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Boos MA, Lamandé SR, Stok KS. Multiscale Strain Transfer in Cartilage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:795522. [PMID: 35186920 PMCID: PMC8855033 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.795522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of stress and strain signals between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells is crucial for biochemical and biomechanical cues that are required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation, growth, and homeostasis. In cartilage tissue, the heterogeneity in spatial variation of ECM molecules leads to a depth-dependent non-uniform strain transfer and alters the magnitude of forces sensed by cells in articular and fibrocartilage, influencing chondrocyte metabolism and biochemical response. It is not fully established how these nonuniform forces ultimately influence cartilage health, maintenance, and integrity. To comprehend tissue remodelling in health and disease, it is fundamental to investigate how these forces, the ECM, and cells interrelate. However, not much is known about the relationship between applied mechanical stimulus and resulting spatial variations in magnitude and sense of mechanical stimuli within the chondrocyte’s microenvironment. Investigating multiscale strain transfer and hierarchical structure-function relationships in cartilage is key to unravelling how cells receive signals and how they are transformed into biosynthetic responses. Therefore, this article first reviews different cartilage types and chondrocyte mechanosensing. Following this, multiscale strain transfer through cartilage tissue and the involvement of individual ECM components are discussed. Finally, insights to further understand multiscale strain transfer in cartilage are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela A. Boos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shireen R. Lamandé
- Musculoskeletal Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn S. Stok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kathryn S. Stok,
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Brown ETT, Simons JMLJW, Thambyah A. The ultrastructure of cartilage tissue and its swelling response in relation to matrix health. J Anat 2022; 240:107-119. [PMID: 34333796 PMCID: PMC8655166 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This multi-length scale anatomical study explores the influence of mild cartilage structural degeneration on the tissue swelling response. While the swelling response of cartilage has been studied extensively, this is the first study to reveal and correlate tissue microstructure and ultrastructure, with the swelling induced cartilage tissue strains. Cartilage sample strips (n = 30) were obtained from the distal-lateral quadrant of thirty mildly degenerate bovine patellae and, following excision from the bone, the cartilage strips were allowed to swell freely for 2 h in solutions of physiological saline and distilled water successively. The swelling response of this group of samples were compared with that of healthy cartilage, with (n = 20) and without the surface layer (n = 20). The subsequent curling response of cartilage showed that in healthy tissue it was highly variable, and with the surface removed some samples curved in the opposite direction, while in the mildly degenerate tissue group, virtually all tissue strips curved in a consistent upward manner. A significant difference in strain was observed between healthy samples with surface layer removed and mildly degenerate samples, illustrating how excision of the surface zone from pristine cartilage is insufficient to model the swelling response of tissue which has undergone natural degenerative changes. On average, total tissue thickness increased from 940 µm (healthy) to 1079 µm (mildly degenerate), however, looking at the zonal strata, surface and transition zone thicknesses both decreased while deep zone thickness increased from healthy to mildly degenerate tissue. Morphologically, changes to the surface zone integrity were correlated with a diminished surface layer which, at the ultrastructural scale, correlated with a decreased fibrillar density. Similarly, fibrosity of the general matrix visible at the microscale was associated with a loss of later interconnectivity resulting in large, aggregated fibril bundles. The microstructural and ultrastructural investigation revealed that the key differences influencing the tissue swelling strain response was (1) the thickness and extent of disruption to the surface layer and (2) the amount of fibrillar network destructuring, highlighting the importance of the collagen and tissue matrix structure in restraining cartilage swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Te Tūmanako Brown
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Joni M. L. J. W. Simons
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics GroupDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Ashvin Thambyah
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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Jacob B, Jüllig M, Middleditch M, Payne L, Broom N, Sarojini V, Thambyah A. Protein Levels and Microstructural Changes in Localized Regions of Early Cartilage Degeneration Compared with Adjacent Intact Cartilage. Cartilage 2021; 12:192-210. [PMID: 30486653 PMCID: PMC7970373 DOI: 10.1177/1947603518809401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It was hypothesized that the respective protein profiles of bovine cartilage from sites of localized mild to moderate (GI to GII) degeneration versus adjacent sites of intact tissue would vary in accordance with the tissue microstructural changes associated with a pre-osteoarthritic state. METHODS A total of 15 bovine patellae were obtained for this study. Paired samples of tissue were collected from the lateral region of each patella. If the patella contained a site of degeneration, a paired tissue set involved taking one sample each from the degenerated site and the intact tissue adjacent to it. Sufficient tissue was collected to facilitate 2 arms of investigation: microstructural imaging and proteome analysis. The microstructural analysis used a bespoke tissue preparation technique imaged with differential interference contrast optical microscopy to assess fibrillar scale destructuring and underlying bone spicule formation. An iTRAQ-based proteome analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify the differential levels of proteins across the intact and degenerated cartilage and further, the results were validated with multiple reaction monitoring assay. RESULTS In the healthy cartilage pairs, there was no significant variation in protein profiles between 2 adjacent sample sites. In pairs of tissue that contained a sample of GI/GII tissue, there were both significant microstructural changes as well as the difference in abundance levels of 24 proteins. CONCLUSIONS From the known functions of the 24 proteins, found to be strongly aligned with the specific microstructural changes observed, a unique "proteins ensemble" involved in the initiation and progression of early cartilage degeneration is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bincy Jacob
- School of Biological Sciences, The
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mia Jüllig
- School of Biological Sciences, The
