1
|
Maestresalas B, Piquet JC, López-Darias M. Spatial ecology to strengthen invasive snake management on islands. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6731. [PMID: 37185934 PMCID: PMC10130030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on the spatial ecology of invasive predators positively contributes to optimizing their management, especially when involving cryptic and secretive species, such as snakes. However, this information is lacking for most invasive snakes, particularly on islands, where they are known to cause severe ecological and socio-economic impacts. This research is focused on assessing the spatial ecology of the California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae) on Gran Canaria to strengthen management actions. We monitored 15 radio-tagged individuals once per day on 9-11 days per month from July 2020 to June 2021 to calculate the species' home range and describe annual activity patterns in the invaded range. To account for the species' diel activity during the emergence period, we additionally monitored snakes from January to May 2021 during three consecutive days per month in four different time intervals each day. We detected movement (consecutive detections at least 6 m apart) in 31.68% of the 1146 detections during the whole monitoring period. Movements most frequently detected were shorter than 100 m (82.24%), and among them the range 0-20 m was the most recurrent (27.03%). The mean distance of movement was 62.57 ± 62.62 m in 1-2 days. Average home range was 4.27 ± 5.35 ha-calculated with the Autocorrelated Kernel Density Estimator (AKDE) at 95%-and did not significantly vary with SVL nor sex. We detected an extremely low value of motion variance (0.76 ± 2.62 σ2m) compared to other studies, with a general inactivity period from November to February, January being the less active month of the year. Diel activity was higher during central and evening hours than during early morning and night. Our results should be useful to improve control programs for this invasive snake (e.g., trap placement and visual survey guidance) on Gran Canaria. Our research highlights the importance of gathering spatial information on invasive snakes to enhance control actions, which can contribute to the management of secretive invasive snakes worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Maestresalas
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Julien C Piquet
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Marta López-Darias
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kraft S, Gandra M, Lennox RJ, Mourier J, Winkler AC, Abecasis D. Residency and space use estimation methods based on passive acoustic telemetry data. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2023; 11:12. [PMID: 36859381 PMCID: PMC9976422 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-022-00364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic telemetry has helped overcome many of the challenges faced when studying the movement ecology of aquatic species, allowing to obtain unprecedented amounts of data. This has made it into one of the most widely used methods nowadays. Many ways to analyse acoustic telemetry data have been made available and deciding on how to analyse the data requires considering the type of research objectives, relevant properties of the data (e.g., resolution, study design, equipment), habits of the study species, researcher experience, among others. To ease this decision process, here we showcase (1) some of the methods used to estimate pseudo-positions and positions from raw acoustic telemetry data, (2) methods to estimate residency and (3) methods to estimate two-dimensional home and occurrence range using geometric or hull-based methods and density-distribution methods, a network-based approach, and three-dimensional methods. We provide examples of some of these were tested using a sample of real data. With this we intend to provide the necessary background for the selection of the method(s) that better fit specific research objectives when using acoustic telemetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kraft
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
| | - M Gandra
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - R J Lennox
- Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries at NORCE Norwegian Research Center, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Mourier
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - A C Winkler
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - D Abecasis
