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Verbruggen SW, Freeman CL, Freeman FE. Utilizing 3D Models to Unravel the Dynamics of Myeloma Plasma Cells' Escape from the Bone Marrow Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:889. [PMID: 38473251 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent therapeutic advancements have markedly increased the survival rates of individuals with multiple myeloma (MM), doubling survival compared to pre-2000 estimates. This progress, driven by highly effective novel agents, suggests a growing population of MM survivors exceeding the 10-year mark post-diagnosis. However, contemporary clinical observations indicate potential trends toward more aggressive relapse phenotypes, characterized by extramedullary disease and dominant proliferative clones, despite these highly effective treatments. To build upon these advances, it is crucial to develop models of MM evolution, particularly focusing on understanding the biological mechanisms behind its development outside the bone marrow. This comprehensive understanding is essential to devising innovative treatment strategies. This review emphasizes the role of 3D models, specifically addressing the bone marrow microenvironment and development of extramedullary sites. It explores the current state-of-the-art in MM modelling, highlighting challenges in replicating the disease's complexity. Recognizing the unique demand for accurate models, the discussion underscores the potential impact of these advanced 3D models on understanding and combating this heterogeneous and still incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan W Verbruggen
- Digital Environment Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Center for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Ciara L Freeman
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Fiona E Freeman
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Engineering and Materials Science Centre, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Azizi P, Drobek C, Budday S, Seitz H. Simulating the mechanical stimulation of cells on a porous hydrogel scaffold using an FSI model to predict cell differentiation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1249867. [PMID: 37799813 PMCID: PMC10549991 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1249867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
3D-structured hydrogel scaffolds are frequently used in tissue engineering applications as they can provide a supportive and biocompatible environment for the growth and regeneration of new tissue. Hydrogel scaffolds seeded with human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be mechanically stimulated in bioreactors to promote the formation of cartilage or bone tissue. Although in vitro and in vivo experiments are necessary to understand the biological response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimulation, in silico methods are cost-effective and powerful approaches that can support these experimental investigations. In this study, we simulated the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) to predict cell differentiation on the entire surface of a 3D-structured hydrogel scaffold seeded with cells due to dynamic compressive load stimulation. The computational FSI model made it possible to simultaneously investigate the influence of both mechanical deformation and flow of the culture medium on the cells on the scaffold surface during stimulation. The transient one-way FSI model thus opens up significantly more possibilities for predicting cell differentiation in mechanically stimulated scaffolds than previous static microscale computational approaches used in mechanobiology. In a first parameter study, the impact of the amplitude of a sinusoidal compression ranging from 1% to 10% on the phenotype of cells seeded on a porous hydrogel scaffold was analyzed. The simulation results show that the number of cells differentiating into bone tissue gradually decreases with increasing compression amplitude, while differentiation into cartilage cells initially multiplied with increasing compression amplitude in the range of 2% up to 7% and then decreased. Fibrous cell differentiation was predicted from a compression of 5% and increased moderately up to a compression of 10%. At high compression amplitudes of 9% and 10%, negligible areas on the scaffold surface experienced high stimuli where no cell differentiation could occur. In summary, this study shows that simulation of the FSI system is a versatile approach in computational mechanobiology that can be used to study the effects of, for example, different scaffold designs and stimulation parameters on cell differentiation in mechanically stimulated 3D-structured scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Azizi
- Chair of Microfluidics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Drobek
- Chair of Microfluidics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Silvia Budday
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hermann Seitz
- Chair of Microfluidics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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3
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de Wildt BWM, Zhao F, Lauwers I, van Rietbergen B, Ito K, Hofmann S. Characterization of three-dimensional bone-like tissue growth and organization under influence of directional fluid flow. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023. [PMID: 37148472 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The transition in the field of bone tissue engineering from bone regeneration to in vitro models has come with the challenge of recreating a dense and anisotropic bone-like extracellular matrix (ECM). Although the mechanism by which bone ECM gains its structure is not fully understood, mechanical loading and curvature have been identified as potential contributors. Here, guided by computational simulations, we evaluated cell and bone-like tissue growth and organization in a concave channel with and without directional fluid flow stimulation. Human mesenchymal stromal cells were seeded on donut-shaped silk fibroin scaffolds and osteogenically stimulated for 42 days statically or in a flow perfusion bioreactor. After 14, 28, and 42 days, constructs were investigated for cell and tissue growth and organization. As a result, directional fluid flow was able to improve organic tissue growth but not organization. Cells tended to orient in the tangential direction of the channel, possibly attributed to its curvature. Based on our results, we suggest that organic ECM production but not anisotropy can be stimulated through the application of fluid flow. With this study, an initial attempt in three-dimensions was made to improve the resemblance of in vitro produced bone-like ECM to the physiological bone ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregje W M de Wildt
