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Juniku B, Mignon J, Carême R, Genco A, Obeid AM, Mottet D, Monari A, Michaux C. Intrinsic disorder and salt-dependent conformational changes of the N-terminal region of TFIP11 splicing factor. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134291. [PMID: 39089542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Tuftelin Interacting Protein 11 (TFIP11) was identified as a critical human spliceosome assembly regulator, interacting with multiple proteins and localising in membrane-less organelles. However, a lack of structural information on TFIP11 limits the rationalisation of its biological role. TFIP11 is predicted as an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP), and more specifically concerning its N-terminal (N-TER) region. IDPs lack a defined tertiary structure, existing as a dynamic conformational ensemble, favouring protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions. IDPs are involved in liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), driving the formation of subnuclear compartments. Combining disorder prediction, molecular dynamics, and spectroscopy methods, this contribution shows the first evidence TFIP11 N-TER is a polyampholytic IDP, exhibiting a structural duality with the coexistence of ordered and disordered assemblies, depending on the ionic strength. Increasing the salt concentration enhances the protein conformational flexibility, presenting a more globule-like shape, and a fuzzier unstructured arrangement that could favour LLPS and protein-RNA interaction. The most charged and hydrophilic regions are the most impacted, including the G-Patch domain essential to TFIP11 function. This study gives a better understanding of the salt-dependent conformational behaviour of the N-TER TFIP11, supporting the hypothesis of the formation of different types of protein assembly, in line with its multiple biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blinera Juniku
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Biomolecules, UCPTS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium; Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, Molecular Analysis of Gene Expression (MAGE) Laboratory, University of Liege, B34, Avenue de l'Hôpital, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Julien Mignon
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Biomolecules, UCPTS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium; Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Rachel Carême
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Biomolecules, UCPTS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Alexia Genco
- GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, Molecular Analysis of Gene Expression (MAGE) Laboratory, University of Liege, B34, Avenue de l'Hôpital, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anna Maria Obeid
- GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, Molecular Analysis of Gene Expression (MAGE) Laboratory, University of Liege, B34, Avenue de l'Hôpital, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Denis Mottet
- GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, Molecular Analysis of Gene Expression (MAGE) Laboratory, University of Liege, B34, Avenue de l'Hôpital, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Antonio Monari
- Université Paris Cité and CNRS, ITODYS, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Michaux
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Biomolecules, UCPTS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium; Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
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Li K, Cheng C, Piao Q, Zhao Q, Yi J, Bao Y, Liu L, Sun L. Genome-wide identification of pan-cancer common and cancer-specific alternative splicing events in 9 types of cancer. Genomics 2024; 116:110917. [PMID: 39147335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) has significant clinical relevance with cancers and is a potential source of neoepitopes. In this study, RNA-seq data of 94 solid tumor and matched adjacent normal tissues from 47 clinical patients covering nine cancer types were comprehensively analyzed using SUVA developed by ourselves. The results identified highly conserved pan-cancer differential alternative splicing (DAS) events and cancer-specific DAS events in a series of tumor samples, which in turn revealed the heterogeneity of AS post-transcriptional regulation across different cancers. The co-disturbed network between spliceosome factors (SFs) and common cancer-associated DAS was further constructed, suggesting the potential possibility of the regulation of differentially expressed SFs on DAS. Finally, the common cancer-associated DAS events were fully validated using the TCGA dataset, confirming the significant correlation between cancer-associated DAS and prognosis. Briefly, our study elucidates new insights into conservatived and specific DAS in cancer, providing valuable resources for cancer therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- ABLife BioBigData Institute, Wuhan, China; Center for Genome Analysis, Wuhan Ruixing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Qianling Piao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine Products, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingwen Yi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine Products, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongli Bao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
| | - Luguo Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine Products, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
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Alors-Pérez E, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Blázquez-Encinas R, García-Vioque V, Agraz-Doblas A, Yubero-Serrano EM, Sánchez-Frías ME, Serrano-Blanch R, Gálvez-Moreno MÁ, Gracia-Navarro F, Gahete MD, Arjona-Sánchez Á, Luque RM, Ibáñez-Costa A, Castaño JP. Altered CELF4 splicing factor enhances pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors aggressiveness influencing mTOR and everolimus response. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102090. [PMID: 38187140 PMCID: PMC10767201 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) comprise a heterogeneous group of tumors with growing incidence. Recent molecular analyses provided a precise picture of their genomic and epigenomic landscape. Splicing dysregulation is increasingly regarded as a novel cancer hallmark influencing key tumor features. We have previously demonstrated that splicing machinery is markedly dysregulated in PanNETs. Here, we aimed to elucidate the molecular and functional implications of CUGBP ELAV-like family member 4 (CELF4), one of the most altered splicing factors in PanNETs. CELF4 expression was determined in 20 PanNETs, comparing tumor and non-tumoral adjacent tissue. An RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) dataset was analyzed to explore CELF4-linked interrelations among clinical features, gene expression, and splicing events. Two PanNET cell lines were employed to assess CELF4 function in vitro and in vivo. PanNETs display markedly upregulated CELF4 expression, which is closely associated with malignancy features, altered expression of key tumor players, and distinct splicing event profiles. Modulation of CELF4 influenced proliferation in vitro and reduced in vivo xenograft tumor growth. Interestingly, functional assays and RNA-seq analysis revealed that CELF4 silencing altered mTOR signaling pathway, enhancing the effect of everolimus. We demonstrate that CELF4 is dysregulated in PanNETs, where it influences tumor development and aggressiveness, likely by modulating the mTOR pathway, suggesting its potential as therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Alors-Pérez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ricardo Blázquez-Encinas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Víctor García-Vioque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Agraz-Doblas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena M. Yubero-Serrano
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clinica Medicina Interna, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marina E. Sánchez-Frías
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Serrano-Blanch
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Gracia-Navarro
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D. Gahete
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Álvaro Arjona-Sánchez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Surgery Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
