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Katzner TE, Pain DJ, McTee M, Brown L, Cuadros S, Pokras M, Slabe VA, Watson RT, Wiemeyer G, Bedrosian B, Hampton JO, Parish CN, Pay JM, Saito K, Schulz JH. Lead poisoning of raptors: state of the science and cross-discipline mitigation options for a global problem. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38693847 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Lead poisoning is an important global conservation problem for many species of wildlife, especially raptors. Despite the increasing number of individual studies and regional reviews of lead poisoning of raptors, it has been over a decade since this information has been compiled into a comprehensive global review. Here, we summarize the state of knowledge of lead poisoning of raptors, we review developments in manufacturing of non-lead ammunition, the use of which can reduce the most pervasive source of lead these birds encounter, and we compile data on voluntary and regulatory mitigation options and their associated sociological context. We support our literature review with case studies of mitigation actions, largely provided by the conservation practitioners who study or manage these efforts. Our review illustrates the growing awareness and understanding of lead exposure of raptors, and it shows that the science underpinning this understanding has expanded considerably in recent years. We also show that the political and social appetite for managing lead ammunition appears to vary substantially across administrative regions, countries, and continents. Improved understanding of the drivers of this variation could support more effective mitigation of lead exposure of wildlife. This review also shows that mitigation strategies are likely to be most effective when they are outcome driven, consider behavioural theory, local cultures, and environmental conditions, effectively monitor participation, compliance, and levels of raptor exposure, and support both environmental and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Katzner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 230 North Collins Road, Boise, ID, 83702, USA
| | - Deborah J Pain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Zoology Department, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Michael McTee
- MPG Ranch, 19400 Lower Woodchuck Road, Florence, MT, 59833, USA
| | - Leland Brown
- Oregon Zoo, North American Non-lead Partnership, 4001 SW Canyon Rd, Portland, OR, 97221, USA
| | - Sandra Cuadros
- Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, 410 Summer Valley Rd, Orwigsburg, PA, 17961, USA
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mark Pokras
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Vincent A Slabe
- Conservation Science Global, Bozeman, MT, USA
- The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID, 83709, USA
| | - Richard T Watson
- The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID, 83709, USA
| | - Guillermo Wiemeyer
- CONICET- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Calle 5 esq. 116 MO L6360, Gral. Pico, La Pampa, Argentina
| | | | - Jordan O Hampton
- Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | | | - James M Pay
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Churchill Ave, Hobart, Tasmania, 7005, Australia
| | - Keisuke Saito
- Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan 2-2101 Hokuto, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 084-0922, Japan
| | - John H Schulz
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 1111 Rollins St, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
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2
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Khwankitrittikul P, Poapolathep A, Poapolathep S, Prasanwong C, Kulprasertsri S, Khidkhan K. Species Differences and Tissue Distribution of Heavy Metal Residues in Wild Birds. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:308. [PMID: 38254477 PMCID: PMC10812407 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Birds are useful as bioindicators of metal pollution, but the variety of species and tissue distribution may influence the study of heavy metal burdens in birds. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals in wild birds' carcasses to acquire information on species differences and the tissue distribution of metals in wild birds in Thailand. Species differences in metal buildup were observed in the livers and kidneys, but not in the feathers. A significantly higher accumulation of Cd was found in the livers and kidneys of the granivorous birds compared to those in the water birds. In all the groups of birds, the Pb level in the livers (>15 ppm) and feathers (>4 ppm) exceeded the threshold limits, causing potential lead poisoning and disturbing the reproductive success. The Cd accumulation in the kidneys was above 2-8 ppm, indicating increased environmental exposure to Cd in these birds. The Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Fe concentrations in the livers could be estimated using the kidneys, while the Pb level in the liver may be predicted using feathers. Furthermore, water birds' feathers may be potentially appropriate bioindicators for long-term exposure. Research on the origin of metal contamination is needed to reduce the threat of heavy metals to the health of both birds and other wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patamawadee Khwankitrittikul
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.K.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.K.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.K.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Chayanid Prasanwong
