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Nahal A, Ben Said M, Ouchene N. Current status of ruminant anaplasmosis in Algeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:164. [PMID: 38740638 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Anaplasmosis is an emerging infectious disease that is being recognised all over the world, with impact on animal health.This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the rate infection of Anaplasma spp. infection in Algerian ruminants. Three databases were searched to identify eligible studies for the final systematic review and meta-analysis. The 'meta' package in the R software was used for the meta-analysis, and the random effects model was chosen to pool the data. Meta-analysis encompasses 14 research papers spanning 19 years (2004-2023), out of an initial pool of 737 articles retrieved from various databases. The study included a total of 1515 cattle, 190 sheep, and 310 goats, and the overall Anaplasma infection rate was estimated at 28% (95% CI, 17-41%). The analysis revealed varying infection rates among species, with cattle at 20%, sheep at 30%, and goats at 61%. Five classified species and two unclassified strains belonging to Anaplasma genus were identified in ruminants, which are A. marginale, A. centrale, A. bovis, A. ovis, A. phagocytophilum, A. phagocytophilum-like strains, and A. platys-like strains. Among these, A. marginale was prevalent in ten out of eleven cattle studies. The data also revealed regional variations, with Northeastern Algeria showing a higher infection rate (26%) compared to North-central Algeria (9%). In the subgroup analysis, clinically healthy cattle had a higher infection rate (28%) compared to suspected disease cattle (16%). Molecular biology screening methods yielded a significantly higher infection rate (33%) than microscopy (12%). Gender analysis suggested slightly higher infection rates among male cattle (19%) compared to females (16%). Age analysis indicated that Anaplasma infection was more common in cattle less than 12 months (14%) compared to those over 12 months (9%). This systematic review provides valuable insights, highlighting the need for continued surveillance and potential preventive strategies in different regions and among different animal populations in Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nahal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Chadli Bendjedid University- El-Tarf, B.P 73, 36000, El-Tarf, Algeria.
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Nassim Ouchene
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Street of Soumâa, University Sâad Dahlab Blida 1, BP 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials Interfaces Applied to the Environment, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida, 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria
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Nahal A, Ben Said M. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Piroplasma spp. Infection and Co-infection with Anaplasma marginale in Domestic Ruminants from Algeria. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:135-151. [PMID: 38157135 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis stand out as the primary diseases affecting livestock during periods of tick activity. These vector-borne diseases continue to emerge worldwide, exerting a detrimental impact on both animal health and national economies. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of Piroplasma spp. and its co-occurrence with Anaplasma marginale in domestic ruminants in Algeria. METHODS Three databases were systematically reviewed to identify eligible studies for the final meta-analysis, following the PRISMA statement. The 'meta' package in the R software was employed for the meta-analysis with the random effects model chosen for data pooling. RESULTS The meta-analysis encompasses 14 research papers spanning a 19-year period (2004-2023). Theileria spp. was identified in all studies, covering 1675 cattle, 190 sheep, and 128 goats, yielding an overall Theileria infection rate of 45% (95% CI 26-65%). Specifically, cattle had a 59% infection rate, while sheep and goats had rates of 18% and 20%, respectively. Babesia spp. was found in nine studies, involving 1183 cattle and 190 sheep, resulting in an overall Babesia infection rate of 7% (95% CI 4-15%), with cattle and sheep having rates of 10% and 3%, respectively. Notably, eight Piroplasma species T. annulata, T. orientalis, T. buffeli, T. equi, Theileria sp., B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. occultans were detected in cattle, with T. annulata being the most prevalent at 54%. Regional disparities and host factors also impacted infection rates, with higher rates in Northeastern Algeria and among suspected disease cattle. Additionally, gender, age, and breed influenced cattle susceptibility to Theileria infection. Furthermore, six distinct co-infections between Piroplasma spp. and A. marginale were observed, with T. annulata/A. marginale identified in six studies, demonstrating an 8.3% co-infection rate. CONCLUSION This analysis offers crucial insights into the current status of Piroplasmosis and its co-infection with A. marginale in Algerian domestic ruminants, providing valuable data for surveillance and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nahal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Chadli Bendjedid University- El-Tarf, B.P 73, 36000, El-Tarf, Algeria.
