanding of the optical and electronic behavior of QD-based sensors and illustrates how quantum chemical calculations can be used to inform the design of QDs for specific fluorescent sensing applications.