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangphra Waterbird Breeding Center, Bangphra, Sriracha, Chonburi 20110, Thailand;
| | - Sittinee Kulprasertsri
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Kraisiri Khidkhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.K.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
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Yazdanparast T, Strezov V, Wieland P, Lai YJ, Jacob DE, Taylor MP. Lead poisoning of backyard chickens: Implications for urban gardening and food production. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119798. [PMID: 35863713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increased interest in backyard food production has drawn attention to the risks associated with urban trace element contamination, in particular lead (Pb) that was used in abundance in Pb-based paints and gasoline. Here we examine the sources, pathways and risks associated with environmental Pb in urban gardens, domestic chickens and their eggs. A suite of other trace element concentrations (including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) are reported from the sampled matrices. Sixty-nine domestic chickens from 55 Sydney urban gardens were sampled along with potential sources (feed, soil, water), blood Pb concentrations and corresponding concentrations in eggs. Age of the sampled chickens and house age was also collected. Commercial eggs (n = 9) from free range farms were analysed for comparative purposes. Study outcomes were modelled using the large Australian VegeSafe garden soil database (>20,000 samples) to predict which areas of inner-city Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane are likely to have soil Pb concentrations unsuitable for keeping backyard chickens. Soil Pb concentrations was a strong predictor of chicken blood and egg Pb (p=<0.00001). Almost 1 in 2 (n = 31/69) chickens had blood Pb levels >20 μg/dL, the level at which adverse effects may be observed. Older homes were correlated with higher chicken blood Pb (p = 0.00002) and egg Pb (p = 0.005), and younger chickens (<12 months old) had greater Pb concentrations, likely due to increased Pb uptake during early life development. Two key findings arose from the study data: (i) in order to retain chicken blood Pb below 20 μg/dL, soil Pb needs to be < 166 mg/kg; (ii) to retain egg Pb < 100 μg/kg (i.e. a food safety benchmark value), soil Pb needs to be < 117 mg/kg. These concentrations are significantly lower than the soil Pb guideline of 300 mg/kg for residential gardens. This research supports the conclusion that a large number of inner-city homes may not be suitable for keeping chickens and that further work regarding production and consumption of domestic food is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Yazdanparast
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Vladimir Strezov
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Peter Wieland
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Yi-Jen Lai
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Dorrit E Jacob
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia; Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
| | - Mark Patrick Taylor
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia; Environment Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science, Centre for Applied Sciences, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Melbourne, Victoria, 3085, Australia.
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Gonzalez‐Jassi HA, Jakobek B, Ebbott A, Bie F, Cusack L. Successful medical management of an acute case of pentobarbital toxicosis in a wild bald eagle (
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Gonzalez‐Jassi
- Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Prince Edward Island Canada
- Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Benjamin Jakobek
- Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Prince Edward Island Canada
- Faculté de medicine vétérinaire Université de Montréal Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - Austin Ebbott
- Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Prince Edward Island Canada
| | - Fiep Bie
- Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Prince Edward Island Canada
| | - Lara Cusack
- Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Prince Edward Island Canada
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Slabe VA, Anderson JT, Millsap BA, Cooper JL, Harmata AR, Restani M, Crandall RH, Bodenstein B, Bloom PH, Booms T, Buchweitz J, Culver R, Dickerson K, Domenech R, Dominguez-Villegas E, Driscoll D, Smith BW, Lockhart MJ, McRuer D, Miller TA, Ortiz PA, Rogers K, Schwarz M, Turley N, Woodbridge B, Finkelstein ME, Triana CA, DeSorbo CR, Katzner TE. Demographic implications of lead poisoning for eagles across North America. Science 2022; 375:779-782. [PMID: 35175813 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lead poisoning occurs worldwide in populations of predatory birds, but exposure rates and population impacts are known only from regional studies. We evaluated the lead exposure of 1210 bald and golden eagles from 38 US states across North America, including 620 live eagles. We detected unexpectedly high frequencies of lead poisoning of eagles, both chronic (46 to 47% of bald and golden eagles, as measured in bone) and acute (27 to 33% of bald eagles and 7 to 35% of golden eagles, as measured in liver, blood, and feathers). Frequency of lead poisoning was influenced by age and, for bald eagles, by region and season. Continent-wide demographic modeling suggests that poisoning at this level suppresses population growth rates for bald eagles by 3.8% (95% confidence interval: 2.5%, 5.4%) and for golden eagles by 0.8% (0.7%, 0.9%). Lead poisoning is an underappreciated but important constraint on continent-wide populations of these iconic protected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A Slabe