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Zhu Z, Huo F, Zhang J, Shan H, Pei D. Crosstalk between m6A modification and alternative splicing during cancer progression. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1460. [PMID: 37850412 PMCID: PMC10583157 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most prevalent internal mRNA modification in eukaryotes, is added by m6A methyltransferases, removed by m6A demethylases and recognised by m6A-binding proteins. This modification significantly influences carious facets of RNA metabolism and plays a pivotal role in cellular and physiological processes. Main body Pre-mRNA alternative splicing, a process that generates multiple splice isoforms from multi-exon genes, contributes significantly to the protein diversity in mammals. Moreover, the presence of crosstalk between m6A modification and alternative splicing, with m6A modifications on pre-mRNAs exerting regulatory control, has been established. The m6A modification modulates alternative splicing patterns by recruiting specific RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that regulate alternative splicing or by directly influencing the interaction between RBPs and their target RNAs. Conversely, alternative splicing can impact the deposition or recognition of m6A modification on mRNAs. The integration of m6A modifications has expanded the scope of therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment, while alternative splicing offers novel insights into the mechanistic role of m6A methylation in cancer initiation and progression. Conclusion This review aims to highlight the biological functions of alternative splicing of m6A modification machinery and its implications in tumourigenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical relevance of understanding m6A-dependent alternative splicing in tumour therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Man Zhu
- Department of PathologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Fu‐Chun Huo
- Department of PathologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory MedicineSecond Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Hong‐Jian Shan
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Dong‐Sheng Pei
- Department of PathologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
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Lim WF, Rinaldi C. RNA Transcript Diversity in Neuromuscular Research. J Neuromuscul Dis 2023:JND221601. [PMID: 37182892 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-221601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Three decades since the Human Genome Project began, scientists have now identified more then 25,000 protein coding genes in the human genome. The vast majority of the protein coding genes (> 90%) are multi-exonic, with the coding DNA being interrupted by intronic sequences, which are removed from the pre-mRNA transcripts before being translated into proteins, a process called splicing maturation. Variations in this process, i.e. by exon skipping, intron retention, alternative 5' splice site (5'ss), 3' splice site (3'ss), or polyadenylation usage, lead to remarkable transcriptome and proteome diversity in human tissues. Given its critical biological importance, alternative splicing is tightly regulated in a tissue- and developmental stage-specific manner. The central nervous system and skeletal muscle are amongst the tissues with the highest number of differentially expressed alternative exons, revealing a remarkable degree of transcriptome complexity. It is therefore not surprising that splicing mis-regulation is causally associated with a myriad of neuromuscular diseases, including but not limited to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and myotonic dystrophy type 1 and 2 (DM1, DM2). A gene's transcript diversity has since become an integral and an important consideration for drug design, development and therapy. In this review, we will discuss transcript diversity in the context of neuromuscular diseases and current approaches to address splicing mis-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooi Fang Lim
- Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo Rinaldi
- Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Loss of Tumor Suppressor C9orf9 Promotes Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020312. [PMID: 36830681 PMCID: PMC9953698 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The whole genome sequencing of tumor samples identifies thousands of somatic mutations. However, the function of these genes or mutations in regulating cancer progression remains unclear. We previously performed exome sequencing in patients with colorectal cancer, and identified one splicing mutation in C9orf9. The subsequent target sequencing of C9orf9 gene based on a validation cohort of 50 samples also found two function mutations, indicating that the loss of wild-type C9orf9 may participate in the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer. In this research, we aimed to further confirm the function of C9orf9 in the CRC phenotype. Our Q-PCR analysis of the tumor and matched normal samples found that C9orf9 was downregulated in the CRC samples. Function assays revealed that C9orf9 exerts its tumor suppressor role mainly on cancer cell migration and invasion, and its loss was essential for certain tumor-microenvironment signals to induce EMT and metastasis in vivo. RNA-sequencing showed that stable-expressing C9orf9 can inhibit the expression of several metastasis-related genes and pathways, including vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), one of the essential endothelial cell mitogens which plays a critical role in normal physiological and tumor angiogenesis. Overall, our results showed that the loss of C9orf9 contributes to the malignant phenotype of CRC. C9orf9 may serve as a novel metastasis repressor for CRC.
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Horn T, Gosliga A, Li C, Enculescu M, Legewie S. Position-dependent effects of RNA-binding proteins in the context of co-transcriptional splicing. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:1. [PMID: 36653378 PMCID: PMC9849329 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-022-00264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is an important step in eukaryotic mRNA pre-processing which increases the complexity of gene expression programs, but is frequently altered in disease. Previous work on the regulation of alternative splicing has demonstrated that splicing is controlled by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and by epigenetic DNA/histone modifications which affect splicing by changing the speed of polymerase-mediated pre-mRNA transcription. The interplay of these different layers of splicing regulation is poorly understood. In this paper, we derived mathematical models describing how splicing decisions in a three-exon gene are made by combinatorial spliceosome binding to splice sites during ongoing transcription. We additionally take into account the effect of a regulatory RBP and find that the RBP binding position within the sequence is a key determinant of how RNA polymerase velocity affects splicing. Based on these results, we explain paradoxical observations in the experimental literature and further derive rules explaining why the same RBP can act as inhibitor or activator of cassette exon inclusion depending on its binding position. Finally, we derive a stochastic description of co-transcriptional splicing regulation at the single-cell level and show that splicing outcomes show little noise and follow a binomial distribution despite complex regulation by a multitude of factors. Taken together, our simulations demonstrate the robustness of splicing outcomes and reveal that quantitative insights into kinetic competition of co-transcriptional events are required to fully understand this important mechanism of gene expression diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Horn
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alison Gosliga
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- University of Stuttgart, Department of Systems Biology and Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Congxin Li
- University of Stuttgart, Department of Systems Biology and Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mihaela Enculescu
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Stefan Legewie
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- University of Stuttgart, Department of Systems Biology and Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Neoantigens: promising targets for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:9. [PMID: 36604431 PMCID: PMC9816309 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 205.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in neoantigen research have accelerated the development and regulatory approval of tumor immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy and antibody-based therapies, especially for solid tumors. Neoantigens are newly formed antigens generated by tumor cells as a result of various tumor-specific alterations, such as genomic mutation, dysregulated RNA splicing, disordered post-translational modification, and integrated viral open reading frames. Neoantigens are recognized as non-self and trigger an immune response that is not subject to central and peripheral tolerance. The quick identification and prediction of tumor-specific neoantigens have been made possible by the advanced development of next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic technologies. Compared to tumor-associated antigens, the highly immunogenic and tumor-specific neoantigens provide emerging targets for personalized cancer immunotherapies, and serve as prospective predictors for tumor survival prognosis and immune checkpoint blockade responses. The development of cancer therapies will be aided by understanding the mechanism underlying neoantigen-induced anti-tumor immune response and by streamlining the process of neoantigen-based immunotherapies. This review provides an overview on the identification and characterization of neoantigens and outlines the clinical applications of prospective immunotherapeutic strategies based on neoantigens. We also explore their current status, inherent challenges, and clinical translation potential.