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Feihu Zhao
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering, Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Iris Lauwers
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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4
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Zhao YC, Zhang Y, Jiang F, Wu C, Wan B, Syeda R, Li Q, Shen B, Ju LA. A Novel Computational Biomechanics Framework to Model Vascular Mechanopropagation in Deep Bone Marrow. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2201830. [PMID: 36521080 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical stimuli generated by body exercise can be transmitted from cortical bone into the deep bone marrow (mechanopropagation). Excitingly, a mechanosensitive perivascular stem cell niche is recently identified within the bone marrow for osteogenesis and lymphopoiesis. Although it is long known that they are maintained by exercise-induced mechanical stimulation, the mechanopropagation from compact bone to deep bone marrow vasculature remains elusive of this fundamental mechanobiology field. No experimental system is available yet to directly understand such exercise-induced mechanopropagation at the bone-vessel interface. To this end, taking advantage of the revolutionary in vivo 3D deep bone imaging, an integrated computational biomechanics framework to quantitatively evaluate the mechanopropagation capabilities for bone marrow arterioles, arteries, and sinusoids is devised. As a highlight, the 3D geometries of blood vessels are smoothly reconstructed in the presence of vessel wall thickness and intravascular pulse pressure. By implementing the 5-parameter Mooney-Rivlin model that simulates the hyperelastic vessel properties, finite element analysis to thoroughly investigate the mechanical effects of exercise-induced intravascular vibratory stretching on bone marrow vasculature is performed. In addition, the blood pressure and cortical bone bending effects on vascular mechanoproperties are examined. For the first time, movement-induced mechanopropagation from the hard cortical bone to the soft vasculature in the bone marrow is numerically simulated. It is concluded that arterioles and arteries are much more efficient in propagating mechanical force than sinusoids due to their stiffness. In the future, this in-silico approach can be combined with other clinical imaging modalities for subject/patient-specific vascular reconstruction and biomechanical analysis, providing large-scale phenotypic data for personalized mechanobiology discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunduo Charles Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, 2008, New South Wales, Darlington, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Camperdown, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, 2008, New South Wales, Darlington, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Camperdown, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Fengtao Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, 2008, New South Wales, Darlington, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Camperdown, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Chi Wu
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, 2008, New South Wales, Darlington, Australia
| | - Boyang Wan
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, 2008, New South Wales, Darlington, Australia
| | - Ruhma Syeda
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75235, TX, Dallas, USA
| | - Qing Li
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, 2008, New South Wales, Darlington, Australia
| | - Bo Shen
- National Institute of Biological Science, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, 2008, New South Wales, Darlington, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Camperdown, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Camperdown, Australia
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Antiosteoporotic Nanohydroxyapatite Zoledronate Scaffold Seeded with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Bone Regeneration: A 3D In Vitro Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115988. [PMID: 35682677 PMCID: PMC9180852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bisphosphonates are widely employed drugs for the treatment of pathologies with high bone resorption, such as osteoporosis, and display a great affinity for calcium ions and apatitic substrates. Here, we aimed to investigate the potentiality of zoledronate functionalized hydroxyapatite nanocrystals (HAZOL) to promote bone regeneration by stimulating adhesion, viability, metabolic activity and osteogenic commitment of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). Methods: we adopted an advanced three-dimensional (3D) in vitro fracture healing model to study porous scaffolds: hMSCs were seeded onto the scaffolds that, after three days, were cut in halves and unseeded scaffolds were placed between the two halves. Scaffold characterization by X-ray diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopy analyses and cell morphology, viability, osteogenic differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition were evaluated after 3, 7 and 10 days of culture. Results: Electron microscopy showed a porous and interconnected structure and a uniform cell layer spread onto scaffolds. Scaffolds were able to support cell growth and cells progressively colonized the whole inserts in absence of cytotoxic effects. Osteogenic commitment and gene expression of hMSCs were enhanced with higher expressions of ALPL, COL1A1, BGLAP, RUNX2 and Osterix genes. Conclusion: Although some limitations affect the present study (e.g., the lack of longer experimental times, of mechanical stimulus or pathological microenvironment), the obtained results with the adopted experimental setup suggested that zoledronate functionalized scaffolds (GHAZOL) might sustain not only cell proliferation, but positively influence osteogenic differentiation and activity if employed in bone fracture healing.