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Conservation Science Global, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - James T Anderson
- James C. Kennedy Waterfowl and Wetlands Conservation Center, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC, USA
| | - Brian A Millsap
- Division of Migratory Bird Management, US Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Alan R Harmata
- Ecology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Travis Booms
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - John Buchweitz
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David McRuer
- Wildlife Center of Virginia, Waynesboro, VA, USA.,Parks Canada, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Patricia A Ortiz
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Krysta Rogers
- Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Myra E Finkelstein
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Christian A Triana
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Todd E Katzner
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, ID, USA
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6
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Torimoto R, Ishii C, Sato H, Saito K, Watanabe Y, Ogasawara K, Kubota A, Matsukawa T, Yokoyama K, Kobayashi A, Kimura T, Nakayama SMM, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M. Analysis of lead distribution in avian organs by LA-ICP-MS: Study of experimentally lead-exposed ducks and kites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117086. [PMID: 33848898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead poisoning of wild birds by ingestion of lead ammunition occurs worldwide. Histopathological changes in organs of lead-intoxicated birds are widely known, and lead concentration of each organ is measurable using mass spectrometry. However, detailed lead localization at the suborgan level has remained elusive in lead-exposed birds. Here we investigated the detailed lead localization in organs of experimentally lead-exposed ducks and kites by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). In both the ducks and kites, lead accumulated diffusely in the liver, renal cortex, and brain. Lead accumulation was restricted to the red pulp in the spleen. With regard to species differences in lead distribution patterns, it is noteworthy that intensive lead accumulation was observed in the arterial walls only in the kites. In addition, the distribution of copper in the brain was altered in the lead-exposed ducks. Thus, the present study shows suborgan lead distribution in lead-exposed birds and its differences between avian species for the first time. These findings will provide fundamental information to understand the cellular processes of lead poisoning and the mechanisms of species differences in susceptibility to lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouta Torimoto
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ishii
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keisuke Saito
- Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan, Hokuto 2-2101, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 084-0922, Japan
| | - Yukiko Watanabe
- Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan, Hokuto 2-2101, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 084-0922, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogasawara
- Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan, Hokuto 2-2101, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 084-0922, Japan
| | - Ayano Kubota
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takehisa Matsukawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Yokoyama
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan; Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health, International University of Health and Welfare, Akasaka 4-1-26, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-8402, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
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7
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Gorski PR, Scott SR, Lemley EM. Application of Stable Isotopic Ratio Analysis to Identify the Cause of Acute Versus Chronic Lead Poisoning of a Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus): A Case Study. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:250-256. [PMID: 33388832 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We utilized lead (Pb) stable isotopes to identify the source of acute Pb poisoning in a Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus) and evaluated overall Pb exposure. Upon necropsy, we obtained samples of blood, liver, kidney, heart, thigh, breast, femur, and metallic objects (i.e., fishing sinker, spring and swivels) from the gizzard for Pb isotopic analysis. Pb isotope ratios of blood and soft tissues were essentially identical to the Pb ratios of the sinker, the likely source of acute poisoning. The spring and swivels had lower Pb content and ratios distinct from tissue, suggesting no significant contribution to poisoning. Femur Pb isotopic composition was the most distinct biological sample and indicative of a combination of sources. These results demonstrate isotopic analysis as a viable method for determining the source of acute Pb poisoning, and that Pb isotope ratios in bone most likely record a lifetime-averaged metric of Pb exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Gorski
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Dr., Madison, WI, 53718, USA.