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Apostolidi M, Stamatopoulou V. Aberrant splicing in human cancer: An RNA structural code point of view. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1137154. [PMID: 36909167 PMCID: PMC9995731 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1137154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing represents an essential process that occurs widely in eukaryotes. In humans, most genes undergo alternative splicing to ensure transcriptome and proteome diversity reflecting their functional complexity. Over the last decade, aberrantly spliced transcripts due to mutations in cis- or trans-acting splicing regulators have been tightly associated with cancer development, largely drawing scientific attention. Although a plethora of single proteins, ribonucleoproteins, complexed RNAs, and short RNA sequences have emerged as nodal contributors to the splicing cascade, the role of RNA secondary structures in warranting splicing fidelity has been underestimated. Recent studies have leveraged the establishment of novel high-throughput methodologies and bioinformatic tools to shed light on an additional layer of splicing regulation in the context of RNA structural elements. This short review focuses on the most recent available data on splicing mechanism regulation on the basis of RNA secondary structure, emphasizing the importance of the complex RNA G-quadruplex structures (rG4s), and other specific RNA motifs identified as splicing silencers or enhancers. Moreover, it intends to provide knowledge on newly established techniques that allow the identification of RNA structural elements and highlight the potential to develop new RNA-oriented therapeutic strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apostolidi
- Agilent Laboratories, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, United States
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10
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Taze C, Drakouli S, Samiotaki M, Panayotou G, Simos G, Georgatsou E, Mylonis I. Short-term hypoxia triggers ROS and SAFB mediated nuclear matrix and mRNA splicing remodeling. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102545. [PMID: 36427398 PMCID: PMC9692040 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to hypoxia, in addition to HIF-dependent transcriptional reprogramming, also involves less characterized transcription-independent processes, such as alternative splicing of the VEGFA transcript leading to the production of the proangiogenic VEGF form. We now show that this event depends on reorganization of the splicing machinery, triggered after short-term hypoxia by ROS production and intranuclear redistribution of the nucleoskeletal proteins SAFB1/2. Exposure to low oxygen causes fast dissociation of SAFB1/2 from the nuclear matrix, which is reversible, inhibited by antioxidant treatment, and also observed under normoxia when the mitochondrial electron transport chain is blocked. This is accompanied by altered interactions between SAFB1/2 and the splicing machinery, translocation of kinase SRPK1 to the cytoplasm, and dephosphorylation of RS-splicing factors. Depletion of SAFB1/2 under normoxia phenocopies the hypoxic and ROS-mediated switch in VEGF mRNA splicing. These data suggest that ROS-dependent remodeling of the nuclear architecture can promote production of splicing variants that facilitate adaptation to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysa Taze
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Sotiria Drakouli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Institute for Bioinnovation, BSRC “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, 16672, Greece
| | - George Panayotou
- Institute for Bioinnovation, BSRC “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, 16672, Greece
| | - George Simos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, H4A 3T2, Canada
| | - Eleni Georgatsou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Ilias Mylonis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece,Corresponding author.
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Gaulin C, Kelemen K, Arana Yi C. Molecular Pathways in Clonal Hematopoiesis: From the Acquisition of Somatic Mutations to Transformation into Hematologic Neoplasm. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1135. [PMID: 36013314 PMCID: PMC9410004 DOI: 10.3390/life12081135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell aging, through the acquisition of somatic mutations, gives rise to clonal hematopoiesis (CH). While a high prevalence of CH has been described in otherwise healthy older adults, CH confers an increased risk of both hematologic and non-hematologic diseases. Classification of CH into clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) and clonal cytopenia of undetermined significance (CCUS) further describes this neoplastic myeloid precursor state and stratifies individuals at risk of developing clinically significant complications. The sequential acquisition of driver mutations, such as DNMT3A, TET2, and ASXL1, provide a selective advantage and lead to clonal expansion. Inflammation, microbiome signatures, and external selective pressures also contribute to clonal evolution. Despite significant progress in recent years, the precise molecular mechanisms driving CH transformation to hematologic neoplasms are not well defined. Further understanding of these complex mechanisms may improve risk stratification and introduce therapeutic interventions in CH. Here we discuss the genetic drivers underpinning CH, mechanisms for clonal evolution, and transformation to hematologic neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Gaulin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA;
| | - Katalin Kelemen
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA;
| | - Cecilia Arana Yi
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA;
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12
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Ye Z, Bing A, Zhao S, Yi S, Zhan X. Comprehensive analysis of spliceosome genes and their mutants across 27 cancer types in 9070 patients: clinically relevant outcomes in the context of 3P medicine. EPMA J 2022; 13:335-350. [DOI: 10.1007/s13167-022-00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Cheng R, Xu Z, Luo M, Wang P, Cao H, Jin X, Zhou W, Xiao L, Jiang Q. Identification of alternative splicing-derived cancer neoantigens for mRNA vaccine development. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:bbab553. [PMID: 35279714 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have shown great potential for anti-tumor therapy due to the advantages in safety, efficacy and industrial production. However, it remains a challenge to identify suitable cancer neoantigens that can be targeted for mRNA vaccines. Abnormal alternative splicing occurs in a variety of tumors, which may result in the translation of abnormal transcripts into tumor-specific proteins. High-throughput technologies make it possible for systematic characterization of alternative splicing as a source of suitable target neoantigens for mRNA vaccine development. Here, we summarized difficulties and challenges for identifying alternative splicing-derived cancer neoantigens from RNA-seq data and proposed a conceptual framework for designing personalized mRNA vaccines based on alternative splicing-derived cancer neoantigens. In addition, several points were presented to spark further discussion toward improving the identification of alternative splicing-derived cancer neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cheng
- Harbin Institute of Technology, China
| | | | - Meng Luo
- Harbin Institute of Technology, China
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14
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Li X, Liu Z, Wei X, Lin J, Yang Q, Xie Y. Comprehensive Analysis of the Expression and Clinical Significance of THO Complex Members in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:2695-2713. [PMID: 35300138 PMCID: PMC8922240 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s349925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zefeng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiwei Yang
- Medical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yingjun Xie, Tel +86 17390069233, Email
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15
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Distinct Minor Splicing Patterns across Cancers. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020387. [PMID: 35205431 PMCID: PMC8871696 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In human cells, the U12 spliceosome, also known as the minor spliceosome, is responsible for the splicing of 0.5% of introns, while the major U2 spliceosome is responsible for the other 99.5%. While many studies have been done to characterize and understand splicing dysregulation in cancer, almost all of them have focused on U2 splicing and ignored U12 splicing, despite evidence suggesting minor splicing is involved in cell cycle regulation. In this study, we analyzed RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas for 14 different cohorts to determine differential splicing of minor introns in tumor and adjacent normal tissue. We found that in some cohorts, such as breast cancer, there was a strong skew towards minor introns showing increased splicing in the tumor; in others, such as the renal chromophobe cell carcinoma cohort, the opposite pattern was found, with minor introns being much more likely to have decreased splicing in the tumor. Further analysis of gene expression did not reveal any candidate regulatory mechanisms that could cause these different minor splicing phenotypes between cohorts. Our data suggest context-dependent roles of the minor spliceosome in tumorigenesis and provides a foundation for further investigation of minor splicing in cancer, which could then serve as a basis for novel therapeutic strategies.
