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Banerjee J, Batabyal S, Biswas S, Bhattacharyya D, Habib M, Das AK, Nanda PK, Samanta I, Dandapat P, Bandyopadhyay S. Stray Dogs (Mongrels) Are Potent Reservoir of Drug-Resistant Pathogens: A Study in Peri-Urban Areas of Kolkata, India. Microb Drug Resist 2024; 30:215-230. [PMID: 38656133 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2023.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study depicts the drug-resistance and phylogenomic characteristics of 365 Escherichia coli (EC) and 76 Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) isolated from stray dogs (293) in and around Kolkata, India. Initial screening found 59 isolates, including 48 E. coli and 11 KP multidrug resistant, which included 33 extended-spectrum β-lactamase, 41 AmpC β-lactamase and 18 metallo-β-lactamase producers carrying blaNDM-1 (11) and blaNDM-5 (7) genes. Majority of them had the resistant genes such as blaCTX-M (33), blaTEM (18), blaSHV (4), blaOXA (17), blaFOX (2), blaDHA (2), blaCITM (15), blaCMY-2 (13), blaGES (2) and blaVEB (2), qnrS (15), qnrB (3), aac-6'-Ib-cr (14), tetA (26), tetB (14), sul-1 (25), armA (2) and rmtB (6), in addition to adherence genes such as csgA (33), fimA (27), fliC (13), sdiA (33), rcsA (38), and rpoS (39). They also carried plasmid of diverse replicon types of which IncFIA and FIB were the most frequent. Phylogrouping categorized most of the MDR E. coli in phylogroup A (20), B1 (14), and B2 (6). Enterobacteriaceae repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) showed genetic diversity of multidrug resistant isolates irrespective of their origin, resistance, and virulence types, differentiating the EC in five clades (A-E) and KP in four clades (A-D). As these stray dogs, which had no history or scope of previous antimicrobial therapy, were found to have contracted potential antimicrobial resistance pathogens, the role of environment in spread of such pathogens and further possibility of human infections cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Banerjee
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhasis Batabyal
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Suman Biswas
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Md Habib
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India
| | - Arun K Das
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India
| | - Pramod K Nanda
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India
| | - Indranil Samanta
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Premanshu Dandapat
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India
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Seethalakshmi PS, RU VPN, Prabhakaran A, Prathiviraj R, Pamanji R, Kiran GS, Selvin J. Genomic investigation unveils high-risk ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae within a rural environmental water body. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 6:100216. [PMID: 38274946 PMCID: PMC10809108 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is regarded as a global threat to public health, animals, and the environment, emerging in response to extensive utilization of antimicrobials. The determinants of antimicrobial resistance are transported to susceptible bacterial populations through genetic recombination or through gene transfer, mediated by bacteriophages, plasmids, transposons, and insertion sequences. To determine the penetration of antimicrobial resistance into the bacterial population of the Thiruvandarkoil Lake, a water body located in the rural settings of Puducherry, India, culture-based microbiological and genomic approaches were used. Resistant bacterial isolates obtained from microbiological screening were subjected to whole genome sequencing and the genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance were identified using in silico genomic tools. Cephalosporin-resistant isolates were found to produce extended spectrum beta lactamases, encoded by blaVEB-6 (in Proteus mirabilis PS01), blaSHV-12 and ompK36 mutation (in Klebsiella quasipneumoniae PS02) and blaSHV-12, blaACT-16, blaCTX-M and blaNDM-1 in (Enterobacter hormaechei PS03). Genes encoding heavy metal resistance, virulence and resistance to detergents were also detected in these resistant isolates. Among ESBL-producing organisms, one mcr-9-positive Enterobacter hormaechei was also identified in this study. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mcr-9 carrying bacterium in the environment in India. This study seeks the immediate attention of policy makers, researchers, government officials and environmental activists in India, to develop surveillance programs to monitor the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Seethalakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | | | | | | | - Rajesh Pamanji
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - George Seghal Kiran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Joseph Selvin
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
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Das MK, Das S, Srivastava PK. An overview on the prevalence and potential impact of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance in the aquatic environment of India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1015. [PMID: 37530878 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
India at present is one of the leading countries in antimicrobial drug production and use, leading to increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and public health problems. Attention has mainly been focused on the human and food animals' contribution to AMR neglecting the potential contribution of the perceptibly degraded aquatic environment in India. The paper reviews the available published literature in India on the prevalence of antimicrobial residues and their dissemination pathways in wastewater of pharmaceutical industries, sewage treatment plants, hospitals, riverine, community pond water, and groundwater. The prevalence of antimicrobial residue concentration, pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB), their drug resistance levels, and their specific antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) occurring in various water matrices of India have been comprehensively depicted from existing literature. The concentration of some widely used antimicrobials recorded from the sewage treatment plants and hospital wastewater and rivers in India has been compared with other countries. The ecotoxicological risk posed by these antimicrobials in the various water matrices in India indicated high hazard quotient (HQ) values for pharmaceutical effluents, hospital effluents, and river water. The degraded aquatic environment exhibited the selection of a wide array of co-existent resistant genes for antibiotics and metals. The review revealed improper use of antibiotics and inadequate wastewater treatment as major drivers of AMR contaminating water bodies in India and suggestion for containing the challenges posed by AMR in India has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kumar Das
- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India.