- WI Department of Natural Resources, 101 S. Webster St., Madison, WI, 53703, USA.
| | - Sean R Scott
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Dr., Madison, WI, 53718, USA
| | - Erin M Lemley
- Dane County Humane Society, Wildlife Center, 5132 Voges Rd., Madison, WI, 53718, USA
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8
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Pay JM, Katzner TE, Hawkins CE, Koch AJ, Wiersma JM, Brown WE, Mooney NJ, Cameron EZ. High Frequency of Lead Exposure in the Population of an Endangered Australian Top Predator, the Tasmanian Wedge-Tailed Eagle (Aquila audax fleayi). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:219-230. [PMID: 33090553 PMCID: PMC7839751 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead poisoning, mainly through incidental ingestion of lead ammunition in carcasses, is a threat to scavenging and predatory bird species worldwide. In Australia, shooting for animal control is widespread, and a range of native scavenging species are susceptible to lead exposure. However, the prevalence of lead exposure in Australia's scavenging and predatory birds is largely unknown. We evaluated the degree to which the Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax fleayi), an endangered Australian raptor and facultative scavenger, showed evidence of lead exposure. We detected lead in 100% of femur and liver tissues of 109 eagle carcasses opportunistically collected throughout Tasmania between 1996 and 2018. Concentrations were elevated in 10% of 106 liver (>6 mg/kg dry wt) and 4% of 108 femur (>10 mg/kg dry wt) samples. We also detected lead in 96% of blood samples taken from 24 live nestlings, with 8% at elevated concentrations (>10 μg/dL). Of the liver samples with elevated lead, 73% had lead207/206 isotope ratios within the published range of lead-based bullets available in Tasmania. These first comprehensive data on lead exposure of an Australian raptor are comparable to those for raptor studies elsewhere that identify lead-based ammunition exposure as a conservation threat. Our findings highlight the importance of further research and efforts to address lead contamination throughout the Tasmanian ecosystem and in other Australian regions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:219-230. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Pay
- School of Natural SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Todd E. Katzner
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, US Geological SurveyBoiseIdahoUSA
| | - Clare E. Hawkins
- School of Natural SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Amelia J. Koch
- School of Natural SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- Forest Practices AuthorityHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | | | - William E. Brown
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and EnvironmentHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Nick J. Mooney
- Birdlife Australia Raptor Group, Birdlife AustraliaCarltonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Elissa Z. Cameron
- School of Natural SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchCanterburyNew Zealand
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9
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Espín S, Sánchez-Virosta P, Zamora-Marín JM, León-Ortega M, Jiménez P, Zumbado M, Luzardo OP, Eeva T, García-Fernández AJ. Toxic elements in blood of red-necked nightjars (Caprimulgus ruficollis) inhabiting differently polluted environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114334. [PMID: 32179219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toxic metals have been widely reported in avian tissues due to their well-known accumulation capacity and adverse effects. However, rare earth elements (REE) and other minor elements (ME) are becoming a new threat due to their use in modern technology. Presently, exposure data are limited and no studies have been reported in wildlife. The order Caprimulgiformes is among the most understudied groups of birds lacking blood ecotoxicological data. One major constraint is the small blood sample volume that can be collected to ensure animal welfare, which limits analyses. In order to shed light on these collective issues, we sampled 48 red-necked nightjars (Caprimulgus ruficollis) inhabiting three different scenarios of contaminant exposure (agricultural-urban area, n = 15; mining area, n = 17; and control area, n = 16) in southeastern Spain, and report for the first time concentrations of 50 elements (i.e. trace elements, ATSDR's list toxic elements, REE and ME) using a recently developed technique able to analyze them by ICP-MS in very small volumes of blood (130 μL). Concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Mn were significantly higher in individuals captured at the mining area compared to the other sites. Lead levels in the mine site were of particular concern since it was in the range of blood concentrations related to subclinical/clinical effects in other species, and in our study were associated with decreased hematocrit values (up to 44% hematocrit depression at blood concentrations >1000 ng/ml w.w.). Moreover, additive effects related to metal cocktail exposure in the mining area could be expected. Age and gender-related differences in blood concentrations were found for some elements. Even though most REE and ME concentrations were close to the LOQ, some of these emerging contaminants may trigger sublethal effects that, together with the ATSDR's list toxic elements, need to be carefully evaluated in a future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Espín
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Department of Health Sciences, IMIB-Arrixaca, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Virosta
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Department of Health Sciences, IMIB-Arrixaca, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - José M Zamora-Marín
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Grupo de Anillamiento ANSE, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Mario León-Ortega
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro Jiménez
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Department of Health Sciences, IMIB-Arrixaca, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain.