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16
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Chen L, Jin C, Liu H, Feng R, Li Z, Zhang J. Analysis of the role of Ly-1 antibody reactive in different cancer types. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9452-9462. [PMID: 34696677 PMCID: PMC8809990 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1995100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
LYAR (Ly-1 antibody reactive) is a transcription factor with a specific DNA-binding domain, which plays a key role in the regulation of embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. However, the role of LYAR in human cancers remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze the prognostic value of LYAR in cancer. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic value of LYAR in various tumors. We research found that, compared with normal tissues, LYAR levels werehigher in a variety of tumors. LYAR expression level was associated with poor overall survival, progression-free interval, and disease-specific survival. LYAR expression was also related to tumor grade, stage, age, and tumor status. Cell counting kit-8, Transwell, and wound healing assay showed that knocking out LYAR significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In addition, this study found that LYARexpression was significantly positively correlated with MKI67IP, BZW2, and CCT2. Gene set enrichment analysis results showed that samples with high LYAR expression levels were rich in spliceosomes, RNA degradation, pyrimidine metabolism, cell cycle, nucleotide excision repair, and base excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Chen
- General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of West Anhui Health Vocational College, Luan,237000, China.,West Anhui Health Vocational College, Luan, 237000, China
| | - Congwen Jin
- General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of West Anhui Health Vocational College, Luan,237000, China.,West Anhui Health Vocational College, Luan, 237000, China
| | - Hao Liu
- General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of West Anhui Health Vocational College, Luan,237000, China.,West Anhui Health Vocational College, Luan, 237000, China
| | - Rongmei Feng
- Critical Care Medicine, The Lu'an Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Luan,237000, China.,Critical Care Medicine, The Lu'an People's Hospital, Luan,237000, China
| | - Zhengdong Li
- General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of West Anhui Health Vocational College, Luan,237000, China.,West Anhui Health Vocational College, Luan, 237000, China
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Emergency surgery, The Lu'an Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Luan,237000, China.,Emergency surgery, The Lu'an People's Hospital, Luan,237000, China
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17
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Ramírez-Moya J, Miliotis C, Baker AR, Gregory RI, Slack FJ, Santisteban P. An ADAR1-dependent RNA editing event in the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK13 promotes thyroid cancer hallmarks. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:115. [PMID: 34496885 PMCID: PMC8424981 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) modify many cellular RNAs by catalyzing the conversion of adenosine to inosine (A-to-I), and their deregulation is associated with several cancers. We recently showed that A-to-I editing is elevated in thyroid tumors and that ADAR1 is functionally important for thyroid cancer cell progression. The downstream effectors regulated or edited by ADAR1 and the significance of ADAR1 deregulation in thyroid cancer remain, however, poorly defined. Methods We performed whole transcriptome sequencing to determine the consequences of ADAR1 deregulation for global gene expression, RNA splicing and editing. The effects of gene silencing or RNA editing were investigated by analyzing cell viability, proliferation, invasion and subnuclear localization, and by protein and gene expression analysis. Results We report an oncogenic function for CDK13 in thyroid cancer and identify a new ADAR1-dependent RNA editing event that occurs in the coding region of its transcript. CDK13 was significantly over-edited (c.308A > G) in tumor samples and functional analysis revealed that this editing event promoted cancer cell hallmarks. Finally, we show that CDK13 editing increases the nucleolar abundance of the protein, and that this event might explain, at least partly, the global change in splicing produced by ADAR1 deregulation. Conclusions Overall, our data support A-to-I editing as an important pathway in cancer progression and highlight novel mechanisms that might be used therapeutically in thyroid and other cancers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-021-01401-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ramírez-Moya
- Instituto, de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols"; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christos Miliotis
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison R Baker
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard I Gregory
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Instituto, de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols"; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Alternatively spliced ANLN isoforms synergistically contribute to the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:764. [PMID: 34344861 PMCID: PMC8333361 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common cancer with high mortality. Anilin actin-binding protein (ANLN) has been reported to be associated with carcinogenesis in multiple tumors. However, the expression pattern and functional effects of ANLN in HNSCC remain to be unclear. Clinical data and online databases were used to analyze the expression of ANLN and its relationship with HNSCC patient survival. Expression of two major splice variants of ANLN was assessed in HNSCC tissues and cell lines. The functional effects and related mechanisms of ANLN isoforms were investigated in HNSCC in vitro and in vivo. Our study showed that patients with high expression of ANLN had a poor prognosis. The two primary isoforms of ANLN transcripts ANLN-201 and ANLN-210 were highly expressed in HNSCC tissues and cell lines. Knockout of ANLN restrained cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of SCC-9 cells. Mechanically, ANLN-201 could interact with c-Myc to keep its protein stability, thereby playing a oncogenic role in HNSCC. ANLN-210 could be transferred to macrophages via exosomes by binding to RNA-binding protein hnRNPC. Exosomal ANLN-210 promoted macrophage polarization via PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thus stimulating tumor growth of HNSCC. ANLN was an independent prognostic factor in patients with HNSCC. Alternatively spliced ANLN isoforms collaboratively promote HNSCC tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo, which might provide the in-depth role and mechanism of ANLN in HNSCC development.