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kölzsch A, Davidson SC, Gauggel D, Hahn C, Hirt J, Kays R, Lang I, Lohr A, Russell B, Scharf AK, Schneider G, Vinciguerra CM, Wikelski M, Safi K. MoveApps: a serverless no-code analysis platform for animal tracking data. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2022; 10:30. [PMID: 35843990 PMCID: PMC9290230 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-022-00327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bio-logging and animal tracking datasets continuously grow in volume and complexity, documenting animal behaviour and ecology in unprecedented extent and detail, but greatly increasing the challenge of extracting knowledge from the data obtained. A large variety of analysis methods are being developed, many of which in effect are inaccessible to potential users, because they remain unpublished, depend on proprietary software or require significant coding skills. RESULTS We developed MoveApps, an open analysis platform for animal tracking data, to make sophisticated analytical tools accessible to a global community of movement ecologists and wildlife managers. As part of the Movebank ecosystem, MoveApps allows users to design and share workflows composed of analysis modules (Apps) that access and analyse tracking data. Users browse Apps, build workflows, customise parameters, execute analyses and access results through an intuitive web-based interface. Apps, coded in R or other programming languages, have been developed by the MoveApps team and can be contributed by anyone developing analysis code. They become available to all user of the platform. To allow long-term and cross-system reproducibility, Apps have public source code and are compiled and run in Docker containers that form the basis of a serverless cloud computing system. To support reproducible science and help contributors document and benefit from their efforts, workflows of Apps can be shared, published and archived with DOIs in the Movebank Data Repository. The platform was beta launched in spring 2021 and currently contains 49 Apps that are used by 316 registered users. We illustrate its use through two workflows that (1) provide a daily report on active tag deployments and (2) segment and map migratory movements. CONCLUSIONS The MoveApps platform is meant to empower the community to supply, exchange and use analysis code in an intuitive environment that allows fast and traceable results and feedback. By bringing together analytical experts developing movement analysis methods and code with those in need of tools to explore, answer questions and inform decisions based on data they collect, we intend to increase the pace of knowledge generation and integration to match the huge growth rate in bio-logging data acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kölzsch
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany.
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany.
| | - Sarah C Davidson
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Roland Kays
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ilona Lang
- Communication, Information, Media Centre, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Ashley Lohr
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Anne K Scharf
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schneider
- Communication, Information, Media Centre, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Candace M Vinciguerra
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Kamran Safi
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zvidzai M, Zengeya FM, Masocha M, Ndaimani H, Murwira A. Application of GPS occurrence data to understand African white‐backed vultures
Gyps africanus
spatial home range overlaps. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8778. [PMID: 35386881 PMCID: PMC8976281 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding key overlap zones and habitats which are intensively shared by species in space and time is crucial as it provides vital information to inform spatial conservation with maximum benefits. The advent of high‐resolution GPS technologies associated with new analytical algorithms is revolutionizing studies underpinning species spatial and social interaction patterns within ecosystems. Here, using a robust home range estimation algorithm, the autocorrelated kernel density estimator (AKDE) equipped with an equally powerful home range overlap metric, the Bhattacharyya's coefficient (BC), we provide one of the first attempts to estimate and delineate spatial home range overlap zones for critically endangered African white‐backed vultures to inform conservation planning. Six vultures were captured in Hwange National Park using a modified cannon net system after which they were tagged and tracked with high‐resolution GPS backpacks. Overall, results suggested weaker average home range overlaps based on both the pooled data (0.38 ± 0.26), wet non‐breeding seasonal data (0.32 ± 0.23), and dry breeding season data (0.34 ± 0.28). Vultures 4, 5, and 6 consistently revealed higher home range overlaps across all the scales with values ranging between 0.60 and 0.99. Individual vultures showed consistence in space use patterns as suggested by high between‐season home range overlaps, an indication that they may be largely resident within the Hwange ecosystem. Importantly, we also demonstrate that home range overlapping geographic zones are all concentrated within the protected area of Hwange National Park. Our study provides some of the first results on African vulture home range overlaps and segregation patterns in the savanna ecosystem based on unbiased telemetry data and rigorous analytical algorithms. Such knowledge may provide vital insights for prioritizing conservation efforts of key geographic overlap zones to derive maximum conservation benefits especially when targeting wide‐ranging and critically endangered African white‐backed vultures. To this end, spatial overlap zones estimated here, although based on a small sample size, could provide a strong foundation upon which other downstream social and ecological questions can be explored further to expand our understanding on shared space use mechanisms among African vulture species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zvidzai