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain.
| | - Tapio Eeva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Antonio J García-Fernández
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Department of Health Sciences, IMIB-Arrixaca, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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10
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Ushine N, Nakayama SMM, Ishizuka M, Sato T, Kurahashi Y, Wakayama E, Sugiura N, Hayama SI. Relationship between blood test values and blood lead (Pb) levels in Black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus: Laridae). J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1124-1129. [PMID: 32565496 PMCID: PMC7468077 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have evaluated immunosuppression due to lead accumulation below the overt
toxicity threshold. If low levels of lead accumulation cause immunosuppression in birds,
those birds could become more susceptible to pathogens. We aimed to determine if low
levels of lead accumulation lead to immunosuppression in Black-headed gulls
(Chroicocephalus ridibundus). Gulls were captured in Tokyo-bay and
Mikawa-bay from January to April 2019. Their blood samples were analyzed for eight items.
The data were analyzed to evaluate the correlation between lead concentrations and the
variables from each bay. Lead was positively correlated with the percentage of heterophils
and heterophil and lymphocyte ratio and negatively with lymphocytes. Thus, low lead
accumulation levels may induce changes in percentage of the heterophils and
lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ushine
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Sato
- The Friends of the Gyotoku Bird Observatory NPO, 4-22-11 Fukuei, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-0137, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kurahashi
- Japanese Bird Banding Association, 115 Konoyama, Abiko-shi, Chiba 277-1145, Japan
| | - Emu Wakayama
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Natsuko Sugiura
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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11
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Martel AK, Doss GA, Mans C. Suspected peripheral neuropathy secondary to lead intoxication in three psittacine birds. J Exot Pet Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Slabe VA, Anderson JT, Cooper J, Ortiz P, Wrona A, Jensen MK, Buchweitz J, Katzner T. Lead Exposure of Red-Shouldered Hawks During the Breeding Season in the Central Appalachians, USA. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 103:783-788. [PMID: 31646347 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead is toxic to humans and wildlife. Most studies of lead exposure of raptors focus on the winter, non-breeding season when they scavenge heavily. We evaluated blood lead concentrations (BLCs) of red-shouldered hawks (Buteo lineatus) during the non-scavenging season in the eastern United States. BLCs of 53 of 70 hawks were above the limit of detection ([Formula: see text] = 9.25 µg/dL ± 19.81; ± SD). Adult hawks had higher BLCs ([Formula: see text] = 12.86 µg/dL ± 24.72) than did nestlings ([Formula: see text] = 3.25 µg/dL ± 2.62; p ≤ 0.001, χ2 = 13.2). There was no difference in BLCs of adult hawks among physiographic provinces but there were differences between urban and non-urban settings (p = 0.04, χ2 = 4.2). Soils and invertebrate hawk prey also had quantifiable lead concentrations. Our work shows that red-shouldered hawks are exposed to lead when not scavenging, and suggests pathways by which these birds may be exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A Slabe
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - James T Anderson
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jeff Cooper
- Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Patricia Ortiz
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Anna Wrona
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Meghan K Jensen
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John Buchweitz
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Todd Katzner
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, ID, USA
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13
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ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL MEDICAL RECORDS OF CALIFORNIA CONDORS ( GYMNOGYPS CALIFORNIANUS) ADMITTED FOR LEAD EXPOSURE TO THE LOS ANGELES ZOO AND BOTANICAL GARDENS BETWEEN 1997 AND 2012: A CASE SERIES STUDY. J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 49:902-911. [PMID: 30592919 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0022.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead toxicosis remains the primary cause of death in wild populations of California condors ( Gymnogyps californianus). Many condors require medical intervention with lead chelation therapy, among other conservation measures, to survive in the wild. An analysis of historical medical records of California condors admitted for lead exposure to the Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens (LA Zoo) between 1997 and 2012 was performed to investigate clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and treatment along with the potential impact of these factors on recovery and successful release back into the wild. Of 100 individual condors presented to the LA Zoo for suspected lead toxicosis during this period, 84 condors had records for initial laboratory blood lead levels. For these 84 condors (40 [47.6%] females and 44 [52.4%] males), 277 initial laboratory blood lead levels in total were recorded because of repeated admissions. Thirty-two (38%) condors were admitted once to the zoo and 62% were admitted two or more times. Clinical signs were not observed in 87.5% of the condors admitted with median blood lead concentrations of 26 μg/dl. Of the radiographs taken on initial presentation, 65% did not show evidence of gastrointestinal metallic foreign bodies. Various treatments protocols with edetatum calcium disodium, dimercaptosuccinic acid, and lactated Ringer's solution were documented in the medical records. Of the 277 admissions, 154 admissions had a recorded outcome posttreatment of which 140 (91%) admissions were released back to the wild. This study contributes to a better understanding of how intervention and therapeutic approaches have been essential for the recovery, release, and sustainability of these birds as a wild population. Consistency in data collection of California condors admitted for diagnosis and treatment of lead toxicosis is needed to better assess the impacts of medical interventions.