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Comellas E, Farkas JE, Kleinberg G, Lloyd K, Mueller T, Duerr TJ, Muñoz JJ, Monaghan JR, Shefelbine SJ. Local mechanical stimuli correlate with tissue growth in axolotl salamander joint morphogenesis. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220621. [PMID: 35582804 PMCID: PMC9114971 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Movement-induced forces are critical to correct joint formation, but it is unclear how cells sense and respond to these mechanical cues. To study the role of mechanical stimuli in the shaping of the joint, we combined experiments on regenerating axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) forelimbs with a poroelastic model of bone rudiment growth. Animals either regrew forelimbs normally (control) or were injected with a transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) agonist during joint morphogenesis. We quantified growth and shape in regrown humeri from whole-mount light sheet fluorescence images of the regenerated limbs. Results revealed significant differences in morphology and cell proliferation between groups, indicating that TRPV4 desensitization has an effect on joint shape. To link TRPV4 desensitization with impaired mechanosensitivity, we developed a finite element model of a regenerating humerus. Local tissue growth was the sum of a biological contribution proportional to chondrocyte density, which was constant, and a mechanical contribution proportional to fluid pressure. Computational predictions of growth agreed with experimental outcomes of joint shape, suggesting that interstitial pressure driven from cyclic mechanical stimuli promotes local tissue growth. Predictive computational models informed by experimental findings allow us to explore potential physical mechanisms involved in tissue growth to advance our understanding of the mechanobiology of joint morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Comellas
- Serra Húnter Fellow, Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Giona Kleinberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Katlyn Lloyd
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Jose J. Muñoz
- Department of Mathematics, Laboratori de Càlcul Numeric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre Internacional de Mètodes Numèrics en Enginyeria (CIMNE), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Matemàtiques de la UPC-BarcelonaTech (IMTech), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James R. Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
- Institute for Chemical Imaging of Living Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sandra J. Shefelbine
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
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7
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Lafuente-Gracia L, Borgiani E, Nasello G, Geris L. Towards in silico Models of the Inflammatory Response in Bone Fracture Healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:703725. [PMID: 34660547 PMCID: PMC8514728 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.703725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In silico modeling is a powerful strategy to investigate the biological events occurring at tissue, cellular and subcellular level during bone fracture healing. However, most current models do not consider the impact of the inflammatory response on the later stages of bone repair. Indeed, as initiator of the healing process, this early phase can alter the regenerative outcome: if the inflammatory response is too strongly down- or upregulated, the fracture can result in a non-union. This review covers the fundamental information on fracture healing, in silico modeling and experimental validation. It starts with a description of the biology of fracture healing, paying particular attention to the inflammatory phase and its cellular and subcellular components. We then discuss the current state-of-the-art regarding in silico models of the immune response in different tissues as well as the bone regeneration process at the later stages of fracture healing. Combining the aforementioned biological and computational state-of-the-art, continuous, discrete and hybrid modeling technologies are discussed in light of their suitability to capture adequately the multiscale course of the inflammatory phase and its overall role in the healing outcome. Both in the establishment of models as in their validation step, experimental data is required. Hence, this review provides an overview of the different in vitro and in vivo set-ups that can be used to quantify cell- and tissue-scale properties and provide necessary input for model credibility assessment. In conclusion, this review aims to provide hands-on guidance for scientists interested in building in silico models as an additional tool to investigate the critical role of the inflammatory phase in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lafuente-Gracia
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus: Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edoardo Borgiani