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe
| | | | - Mhosisi Masocha
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Henry Ndaimani
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Amon Murwira
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Crabb ML, Clement MJ, Jones AS, Bristow KD, Harding LE. Black bear spatial responses to the Wallow Wildfire in Arizona. J Wildl Manage 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Crabb
- Arizona Game and Fish Department Research Branch 5000 W. Carefree Hwy Phoenix AZ 85068 USA
| | - Matthew J. Clement
- Arizona Game and Fish Department Research Branch 5000 W. Carefree Hwy Phoenix AZ 85068 USA
| | - Andrew S. Jones
- Arizona Game and Fish Department Research Branch 5000 W. Carefree Hwy Phoenix AZ 85068 USA
| | - Kirby D. Bristow
- Arizona Game and Fish Department Field Operations Division 555 N. Greasewood Road Tucson AZ 85745 USA
| | - Larisa E. Harding
- Arizona Game and Fish Department Terrestrial Wildlife Branch 5000 W. Carefree Hwy Phoenix AZ 85068 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Medici EP, Mezzini S, Fleming CH, Calabrese JM, Noonan MJ. Movement ecology of vulnerable lowland tapirs between areas of varying human disturbance. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2022; 10:14. [PMID: 35287742 PMCID: PMC8919628 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-022-00313-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal movement is a key ecological process that is tightly coupled to local environmental conditions. While agriculture, urbanisation, and transportation infrastructure are critical to human socio-economic improvement, these have spurred substantial changes in animal movement across the globe with potential impacts on fitness and survival. Notably, however, human disturbance can have differential effects across species, and responses to human activities are thus largely taxa and context specific. As human disturbance is only expected to worsen over the next decade it is critical to better understand how species respond to human disturbance in order to develop effective, case-specific conservation strategies. METHODS Here, we use an extensive telemetry dataset collected over 22 years to fill a critical knowledge gap in the movement ecology of lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) across areas of varying human disturbance within three biomes in southern Brazil: the Pantanal, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest. RESULTS From these data we found that the mean home range size across all monitored tapirs was 8.31 km2 (95% CI 6.53-10.42), with no evidence that home range sizes differed between sexes nor age groups. Interestingly, although the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Pantanal vary substantially in habitat composition, levels of human disturbance, and tapir population densities, we found that lowland tapir movement behaviour and space use were consistent across all three biomes. Human disturbance also had no detectable effect on lowland tapir movement. Lowland tapirs living in the most altered habitats we monitored exhibited movement behaviour that was comparable to that of tapirs living in a near pristine environment. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our expectations, although we observed individual variability in lowland tapir space use and movement, human impacts on the landscape also had no measurable effect on their movement. Lowland tapir movement behaviour thus appears to exhibit very little phenotypic plasticity in response to human disturbance. Crucially, the lack of any detectable response to anthropogenic disturbance suggests that human modified habitats risk being ecological traps for tapirs and this information should be factored into conservation actions and species management aimed towards protecting lowland tapir populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E P Medici
- Lowland Tapir Conservation Initiative (LTCI), Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPÊ), Rodovia Dom Pedro I, km 47, Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo, 12960-000, Brazil.
- IUCN SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG), Campo Grande, Brazil.
- Escola Superior de Conservação Ambiental E Sustentabilidade (ESCAS/IPÊ), Rodovia Dom Pedro I, km 47, Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo, 12960-000, Brazil.