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin Middleditch
- School of Biological Sciences, The
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leo Payne
- School of Biological Sciences, The
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Neil Broom
- Department of Chemical and Materials
Engineering, Experimental Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ashvin Thambyah
- Department of Chemical and Materials
Engineering, Experimental Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand,Ashvin Thambyah, Department of Chemical and
Materials Engineering, Experimental Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, University of
Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
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Mansour JM, Motavalli M, Bensusan J, Li M, Margevicius S, Welter JF. The nonlinear relationship between speed of sound and compression in articular cartilage: Measurements and modeling. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110. [PMID: 32952604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We measured speed of sound in bovine articular cartilage as a function of compressive strain. Using techniques we developed, it was possible to apply strain starting from the unstrained, full height of a sample. Our measurements showed that speed of sound was not a monotonic function of strain as reported in earlier investigations. Speed increased with increasing strain over a range of lower strains. It reached a maximum, and then decreased as the strain increased further. These results were corroborated using a model of wave propagation in deformable porous materials. Using this model, we also established conditions under which a maximum in the speed would exist for samples in compression. Our measurements and analysis resolve the conflicting results reported in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Mansour
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mostafa Motavalli
- Case Center for Multimodal Evaluation of Engineered Cartilage, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jay Bensusan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Current Address: Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Biostatistics Core, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seunghee Margevicius
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jean F Welter
- Case Center for Multimodal Evaluation of Engineered Cartilage, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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A biphasic visco-hyperelastic damage model for articular cartilage: application to micromechanical modelling of the osteoarthritis-induced degradation behaviour. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:1055-1077. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Nickien M, Heuijerjans A, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. Comparison between in vitro and in vivo cartilage overloading studies based on a systematic literature review. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2076-2086. [PMID: 29644716 PMCID: PMC6120482 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Methodological differences between in vitro and in vivo studies on cartilage overloading complicate the comparison of outcomes. The rationale of the current review was to (i) identify consistencies and inconsistencies between in vitro and in vivo studies on mechanically-induced structural damage in articular cartilage, such that variables worth interesting to further explore using either one of these approaches can be identified; and (ii) suggest how the methodologies of both approaches may be adjusted to facilitate easier comparison and therewith stimulate translation of results between in vivo and in vitro studies. This study is anticipated to enhance our understanding of the development of osteoarthritis, and to reduce the number of in vivo studies. Generally, results of in vitro and in vivo studies are not contradicting. Both show subchondral bone damage and intact cartilage above a threshold value of impact energy. At lower loading rates, excessive loads may cause cartilage fissuring, decreased cell viability, collagen network de-structuring, decreased GAG content, an overall damage increase over time, and low ability to recover. This encourages further improvement of in vitro systems, to replace, reduce, and/or refine in vivo studies. However, differences in experimental set up and analyses complicate comparison of results. Ways to bridge the gap include (i) bringing in vitro set-ups closer to in vivo, for example, by aligning loading protocols and overlapping experimental timeframes; (ii) synchronizing analytical methods; and (iii) using computational models to translate conclusions from in vitro results to the in vivo environment and vice versa. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:1-11, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Nickien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic BiomechanicsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Ashley Heuijerjans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic BiomechanicsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic BiomechanicsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Corrinus C. van Donkelaar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic BiomechanicsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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How a decreased fibrillar interconnectivity influences stiffness and swelling properties during early cartilage degeneration. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 75:390-398. [PMID: 28803113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The functional coupling between the fibrillar network and the high-swelling proteoglycans largely determines the mechanical properties of the articular cartilage matrix. The objective of this new study was to show specifically how changes in fibrillar interconnectivity arising from early cartilage degeneration influence transverse stiffness and swelling properties at the tissue level. DESIGN Radial zone transverse layers of cartilage matrix were obtained from intact and mildly degenerate bovine patellae. Each layer was then subdivided to assess tensile stiffness, free-swelling response, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, and micro- and ultra-structural features. RESULTS The tensile modulus was significantly lower and the degree of swelling significantly higher for the degenerate matrix compared to the intact. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a homogeneous response to transverse strain in the intact cartilage, whereas large non-fibrillar spaces between fibril aggregates were visible in the degenerate matrix. Although there were no significant differences in GAG content it did correlate significantly with stiffness and swelling in the intact samples but not in the degenerate. CONCLUSIONS The lower degree of fibril network interconnectivity in the degenerate matrix led to both a decreased transverse stiffness and reduced resistance to osmotic swelling. This network 'de-structuring' also resulted in a reduced functional interaction between the fibrillar network and the proteoglycans. The study provides new insights into the role of the fibrillar network and how changes in the network arising from the degenerative cascade will influence tissue level behaviour.