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
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Foughali AA, Mhadhbi M, Amairia S, Dhibi M, Bitam I, Boukabache H, Berbar A, Rjeibi MR, Gharbi M. Cattle co-infection patterns by hemopathogens and their phylogenetic analysis during the tick season in Constantine and Mila, Northeast Algeria. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2245-2257. [PMID: 37480507 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Tropical theileriosis, babesiosis, and anaplasmosis are the most dominant tick-borne infections in North Africa where they cause significant economic losses in ruminants' industry. The aim of the present work was to study infections and co-infection patterns in 66 cattle with clinical signs of piroplasmosis and/or anaplasmosis in two localities, Beni Hamidene and Grarem Gouga, districts of Constantine and Mila (Northeast of Algeria), respectively. This study was conducted between early May and late September during four years 2017, 2018, 2020, and 2021. PCR showed that the most frequent pathogen in cattle with clinical signs of piroplasmosis and/or anaplasmosis was Theileria annulata (66/66; 100%) followed by Babesia bovis (21/66; 31.8%), Anaplasma marginale (15/66; 22.7%), and Babesia bigemina (3/66; 4.5%) (p < 0.001). Giemsa-stained blood smears examinations revealed that 66.7% (44/66); 10.6% (7/66); and 9.1% (6/66) of cattle were infected by T. annulata, Babesia spp., and A. marginale, respectively (p < 0.001). PCR revealed seven co-infection patterns: T. annulata/A. marginale (15/66; 22.7%), T. annulata/B. bovis (21/66; 31.8%), T. annulata/B. bigemina (3/66; 4.5%), T. annulata/A. marginale/B. bovis (7/66; 10.6%), T. annulata/B. bovis/B. bigemina (2/66; 3%), T. annulata/A. marginale/B. bigemina (1/66; 1.5%), and T. annulata/A. marginale/B. bigemina/B. bovis (1/66; 1.5%). Phylogenetic analyses showed that T. annulata Tams1 and B. bigemina gp45 sequences were identical to isolates from Mauritania and South Africa, respectively. The three A. marginale amplicons obtained herein had 99.63 to 99.88% similarity between them. This study provides data that can be used to improve control programs targeting these cattle hemopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Amina Foughali
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Et Environnement: Interactions Et Génomes, Université Des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumédiène, BP 32 Bab Zouar, 1611, Algiers, Algeria.
- Institut Des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université de Blida 1, BP 270, Ouled Yaich, 9000 Blida, Algeria.
| | - Moez Mhadhbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie. Institution de la Recherche et de L'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles & Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Safa Amairia
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie. Institution de la Recherche et de L'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles & Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mokhtar Dhibi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie. Institution de la Recherche et de L'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles & Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Idir Bitam
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Et Environnement: Interactions Et Génomes, Université Des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumédiène, BP 32 Bab Zouar, 1611, Algiers, Algeria
- École Supérieure en Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agroalimentaires (ESSAIA), El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hadjer Boukabache
- Laboratoire de l'Environnement, Santé et Productions Animales (LESPA), Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires et des Sciences Agronomiques, Université de Batna 1-El-Hadj Lakhdar, 05000, Batna, Algeria
| | - Ali Berbar
- Laboratoire des Biotechnologies Liées à la Reproduction Animale (LBRA), Université, Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Ridha Rjeibi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie. Institution de la Recherche et de L'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles & Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut de La Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Univ. Tunis El Manar, 20 Rue de Jebel Lakdhar, La Rabta, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie. Institution de la Recherche et de L'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles & Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Bedouhene A, Kelanemer R, Medrouh B, Kernif T, Saidi F, Tail G, Ziam H. Seasonal Dynamics and Predilection Sites of Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Feeding on Cows in the Western Parts of the Djurdjura, Algeria. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.856179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the phenology and predilection sites of ticks infesting cattle in the western region of Djurdjura (North Algeria) from November 2018 and October 2020. Nineteen cattle farms located in thirteen localities within four provinces were visited monthly for two years. Among the 289 examined cattle, 64.36 ± 2.81% (n=189) were infested by ticks. Of the 10,243 collected ticks, the most abundant tick species was Rhipicephalus bursa (31.57 ± 0.46%), followed by R. annulatus (31.26 ± 0.45%), Hyalomma marginatum (10.67 ± 0.30%), H. lusitanicum (7.02 ± 0.25%), H. excavatum (5.52±%0.22), H. scupense (4.27 ± 0.19%) and H. impeltatum (3.32 ± 0.17%). Ticks of the Hyalomma species were present throughout the year but in a limited number during the winter. H. scupense and H. impletatum showed similar activity from March to October and peaked in April and July, respectively (P<0.001). H. lusitanicum and H. excavatum were active from April to November and both peaked in September and October respectively. Rhipicephalus bursa was collected from April to August and R. annulatus from July to October. R. turanicus was active between April and June. Hyalomma genus had an affinity of attachment for the inguinal region (P<0.001). All parasitic stages of R. annulatus had an affinity for the necks (P<0.001). Nymphs of R. bursa prefer the neck (P<0.001), the adults attach to the perennial and inguinal regions (P<0.001). R. turanicus attach to the ears (P<0.001). As far as we know, this is the first study on the phenology and predilection sites of cattle ticks in the west region of Djurdjura in Algeria.