| | - S Mezzini
- The Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada
| | - C H Fleming
- University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - J M Calabrese
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Görlitz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - M J Noonan
- The Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fleming CH, Deznabi I, Alavi S, Crofoot MC, Hirsch BT, Medici EP, Noonan MJ, Kays R, Fagan WF, Sheldon DR, Calabrese JM. Population‐level inference for home‐range areas. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. H. Fleming
- University of Maryland College Park College Park MD USA
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal VA USA
| | - I. Deznabi
- University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
| | - S. Alavi
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Konstanz Germany
| | - M. C. Crofoot
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Konstanz Germany
- University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | | | - E. P. Medici
- Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas Nazaré Paulista Brazil
| | - M. J. Noonan
- The University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - R. Kays
- North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Raleigh NC USA
| | - W. F. Fagan
- University of Maryland College Park College Park MD USA
| | - D. R. Sheldon
- University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
- Mount Holyoke College South Hadley MA USA
| | - J. M. Calabrese
- University of Maryland College Park College Park MD USA
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal VA USA
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Görlitz Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (HZDR), Leipzig Germany
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silva I, Fleming CH, Noonan MJ, Alston J, Folta C, Fagan WF, Calabrese JM. Autocorrelation‐informed home range estimation: A review and practical guide. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Silva
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS) Görlitz Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf (HZDR) Dresden Germany
| | - Christen H. Fleming
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD USA
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal VA USA
| | - Michael J. Noonan
- Department of Biology University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Jesse Alston
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS) Görlitz Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf (HZDR) Dresden Germany
| | - Cody Folta
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD USA
| | - William F. Fagan
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD USA
| | - Justin M. Calabrese
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS) Görlitz Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf (HZDR) Dresden Germany
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD USA
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Crane M, Silva I, Marshall BM, Strine CT. Lots of movement, little progress: a review of reptile home range literature. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11742. [PMID: 34322323 PMCID: PMC8300531 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptiles are the most species-rich terrestrial vertebrate group with a broad diversity of life history traits. Biotelemetry is an essential methodology for studying reptiles as it compensates for several limitations when studying their natural history. We evaluated trends in terrestrial reptile spatial ecology studies focusing upon quantifying home ranges for the past twenty years. We assessed 290 English-language reptile home range studies published from 2000-2019 via a structured literature review investigating publications' study location, taxonomic group, methodology, reporting, and analytical techniques. Substantial biases remain in both location and taxonomic groups in the literature, with nearly half of all studies (45%) originating from the USA. Snakes were most often studied, and crocodiles were least often studied, while testudines tended to have the greatest within study sample sizes. More than half of all studies lacked critical methodological details, limiting the number of studies for inclusion in future meta-analyses (55% of studies lacked information on individual tracking durations, and 51% lacked sufficient information on the number of times researchers recorded positions). Studies continue to rely on outdated methods to quantify space-use (including Minimum Convex Polygons and Kernel Density Estimators), often failing to report subtleties regarding decisions that have substantial impact on home range area estimates. Moving forward researchers can select a suite of appropriate analytical techniques tailored to their research question (dynamic Brownian Bridge Movement Models for within sample interpolation, and autocorrelated Kernel Density Estimators for beyond sample extrapolation). Only 1.4% of all evaluated studies linked to available and usable telemetry data, further hindering scientific consensus. We ultimately implore herpetologists to adopt transparent reporting practices and make liberal use of open data platforms to maximize progress in the field of reptile spatial ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Crane
- Conservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Bangkhuntien / Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Inês Silva
- (CASUS), Center for Advanced Systems Understanding, Görlitz, Germany
- (HZDR), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin M. Marshall
- School of Biology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Colin T. Strine
- School of Biology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Noonan MJ, Martinez‐Garcia R, Davis GH, Crofoot MC, Kays R, Hirsch BT, Caillaud D, Payne E, Sih A, Sinn DL, Spiegel O, Fagan WF, Fleming CH, Calabrese JM. Estimating encounter location distributions from animal tracking data. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Noonan
- Department of Biology, The Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science The University of British Columbia Kelowna BC Canada
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological Park Front Royal VA USA
| | - Ricardo Martinez‐Garcia
- ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research & Instituto de Fisica Teorica – UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Grace H. Davis
- Department of Anthropology University of California Davis CA USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Panama
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Konstanz Germany
- Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Margaret C. Crofoot
- Department of Anthropology University of California Davis CA USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Panama
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Konstanz Germany
- Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Roland Kays
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Ben T. Hirsch
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Panama
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Damien Caillaud
- Department of Anthropology University of California Davis CA USA
| | - Eric Payne
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis CA USA
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis CA USA
| | - David L. Sinn
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis CA USA
| | - Orr Spiegel
- School of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - William F. Fagan
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD USA
| | - Christen H. Fleming
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological Park Front Royal VA USA
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD USA
| | - Justin M. Calabrese
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological Park Front Royal VA USA
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD USA
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS) Görlitz Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf (HZDR) Dresden Germany
- Department of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|