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14
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González F, Camacho M, Tiburón NP, Peña MZ, Rueda LR, Luzardo OP. Suitability of anodic stripping voltammetry for routine analysis of venous blood from raptors. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:737-747. [PMID: 30556155 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) poisoning is a significant threat faced by raptors. Hence, rapid Pb diagnosis has become a priority during the admission of raptors in wildlife recovery centers, and bench-top analyzers, such as LeadCare II ®, are routinely employed for this purpose. However, this device has been designed for conducting analyses of human blood Pb levels (BLLs), and the validity of this methodology for whole blood from raptors has, to date, rarely been assessed. In addition, a recent recall by the US Food and Drug Administration has recommended discontinuing the use of this analyzer for human venous blood because it may underestimate the BLL. We evaluated the precision of BLL measurements taken with LeadCare II by comparing them with those obtained with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Our sample contained venous blood from 105 raptors belonging to 4 species. The results showed a good correlation between the 2 techniques (Spearman's r = 0.927, p < 0.0001). The mean BLL with ICP-MS was 19.6 μg/dL; it was found to be 18.7 μg/dL with LeadCare II. A Bland-Altman analysis indicated that the bias between the mean differences was only 0.5 μg/dL, but it had a high standard deviation of bias (5.7 μg/dL) and 95% limits of agreement from -10.75 to 11.74 μg/dL. The present results indicated that LeadCare II has an overall sensitivity of 71.8% and a positive predictive value of 76.3%. The specificity of LeadCare II for detecting animals with low BLL (<3.4 μg/dL) was 96.4%, and the negative predictive value (the probability that a value below the limit of detection of LeadCare II has a true correspondence with the actual value) was 100%. The present results indicated that, although LeadCare II might be imperfect in the estimation of BLLs in raptors, it performs reasonably well and might be employed in the clinical setting to assess patients potentially suffering from Pb poisoning. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:737-747. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), Spain
| | - María Camacho
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), Spain
| | - Natalia Pastor Tiburón
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado Peña
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis Revuelta Rueda
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), Spain
- Veterinary Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), Spain
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Slabe VA, Anderson JT, Cooper J, Brown B, Ortiz P, Buchweitz J, McRuer D, Katzner T. Lead in piscivorous raptors during breeding season in the Chesapeake Bay region of Maryland and Virginia, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:862-871. [PMID: 30698866 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sources of lead exposure of many bird species are poorly understood. We analyzed blood lead concentrations from osprey (n = 244; Pandion haliaetus) and bald eagles (n = 68; Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and documented potential sources of lead they may encounter. Adult bald eagles had higher blood lead concentrations than did adult osprey. However, blood lead concentrations of nestlings were similar for both species. Although 62% of osprey had detectable lead concentrations ( x¯ = 1.99 ± 4.02 μg/dL, mean ± standard deviation [SD]), there was no difference in the detection frequency or lead concentrations between osprey adults and nestlings. Likewise, we found no differences in the detection frequency or lead concentrations in osprey adults and nestlings from high- and low-salinity areas. Of the bald eagle samples tested, 55% had detectable lead levels ( x¯ = 6.23 ± 10.74 μg/dL). Adult bald eagles had more detectable and higher lead concentrations than did nestlings or pre-adults. Among environmental samples, paint had the highest lead concentrations, followed by sediment, blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum). There was no correlation between blood lead concentrations of osprey adults and their offspring. Our results indicate that, in the Chesapeake Bay region of Maryland and Virginia (USA), there are multiple sources by which piscivorous raptors may be exposed to lead. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:862-871. © Published 2019 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A Slabe
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - James T Anderson
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jeff Cooper
- Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bracken Brown
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Patricia Ortiz
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - John Buchweitz
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Dave McRuer
- Wildlife Center of Virginia, Waynesboro, Virginia, USA
| | - Todd Katzner