| | - Subhasree Das
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700037, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Aquaculture, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
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Banerjee J, Bhattacharyya D, Habib M, Chaudhary S, Biswas S, Maji C, Nanda PK, Das AK, Dandapat P, Samanta I, Lorenzo JM, Dutt T, Bandyopadhyay S. Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern, Clustering Mechanisms and Correlation Matrix of Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli in Black Bengal Goats in West Bengal, India. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101344. [PMID: 36290002 PMCID: PMC9598321 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study covering four agro-climatic zones of West Bengal, India, was carried out to understand the risk-factors, antimicrobial resistance mechanism and clustering of the resistance characteristics of Escherichia coli isolated from healthy (170) and diarrhoeic (74) goats reared under intensive (52) and semi-intensive (192) farming practices. Of the 488 E. coli isolates, the majority, including the extended spectrum (n: 64, 13.11%) and AmpC β-lactamase (ACBL) (n: 86, 17.62%) producers, were resistant to tetracycline (25.2%), followed by enrofloxacin (24.5%), cefotaxime (21.5%) and amikacin (20.5%). Statistical modelling revealed that the isolates from diarrhoeic animals (p < 0.001) are likely to be more ACBL-positive than those from the healthy counterparts. Similarly, cefotaxime (p < 0.05) and enrofloxacin-resistance (p < 0.01) were significantly higher in diarrhoeic goats and in goats reared intensively. The isolates (n = 35) resistant to multiple drugs revealed the presence of β-lactamase [blaCTXM-1-(21), blaSHV-(7), blaTEM-(3), blaCMY-6-(1), blaCITM-(3)]; quinolone [qnrB-(10), qnrS-(7), aac(6’)-Ib-cr-(3)]; tetracycline [tetA-(19), tetB-(4)] and sulphonamide resistance determinants [sul1-(4)]; multiple plasmids, especially those belonging to the IncF and IncI1 replicon types; and active acrAB efflux pumps. Further, two isolates harbored the carbapenem resistance (blaNDM-5) gene and eight were strong biofilm producers. This first ever study conducted to unravel the status of AMR in goat farming reveals that not only the intensive farming practices but also certain clinical ailments such as diarrhoea can increase the shedding of the drug-resistant isolate. The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli in goats, particularly those that are carbapenem resistant, is a cause for concern that indicates the spread of such pathogens even in the livestock sub-sector generally considered as naive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Banerjee
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India
| | - Debaraj Bhattacharyya
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India
| | - Md Habib
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India
| | - Siddharth Chaudhary
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India
| | - Suman Biswas
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037, India
| | - Chinmoy Maji
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Nanda
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India
| | - Arun K. Das
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India
| | - Premanshu Dandapat
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India
| | - Indranil Samanta
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037, India
| | - Jose M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia nº 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnoloxía dos Alimentos, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (J.M.L.)
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Division of Livestock Production and Management, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Samiran Bandyopadhyay
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (J.M.L.)
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