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19
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Tang W, Zhu S, Liang X, Liu C, Song L. The Crosstalk Between Long Non-Coding RNAs and Various Types of Death in Cancer Cells. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211033044. [PMID: 34278852 PMCID: PMC8293842 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211033044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing aging population, cancer has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the number of cancer cases and deaths is only anticipated to grow further. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are closely associated with the expression level of downstream genes and various types of bioactivity, are regarded as one of the key regulators of cancer cell proliferation and death. Cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, plays a vital role in the progression of cancer. A better understanding of the regulatory relationships between lncRNAs and these various types of cancer cell death is therefore urgently required. The occurrence and development of tumors can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the expression of lncRNAs, a method which confers broad prospects for cancer treatment. Therefore, it is urgent for us to understand the influence of lncRNAs on the development of different modes of tumor death, and to evaluate whether lncRNAs have the potential to be used as biological targets for inducing cell death and predicting prognosis and recurrence of chemotherapy. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the various forms of cancer cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, and to describe the mechanisms of different types of cancer cell death that are regulated by lncRNAs in order to explore potential targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Tang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences/Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, 118385Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaomi Zhu
- School of Medical and Life Sciences/Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, 118385Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences/Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, 118385Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Liu
- School of Medical and Life Sciences/Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, 118385Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Linjiang Song
- School of Medical and Life Sciences/Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, 118385Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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20
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Lin YR, Yang WJ, Yang GW. Prognostic and immunological potential of PPM1G in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:12929-12954. [PMID: 33952716 PMCID: PMC8148464 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) remains one of the most common causes of cancer death. Prior research suggested that the PPM1G gene is involved in LIHC. To explore the role of PPM1G in LIHC, we used several online databases. Expression profiling was performed via the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), Hepatocellular Carcinoma Database (HCCDB), Oncomine and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) platforms. Mutation profiles were investigated via cBio Cancer Genomics Portal (cBioPortal). Survival analysis was performed via the Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) platforms. The biological function of PPM1G was analyzed via the Enrichr database. The influence of PPM1G expression in the tumor immune microenvironment was assessed via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER). PPM1G expression was upregulated in various tumors, including LIHC. Overexpression of PPM1G was associated with poor prognosis in LIHC. PPM1G expression might be regulated by promoter methylation, copy number variations (CNVs) and kinases and correlate with immune infiltration. The gene ontology (GO) terms associated with high PPM1G expression were mRNA splicing and the cell cycle. The results suggest that PPM1G is correlated with the prognosis of LIHC patients and associated with the tumor immune microenvironment in LIHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ren Lin
- Department of Oncology, Shunyi Hospital of Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Wang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Shunyi Hospital of Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng, Beijing, China
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21
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Epigenetic Mechanisms Are Involved in the Oncogenic Properties of ZNF518B in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061433. [PMID: 33801071 PMCID: PMC8004037 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The ZNF518B gene, which is up-regulated in colorectal cancer, plays a role in metastasis, but neither the mechanisms involved in this process nor the role of the different isoforms of the gene are known. Here we show that the ratio of these isoforms is related to the relapsing of the disease, and that the protein ZNF518B interacts with enzymes able to introduce epigenetic changes, which may affect the activity of many genes. We also report a list of genes affected in common by ZNF518B and by two of those related enzymes, namely, G9A and EZH2. An in-depth analysis of five of those genes revealed that ZNF518B is involved in the recruitment of the enzymes and in the deposition of the corresponding epigenetic marks. The results highlight the relevance of epigenetic changes in cancer development, and open the possibility of developing therapeutic approaches, as the introduction of epigenetic modifications is reversible. Abstract The ZNF518B gene, which is up-regulated in colorectal cancer, plays a role in cell dissemination and metastasis. It encodes a zinc-finger protein, which interacts with histone methyltransferases G9A and EZH2. The expression of the two major mRNA isoforms 1 (coding for the full protein) and 2 was quantified by RT-qPCR in a cohort of 66 patients. The effects of silencing ZNF518B on the transcriptome of DLD1 and HCT116 cells were analysed by Clariom-S assays and validated by RT-qPCR. The recruitment of methyltransferases and the presence of H3K27me3 were studied by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The ratio (isoform 2)/(isoform 1) negatively correlated with the relapsing of disease. The study of the transcriptome of DLD1 and HCT116 cells revealed that many genes affected by silencing ZNF518B are related to cancer. After crossing these results with the list of genes affected by silencing the histone methyltransferases (retrieved in silico), five genes were selected. ChIP analysis revealed that the recruitment of EZH2 is ZNF518B-dependent in KAT2B, RGS4 and EFNA5; the level of H3K27me3 changes in accordance. G9A also binds RGS4 and PADI3 in a ZNF518B-dependent manner. The results highlight the importance of epigenetics in cancer and open a novel therapeutic possibility, as inhibition of histone methyltransferases may reverse the disease-linked histone marks.
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22
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Yuan Y, Nie H. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5: a potential cancer therapeutic target. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:33-44. [PMID: 33469838 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PRMT5 is a type II protein arginine methyltransferase that methylates histone or non-histone proteins. Arginine methylation by PRMT5 has been implicated in gene transcription, ribosome biogenesis, RNA transport, pre-mRNA splicing and signal transduction. High expression of PRMT5 has been observed in various cancers and PRMT5 overexpression has been reported to improve cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration and metabolism and to inhibit cancer cell apoptosis. In addition, PRMT5 has been found to be required for cancer stem cell survival, self-renewal and differentiation. Several microRNAs have been shown to regulate PRMT5 expression. As PRMT5 has oncogene-like properties, several PRMT5 inhibitors have been used to explore their efficacy as potential drugs for different types of cancer, and three of them are now being tested in clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the role of PRMT5 in cancer development and progression, including its functions and underlying mechanisms. In addition, we highlight the rapid development of PRMT5 inhibitors and summarize ongoing clinical trials for cancer therapy. By affecting both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, PRMT5 inhibitors may serve as effective anti-cancer agents, especially when combined with immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyang Yuan
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Nie
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, China.