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Ali TS, Thibbotuwawa N, Gu Y, Momot KI. MRI magic-angle effect in femorotibial cartilages of the red kangaroo. Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 43:66-73. [PMID: 28716681 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kangaroo knee cartilages are robust tissues that can support knee flexion and endure high levels of compressive stress. This study aimed to develop a detailed understanding of the collagen architecture in kangaroo knee cartilages and thus obtain insights into the biophysical basis of their function. DESIGN Cylindrical/square plugs from femoral and tibial hyaline cartilage and tibial fibrocartilage were excised from the knees of three adult red kangaroos. Multi-slice, multi-echo MR images were acquired at the sample orientations 0° and 55° ("magic angle") with respect to the static magnetic field. Maps of the transverse relaxation rate constant (R2) and depth profiles of R2 and its anisotropic component (R2A) were constructed from the data. RESULTS The R2A profiles confirmed the classic three-zone organisation of all cartilage samples. Femoral hyaline cartilage possessed a well-developed, thick superficial zone. Tibial hyaline cartilage possessed a very thick radial zone (80% relative thickness) that exhibited large R2A values consistent with highly ordered collagen. The R2A profile of tibial fibrocartilage exhibited a unique region near the bone (bottom 5-10%) consistent with elevated proteoglycan content ("attachment sub-zone"). CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest that the well-developed superficial zone of femoral hyaline cartilage is suitable for supporting knee flexion; the thick and well-aligned radial zone of tibial hyaline cartilage is adapted to endure high compressive stress; while the innermost part of the radial zone of tibial fibrocartilage may facilitate anchoring of the collagen fibres to withstand high shear deformation. These findings may inspire new designs for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonima S Ali
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Namal Thibbotuwawa
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - YuanTong Gu
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Konstantin I Momot
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
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Workman J, Thambyah A, Broom N. The influence of early degenerative changes on the vulnerability of articular cartilage to impact-induced injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2017; 43:40-49. [PMID: 28199881 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the structural changes in a bovine model of early degeneration were validated by our research group to be analogous to that in early human osteoarthritis. The hypothesis of this study was that the structural changes associated with increasing levels of degeneration would lead to higher levels of tissue damage in response to impact induced injury. METHODS A total of forty bovine patellae were obtained for this study. Cartilage-on-bone samples were extracted from the distal lateral quarter, a region known to be affected by varying levels of degeneration. A single impact drop test was applied to these samples delivering 2.3J of energy. A dynamic load cell and image capture at 2000fps allowed for the calculation of the reaction stress and coefficient of restitution. The extent of tissue damage was examined from the micro to ultrastructural levels using differential interference contrast optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy respectively. FINDINGS The impact mechanical properties of mildly degenerate articular cartilage were not significantly different but showed a significantly larger amount of structural damage. From comparing the mechanical and structural response of intact and mildly degenerate cartilage, to tissue showing increased macro-scale tissue degeneration, the significance of the surface layer and fibrillar scale transverse interconnectivity in effectively attenuating impact loads is demonstrated in this study. INTERPRETATION This study shows that even though articular cartilage can appear visibly normal under macroscopic observation, the micro-scale structural changes associated with very early stage osteoarthritis can have a significant effect on its vulnerability to impact damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Workman
- University of Auckland, 2-6 Park Ave, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Ashvin Thambyah
- University of Auckland, 2-6 Park Ave, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Neil Broom
- University of Auckland, 2-6 Park Ave, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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Baudi P, Catani F, Rebuzzi M, Ferretti M, Smargiassi A, Campochiaro G, Serafini F, Palumbo C. Morphological Study: Ultrastructural Aspects of Articular Cartilage and Subchondral Bone in Patients Affected by Post-Traumatic Shoulder Instability. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1208-1218. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Baudi
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Ortopedica; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Università di Modena e R.E; Modena Italy
| | - Fabio Catani
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Ortopedica; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Università di Modena e R.E; Modena Italy
| | - Manuela Rebuzzi
- Dipartimento di Ortopedia e Traumatologia; Saliceto, Piacenza, Ospedale “Guglielmo da,”; Italy
| | - Marzia Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche; Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Morfologia Umana, Università di Modena e R.E; Modena Italy
| | - Alberto Smargiassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche; Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Morfologia Umana, Università di Modena e R.E; Modena Italy
| | - Gabriele Campochiaro