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
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16
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Bruggeman JE, Route WT, Redig PT, Key RL. Patterns and trends in lead (Pb) concentrations in bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nestlings from the western Great Lakes region. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:605-618. [PMID: 29637398 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most studies examining bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) exposure to lead (Pb) have focused on adults that ingested spent Pb ammunition during the fall hunting season, often at clinical or lethal levels. We sampled live bald eagle nestlings along waterbodies to quantify Pb concentrations in 3 national park units and 2 nearby study areas in the western Great Lakes region. We collected 367 bald eagle nestling feather samples over 8 years during spring 2006-2015 and 188 whole blood samples over 4 years during spring 2010-2015. We used Tobit regression models to quantify relationships between Pb concentrations in nestling feathers and blood using study area, year, and nestling attributes as covariates. Pb in nestling feather samples decreased from 2006 to 2015, but there was no trend for Pb in blood samples. Pb concentrations in nestling feather and blood samples were significantly higher in study areas located closer to and within urban areas. Pb in feather and blood samples from the same nestling was positively correlated. Pb in feathers increased with nestling age, but this relationship was not observed for blood. Our results reflect how Pb accumulates in tissues as nestlings grow, with Pb in feathers and blood indexing exposure during feather development and before sampling, respectively. Some nestlings had Pb concentrations in blood that suggested a greater risk to sublethal effects from Pb exposure. Our data provides baselines for Pb concentrations in feathers and blood of nestling bald eagles from a variety of waterbody types spanning remote, lightly populated, and human-dominated landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Bruggeman
- Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - William T Route
- U.S. National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network, Ashland, WI, 54806, USA
| | - Patrick T Redig
- The Raptor Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Rebecca L Key
- U.S. National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network, Ashland, WI, 54806, USA
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17
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Herring G, Eagles‐Smith CA, Bedrosian B, Craighead D, Domenech R, Langner HW, Parish CN, Shreading A, Welch A, Wolstenholme R. Critically assessing the utility of portable lead analyzers for wildlife conservation. WILDLIFE SOC B 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Garth Herring
- U.S. Geological SurveyForest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterCorvallisOR97331USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Heiko W. Langner
- King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
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18
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Katzner TE, Stuber MJ, Slabe VA, Anderson JT, Cooper JL, Rhea L, Millsap BA. Origins of lead in populations of raptors. Anim Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. E. Katzner
- US Geological Survey; Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center; Boise ID USA
| | - M. J. Stuber
- Division of Migratory Birds; US Fish and Wildlife Service; Portland OR USA
| | - V. A. Slabe
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources; West Virginia University; Morgantown WV USA
| | - J. T. Anderson
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources; West Virginia University; Morgantown WV USA
| | - J. L. Cooper
- Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries; Richmond VA USA
| | - L.L. Rhea
- US Geological Survey; Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center; Boise ID USA
| | - B. A. Millsap
- Division of Migratory Birds; US Fish and Wildlife Service; Arlington VA USA
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19
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Poessel SA, Brandt J, Uyeda L, Astell M, Katzner TE. Lack of observed movement response to lead exposure of California condors. J Wildl Manage 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. Poessel
- U.S. Geological Survey; Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center; 970 S. Lusk Street Boise ID 83706 USA
| | - Joseph Brandt
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge Complex; 2493 Portola Road Ventura CA 93003 USA
| | - Linda Uyeda
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge Complex; 2493 Portola Road Ventura CA 93003 USA
| | - Molly Astell
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge Complex; 2493 Portola Road Ventura CA 93003 USA
| | - Todd E. Katzner
- U.S. Geological Survey; Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center; 970 S. Lusk Street Boise ID 83706 USA
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