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Ortega MA, Fraile-Martínez O, García-Honduvilla N, Coca S, Álvarez-Mon M, Buján J, Teus MA. Update on uveal melanoma: Translational research from biology to clinical practice (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 57:1262-1279. [PMID: 33173970 PMCID: PMC7646582 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common type of intraocular cancer with a low mean annual incidence of 5‑10 cases per million. Tumours are located in the choroid (90%), ciliary body (6%) or iris (4%) and of 85% are primary tumours. As in cutaneous melanoma, tumours arise in melanocytes; however, the characteristics of uveal melanoma differ, accounting for 3‑5% of melanocytic cancers. Among the numerous risk factors are age, sex, genetic and phenotypic predisposition, the work environment and dermatological conditions. Management is usually multidisciplinary, including several specialists such as ophthalmologists, oncologists and maxillofacial surgeons, who participate in the diagnosis, treatment and complex follow‑up of these patients, without excluding the management of the immense emotional burden. Clinically, uveal melanoma generates symptoms that depend as much on the affected ocular globe site as on the tumour size. The anatomopathological study of uveal melanoma has recently benefited from developments in molecular biology. In effect, disease classification or staging according to molecular profile is proving useful for the assessment of this type of tumour. Further, the improved knowledge of tumour biology is giving rise to a more targeted approach to diagnosis, prognosis and treatment development; for example, epigenetics driven by microRNAs as a target for disease control. In the present study, the main epidemiological, clinical, physiopathological and molecular features of this disease are reviewed, and the associations among all these factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- University Center for The Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), 28047 Madrid
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martínez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- University Center for The Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), 28047 Madrid
| | - Santiago Coca
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- University Center for The Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), 28047 Madrid
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- University Center for The Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), 28047 Madrid
- Internal and Oncology Service (CIBER-EHD), University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- University Center for The Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), 28047 Madrid
| | - Miguel A. Teus
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid
- Ophthalmology Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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Bessa C, Matos P, Jordan P, Gonçalves V. Alternative Splicing: Expanding the Landscape of Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239032. [PMID: 33261131 PMCID: PMC7729450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a critical post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism used by more than 95% of transcribed human genes and responsible for structural transcript variation and proteome diversity. In the past decade, genome-wide transcriptome sequencing has revealed that AS is tightly regulated in a tissue- and developmental stage-specific manner, and also frequently dysregulated in multiple human cancer types. It is currently recognized that splicing defects, including genetic alterations in the spliced gene, altered expression of both core components or regulators of the precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing machinery, or both, are major drivers of tumorigenesis. Hence, in this review we provide an overview of our current understanding of splicing alterations in cancer, and emphasize the need to further explore the cancer-specific splicing programs in order to obtain new insights in oncology. Furthermore, we also discuss the recent advances in the identification of dysregulated splicing signatures on a genome-wide scale and their potential use as biomarkers. Finally, we highlight the therapeutic opportunities arising from dysregulated splicing and summarize the current approaches to therapeutically target AS in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Bessa
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.M.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.M.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Jordan
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.M.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (V.G.); Tel.: +351-217-519-380 (P.J.)
| | - Vânia Gonçalves
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.M.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (V.G.); Tel.: +351-217-519-380 (P.J.)
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Dlamini Z, Francies FZ, Hull R, Marima R. Artificial intelligence (AI) and big data in cancer and precision oncology. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2300-2311. [PMID: 32994889 PMCID: PMC7490765 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have significantly influenced many facets of the healthcare sector. Advancement in technology has paved the way for analysis of big datasets in a cost- and time-effective manner. Clinical oncology and research are reaping the benefits of AI. The burden of cancer is a global phenomenon. Efforts to reduce mortality rates requires early diagnosis for effective therapeutic interventions. However, metastatic and recurrent cancers evolve and acquire drug resistance. It is imperative to detect novel biomarkers that induce drug resistance and identify therapeutic targets to enhance treatment regimes. The introduction of the next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms address these demands, has revolutionised the future of precision oncology. NGS offers several clinical applications that are important for risk predictor, early detection of disease, diagnosis by sequencing and medical imaging, accurate prognosis, biomarker identification and identification of therapeutic targets for novel drug discovery. NGS generates large datasets that demand specialised bioinformatics resources to analyse the data that is relevant and clinically significant. Through these applications of AI, cancer diagnostics and prognostic prediction are enhanced with NGS and medical imaging that delivers high resolution images. Regardless of the improvements in technology, AI has some challenges and limitations, and the clinical application of NGS remains to be validated. By continuing to enhance the progression of innovation and technology, the future of AI and precision oncology show great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Flavia Zita Francies
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Rodney Hull
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Rahaba Marima