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Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens Abound in the Cattle Population of the Rabat-Sale Kenitra Region, Morocco. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121594. [PMID: 34959550 PMCID: PMC8703448 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens cause the majority of diseases in the cattle population in Morocco. In this study, ticks were collected from cattle in the Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region of Morocco and identified morphologically, while tick-borne pathogens were detected in cattle blood samples via polymerase chain reaction assay and sequencing. A total of 3394 adult ixodid ticks were collected from cattle and identified as eight different tick species representing two genera, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. The collected ticks consisted of Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, Rhipicephalus bursa, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma lusitanicum, Hyalomma dromedarii, and Hyalomma impeltatum. The overall prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in blood samples was 63.8%, with 29.3% positive for Babesia/Theileria spp., 51.2% for Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp., and none of the samples positive for Rickettsia spp. Sequencing results revealed the presence of Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis, Anaplasma marginale, Theileria buffeli, Theileria orientalis, Babesia occultans, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma capra, Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma bovis, Ehrlichia minasensis, and one isolate of an unknown bovine Anaplasma sp. Crossbreeds, females, older age, and high tick infestation were the most important risk factors for the abundance of tick-borne pathogens, which occurred most frequently in Jorf El Melha, Sidi Yahya Zaer, Ait Ichou, and Arbaoua locations.
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Foughali AA, Ziam H, Aiza A, Boulkrout H, Berber A, Bitam I, Gharbi M. Cross-sectional survey of cattle haemopathogens in Constantine, Northeast Algeria. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1237-1244. [PMID: 33683831 PMCID: PMC8294368 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of haemopathogens in cattle in Beni Hamidene locality, district of Constantine (Νortheastern Algeria). Between June and October 2014, 169 bovines from 25 farms were included in this survey, 32 (18.9%) among them were suspected of piroplasmosis and/or anaplasmosis. Infection prevalences were estimated by microscopic examination of Giemsa‐stained blood smears and blood samples from all included cattle (n = 169). Animals were infected by Theileria annulata (65/169; 38.46%), Anaplasma marginale (22/169; 13%) and Babesia bovis (5/169; 3%). Two co‐infection patterns were found: Theileria annulata/Anaplasma marginale (7.69%) and Theileria annulata/Babesia bovis (1.18%). Only one farm had no cattle infected by any of the haemopathogens. There was a signification difference of T. annulata infection prevalence according to age category (p =.04). These results emphasised mainly the presence of bovine tropical theileriosis in northeastern, Beni Hamidene locality, province of Constantine, Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Amina Foughali
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Environnement : Interactions et Génomes. Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumédiène, Algiers, Algeria.,Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Saad Dahlab, Ouled Yaich, Blida, Algeria
| | - Hocine Ziam
- Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Saad Dahlab, Ouled Yaich, Blida, Algeria.,Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Environnement et Santé, Université Saad Dahlab, Blida, Algeria
| | - Asma Aiza
- Laboratoire des Biotechnologies Liées à la Reproduction Animale (LBRA), Université Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | | | - Ali Berber
- Laboratoire des Biotechnologies Liées à la Reproduction Animale (LBRA), Université Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Idir Bitam
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Environnement : Interactions et Génomes. Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumédiène, Algiers, Algeria.,École Supérieure en Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agroalimentaires (ESSAIA), El Harrach, Alger, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Univ. Manouba, Sidi Thabet, 2020, Tunisia
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