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Ortopedica; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Università di Modena e R.E; Modena Italy
| | - Fabio Serafini
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Ortopedica; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Università di Modena e R.E; Modena Italy
| | - Carla Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche; Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Morfologia Umana, Università di Modena e R.E; Modena Italy
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Nickien M, Thambyah A, Broom ND. How a radial focal incision influences the internal shear distribution in articular cartilage with respect to its zonally differentiated microanatomy. J Anat 2015. [PMID: 26198817 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular surface fibrillation and the loss of both transverse interconnectivity and zonal differentiation are indicators of articular cartilage (AC) degeneration. However, exactly how these structural features affect the load-redistributing properties of cartilage is still poorly understood. This study investigated how a single radial incision made to varying depths with respect to the primary zones of AC influenced its deformation response to compression. Three depths of incision were applied to cartilage-on-bone tissue blocks: one not exceeding the transition zone; one into the mid-radial zone; and one down to the calcified cartilage. Also included were non-incised controls. All samples were compressed to a near-equilibrium strain using a flat-faced indenter that incorporated a central relief channel within which the incision could be positioned lengthwise along the channel axis. Employing fixation under load followed by decalcification, the structural responses of the cartilage-on-bone samples were investigated. The study provides an analysis of the micro-morphological response that is characteristic of a completely normal cartilage-on-bone system but which contains a defined degree of disruption induced by the focal radial incision. The resulting loss of transverse continuity of the cartilage with respect to its zonally differentiated structure is shown to lead to an altered pattern of internal matrix shear whose intensity varies with incision depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Nickien
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ashvin Thambyah
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Neil D Broom
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Bell JS, Christmas J, Mansfield JC, Everson RM, Winlove CP. Micromechanical response of articular cartilage to tensile load measured using nonlinear microscopy. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2574-81. [PMID: 24525036 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is a highly anisotropic biomaterial, and its complex mechanical properties have been a topic of intense investigation for over 60 years. Recent advances in the field of nonlinear optics allow the individual constituents of AC to be imaged in living tissue without the need for exogenous contrast agents. Combining mechanical testing with nonlinear microscopy provides a wealth of information about microscopic responses to load. This work investigates the inhomogeneous distribution of strain in loaded AC by tracking the movement and morphological changes of individual chondrocytes using point pattern matching and Bayesian modeling. This information can be used to inform models of mechanotransduction and pathogenesis, and is readily extendable to various other connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bell
- Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - J Christmas
- Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - J C Mansfield
- Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - R M Everson
- Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - C P Winlove
- Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
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Hargrave-Thomas EJ, Thambyah A, McGlashan SR, Broom ND. The bovine patella as a model of early osteoarthritis. J Anat 2013; 223:651-64. [PMID: 24111904 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine patella model has been used extensively for studying important structure-function aspects of articular cartilage, including its degeneration. However, the degeneration seen in this model has, to our knowledge, never been adequately compared with human osteoarthritis (OA). In this study, bovine patellae displaying normal to severely degenerate states were compared with human tissue displaying intact cartilage to severe OA. Comparisons of normal and OA features were made with histological scoring, morphometric measurements, and qualitative observations. Differential interference contrast microscopy was used to image early OA changes in the articular cartilage matrix and to investigate whether this method provided comparable quality of visualisation of key structural features with standard histology. The intact bovine cartilage was found to be similar to healthy human cartilage and the degenerate bovine cartilage resembled the human OA tissues with regard to structural disruption, cellularity changes, and staining loss. The extent of degeneration in the bovine tissues matched the mild to moderate range of human OA tissues; however, no bovine samples exhibited late-stage OA. Additionally, in both bovine and human tissues, cartilage degeneration was accompanied by calcified cartilage thickening, tidemark duplication, and the advancement of the cement line by protrusions of bony spicules into the calcified cartilage. This comparison of degeneration in the bovine and human tissues suggests a common pathway for the progression of OA and thus the bovine patella is proposed to be an appropriate model for investigating the structural changes associated with early OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Hargrave-Thomas
- Experimental Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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