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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Qin H, Ni H, Liu Y, Yuan Y, Xi T, Li X, Zheng L. RNA-binding proteins in tumor progression. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:90. [PMID: 32653017 PMCID: PMC7353687 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00927-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding protein (RBP) has a highly dynamic spatiotemporal regulation process and important biological functions. They are critical to maintain the transcriptome through post-transcriptionally controlling the processing and transportation of RNA, including regulating RNA splicing, polyadenylation, mRNA stability, mRNA localization, and translation. Alteration of each process will affect the RNA life cycle, produce abnormal protein phenotypes, and thus lead to the occurrence and development of tumors. Here, we summarize RBPs involved in tumor progression and the underlying molecular mechanisms whereby they are regulated and exert their effects. This analysis is an important step towards the comprehensive characterization of post-transcriptional gene regulation involved in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiwei Ni
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Yuan
- Guizhou Medical Device Testing Center, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lufeng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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Enculescu M, Braun S, Thonta Setty S, Busch A, Zarnack K, König J, Legewie S. Exon Definition Facilitates Reliable Control of Alternative Splicing in the RON Proto-Oncogene. Biophys J 2020; 118:2027-2041. [PMID: 32336349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a key step in eukaryotic gene expression that allows for the production of multiple transcript and protein isoforms from the same gene. Even though splicing is perturbed in many diseases, we currently lack insights into regulatory mechanisms promoting its precision and efficiency. We analyze high-throughput mutagenesis data obtained for an alternatively spliced exon in the proto-oncogene RON and determine the functional units that control this splicing event. Using mathematical modeling of distinct splicing mechanisms, we show that alternative splicing is based in RON on a so-called "exon definition" mechanism. Here, the recognition of the adjacent exons by the spliceosome is required for removal of an intron. We use our model to analyze the differences between the exon and intron definition scenarios and find that exon definition prevents the accumulation of deleterious, partially spliced retention products during alternative splicing regulation. Furthermore, it modularizes splicing control, as multiple regulatory inputs are integrated into a common net input, irrespective of the location and nature of the corresponding cis-regulatory elements in the pre-messenger RNA. Our analysis suggests that exon definition promotes robust and reliable splicing outcomes in RON splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Braun
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Samarth Thonta Setty
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathi Zarnack
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Insights into the Involvement of Spliceosomal Mutations in Myelodysplastic Disorders from Analysis of SACY-1/DDX41 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2020; 214:869-893. [PMID: 32060018 PMCID: PMC7153925 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations affecting spliceosomal proteins are frequently found in hematological malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). DDX41/Abstrakt is a metazoan-specific spliceosomal DEAD-box RNA helicase that is recurrently mutated in inherited myelodysplastic syndromes and in relapsing cases of AML. The genetic properties and genomic impacts of disease-causing missense mutations in DDX41 and other spliceosomal proteins have been uncertain. Here, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans DDX41 ortholog, SACY-1 Biochemical analyses defined SACY-1 as a component of the C. elegans spliceosome, and genetic analyses revealed synthetic lethal interactions with spliceosomal components. We used the auxin-inducible degradation system to analyze the consequence of SACY-1 depletion on the transcriptome using RNA sequencing. SACY-1 depletion impacts the transcriptome through splicing-dependent and splicing-independent mechanisms. Altered 3' splice site usage represents the predominant splicing defect observed upon SACY-1 depletion, consistent with a role for SACY-1 in the second step of splicing. Missplicing events appear more prevalent in the soma than the germline, suggesting that surveillance mechanisms protect the germline from aberrant splicing. The transcriptome changes observed after SACY-1 depletion suggest that disruption of the spliceosome induces a stress response, which could contribute to the cellular phenotypes conferred by sacy-1 mutant alleles. Multiple sacy-1 /ddx41 missense mutations, including the R525H human oncogenic variant, confer antimorphic activity, suggesting that their incorporation into the spliceosome is detrimental. Antagonistic variants that perturb the function of the spliceosome may be relevant to the disease-causing mutations, including DDX41, affecting highly conserved components of the spliceosome in humans.
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Tang SJ, Shen H, An O, Hong H, Li J, Song Y, Han J, Tay DJT, Ng VHE, Bellido Molias F, Leong KW, Pitcheshwar P, Yang H, Chen L. Cis- and trans-regulations of pre-mRNA splicing by RNA editing enzymes influence cancer development. Nat Commun 2020; 11:799. [PMID: 32034135 PMCID: PMC7005744 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA editing and splicing are the two major processes that dynamically regulate human transcriptome diversity. Despite growing evidence of crosstalk between RNA editing enzymes (mainly ADAR1) and splicing machineries, detailed mechanistic explanations and their biological importance in diseases, such as cancer are still lacking. Herein, we identify approximately a hundred high-confidence splicing events altered by ADAR1 and/or ADAR2, and ADAR1 or ADAR2 protein can regulate cassette exons in both directions. We unravel a binding tendency of ADARs to dsRNAs that involves GA-rich sequences for editing and splicing regulation. ADAR1 edits an intronic splicing silencer, leading to recruitment of SRSF7 and repression of exon inclusion. We also present a mechanism through which ADAR2 binds to dsRNA formed between GA-rich sequences and polypyrimidine (Py)-tract and precludes access of U2AF65 to 3' splice site. Furthermore, we find these ADARs-regulated splicing changes per se influence tumorigenesis, not merely byproducts of ADARs editing and binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Jing Tang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Haoqing Shen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Omer An
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - HuiQi Hong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Jia Li
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Yangyang Song
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Jian Han
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Daryl Jin Tai Tay
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Hui En Ng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Fernando Bellido Molias
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Ka Wai Leong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Priyankaa Pitcheshwar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Leilei Chen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117594, Singapore.
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30
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Liu Y, Yang Y, Luo Y, Wang J, Lu X, Yang Z, Yang J. Prognostic potential of PRPF3 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:912-930. [PMID: 31926109 PMCID: PMC6977647 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
pre-mRNA processing factor 3 (PRPF3) is an RNA binding protein in a core component of the exon junction complex. Abnormal PRPF3 expression is potentially associated with carcinogenesis. However, the biological role of PRPF3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains to be determined. We analyzed PRPF3 expression via multiple gene expression databases and identified its genetic alterations and functional networks using cBioPortal. Co-expressed genes with PRPF3 and its regulators were identified using LinkedOmics. The correlations between PRPF3 and cancer immune infiltrates were investigated via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER). PRPF3 was found up-regulated with amplification in tumor tissues in multiple HCC cohorts. High PRPF3 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Functional network analysis suggested that PRPF3 regulates spliceosome, DNA replication, and cell cycle signaling via pathways involving several cancer-related kinases and E2F family. Notably, PRPF3 expression was positively correlated with infiltrating levels of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. PRPF3 expression showed strong correlations with diverse immune marker sets in HCC. These findings suggest that PRPF3 is correlated with prognosis and immune infiltrating in HCC, laying a foundation for further study of the immune regulatory role of PRPF3 in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlan Liu
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Yang
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zongxing Yang
- The Second Department of Infectious Disease, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, P.R. China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
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31
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Sun X, Tian Y, Wang J, Sun Z, Zhu Y. Genome-wide analysis reveals the association between alternative splicing and DNA methylation across human solid tumors. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:4. [PMID: 31906954 PMCID: PMC6945449 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulation of alternative splicing (AS) is a critical signature of cancer. However, the regulatory mechanisms of cancer-specific AS events, especially the impact of DNA methylation, are poorly understood. Methods By using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) SpliceSeq and TCGA data for ten solid tumor types, association analysis was performed to characterize the potential link between cancer-specific AS and DNA methylation. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed with the String website. The prognostic analysis was carried out with multivariate Cox regressions models. Results 15,818 AS events in 3955 annotated genes were identified across ten solid tumor types. The different DNA methylation patterns between tumor and normal tissues at the corresponding alternative spliced exon boundaries were shown, and 51.3% of CpG sites (CpGs) revealed hypomethylated in tumors. Notably, 607 CpGs were found to be highly correlated with 369 cancer-specific AS events after permutation tests. Among them, the hypomethylated CpGs account for 52.7%, and the number of down-regulated exons was 173. Furthermore, we found 38 AS events in 35 genes could serve as new molecular biomarkers to predict patient survival. Conclusions Our study described the relationship between DNA methylation and AS events across ten human solid tumor types and provided new insights into intragenic DNA methylation and exon usage during the AS process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Sun
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiping Tian
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, 08901, USA
| | - Zeyuan Sun
- Department of Health Related Social and Behavioral Science, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Splicing Dysregulation as Oncogenic Driver and Passenger Factor in Brain Tumors. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010010. [PMID: 31861467 PMCID: PMC7016899 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms ranging from almost benign to highly aggressive phenotypes. The malignancy of these tumors mostly relies on gene expression reprogramming, which is frequently accompanied by the aberrant regulation of RNA processing mechanisms. In brain tumors, defects in alternative splicing result either from the dysregulation of expression and activity of splicing factors, or from mutations in the genes encoding splicing machinery components. Aberrant splicing regulation can generate dysfunctional proteins that lead to modification of fundamental physiological cellular processes, thus contributing to the development or progression of brain tumors. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on splicing abnormalities in brain tumors and how these alterations contribute to the disease by sustaining proliferative signaling, escaping growth suppressors, or establishing a tumor microenvironment that fosters angiogenesis and intercellular communications. Lastly, we review recent efforts aimed at developing novel splicing-targeted cancer therapies, which employ oligonucleotide-based approaches or chemical modulators of alternative splicing that elicit an impact on brain tumor biology.
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Colleti C, Melo-Hanchuk TD, da Silva FRM, Saito Â, Kobarg J. Complex interactomes and post-translational modifications of the regulatory proteins HABP4 and SERBP1 suggest pleiotropic cellular functions. World J Biol Chem 2019; 10:44-64. [PMID: 31768228 PMCID: PMC6872977 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v10.i3.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The 57 kDa antigen recognized by the Ki-1 antibody, is also known as intracellular hyaluronic acid binding protein 4 and shares 40.7% identity and 67.4% similarity with serpin mRNA binding protein 1, which is also named CGI-55, or plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1-RNA binding protein-1, indicating that they might be paralog proteins, possibly with similar or redundant functions in human cells. Through the identification of their protein interactomes, both regulatory proteins have been functionally implicated in transcriptional regulation, mRNA metabolism, specifically RNA splicing, the regulation of mRNA stability, especially, in the context of the progesterone hormone response, and the DNA damage response. Both proteins also show a complex pattern of post-translational modifications, involving Ser/Thr phosphorylation, mainly through protein kinase C, arginine methylation and SUMOylation, suggesting that their functions and locations are highly regulated. Furthermore, they show a highly dynamic cellular localization pattern with localizations in both the cytoplasm and nucleus as well as punctuated localizations in both granular cytoplasmic protein bodies, upon stress, and nuclear splicing speckles. Several reports in the literature show altered expressions of both regulatory proteins in a series of cancers as well as mutations in their genes that may contribute to tumorigenesis. This review highlights important aspects of the structure, interactome, post-translational modifications, sub-cellular localization and function of both regulatory proteins and further discusses their possible functions and their potential as tumor markers in different cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Colleti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
- Institute of Biology, Departament of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Talita Diniz Melo-Hanchuk
- Institute of Biology, Departament of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Flávia Regina Moraes da Silva
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
- Institute of Biology, Departament of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Ângela Saito
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, CNPEM, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Jörg Kobarg
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
- Institute of Biology, Departament of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
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34
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Frankiw L, Baltimore D, Li G. Alternative mRNA splicing in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:675-687. [PMID: 31363190 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies are yielding effective treatments for several previously untreatable cancers. Still, the identification of suitable antigens specific to the tumour that can be targets for cancer vaccines and T cell therapies is a challenge. Alternative processing of mRNA, a phenomenon that has been shown to alter the proteomic diversity of many cancers, may offer the potential of a broadened target space. Here, we discuss the promise of analysing mRNA processing events in cancer cells, with an emphasis on mRNA splicing, for the identification of potential new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Further, we highlight the challenges that must be overcome for this new avenue to have clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Frankiw
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David Baltimore
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Guideng Li
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. .,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China.
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35
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Bowler E, Oltean S. Alternative Splicing in Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2067. [PMID: 31027366 PMCID: PMC6540211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA allows the generation of multiple splice isoforms from a given gene, which can have distinct functions. In fact, splice isoforms can have opposing functions and there are many instances whereby a splice isoform acts as an inhibitor of canonical isoform function, thereby adding an additional layer of regulation to important processes. Angiogenesis is an important process that is governed by alternative splicing mechanisms. This review focuses on the alternative spliced isoforms of key genes that are involved in the angiogenesis process; VEGF-A, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, NRP-1, FGFRs, Vasohibin-1, Vasohibin-2, HIF-1α, Angiopoietin-1 and Angiopoietin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bowler
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PY, UK.
| | - Sebastian Oltean
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PY, UK.
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36
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Tam AS, Stirling PC. Splicing, genome stability and disease: splice like your genome depends on it! Curr Genet 2019; 65:905-912. [PMID: 30953124 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The spliceosome has been implicated in genome maintenance for decades. Recently, a surge in discoveries in cancer has suggested that the oncogenic mechanism of spliceosomal defects may involve defective genome stability. The action of the core spliceosome prevents R-loop accumulation, and regulates the expression of genome stability factors. At the same time, specific spliceosomal components have non-canonical functions in genome maintenance. Here we review these different models, highlighting their discovery in different model systems, and describing their potential impact on human disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie S Tam
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter C Stirling
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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