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus: Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA in silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Nasello
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus: Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus: Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA in silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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García-Aznar JM, Nasello G, Hervas-Raluy S, Pérez MÁ, Gómez-Benito MJ. Multiscale modeling of bone tissue mechanobiology. Bone 2021; 151:116032. [PMID: 34118446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical environment has a crucial role in our organism at the different levels, ranging from cells to tissues and our own organs. This regulatory role is especially relevant for bones, given their importance as load-transmitting elements that allow the movement of our body as well as the protection of vital organs from load impacts. Therefore bone, as living tissue, is continuously adapting its properties, shape and repairing itself, being the mechanical loads one of the main regulatory stimuli that modulate this adaptive behavior. Here we review some key results of bone mechanobiology from computational models, describing the effect that changes associated to the mechanical environment induce in bone response, implant design and scaffold-driven bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel García-Aznar
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Gabriele Nasello
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Hervas-Raluy
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Pérez
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María José Gómez-Benito
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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9
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Zhao F, Xiong Y, Ito K, van Rietbergen B, Hofmann S. Porous Geometry Guided Micro-mechanical Environment Within Scaffolds for Cell Mechanobiology Study in Bone Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:736489. [PMID: 34595161 PMCID: PMC8476750 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.736489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology research is for understanding the role of mechanics in cell physiology and pathology. It will have implications for studying bone physiology and pathology and to guide the strategy for regenerating both the structural and functional features of bone. Mechanobiological studies in vitro apply a dynamic micro-mechanical environment to cells via bioreactors. Porous scaffolds are commonly used for housing the cells in a three-dimensional (3D) culturing environment. Such scaffolds usually have different pore geometries (e.g. with different pore shapes, pore dimensions and porosities). These pore geometries can affect the internal micro-mechanical environment that the cells experience when loaded in the bioreactor. Therefore, to adjust the applied micro-mechanical environment on cells, researchers can tune either the applied load and/or the design of the scaffold pore geometries. This review will provide information on how the micro-mechanical environment (e.g. fluid-induced wall shear stress and mechanical strain) is affected by various scaffold pore geometries within different bioreactors. It shall allow researchers to estimate/quantify the micro-mechanical environment according to the already known pore geometry information, or to find a suitable pore geometry according to the desirable micro-mechanical environment to be applied. Finally, as future work, artificial intelligent - assisted techniques, which can achieve an automatic design of solid porous scaffold geometry for tuning/optimising the micro-mechanical environment are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Zhao
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Xiong
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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10
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Pedrero SG, Llamas-Sillero P, Serrano-López J. A Multidisciplinary Journey towards Bone Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4896. [PMID: 34500986 PMCID: PMC8432705 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Millions of patients suffer yearly from bone fractures and disorders such as osteoporosis or cancer, which constitute the most common causes of severe long-term pain and physical disabilities. The intrinsic capacity of bone to repair the damaged bone allows normal healing of most small bone injuries. However, larger bone defects or more complex diseases require additional stimulation to fully heal. In this context, the traditional routes to address bone disorders present several associated drawbacks concerning their efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Thus, alternative therapies become necessary to overcome these limitations. In recent decades, bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising interdisciplinary strategy to mimic environments specifically designed to facilitate bone tissue regeneration. Approaches developed to date aim at three essential factors: osteoconductive scaffolds, osteoinduction through growth factors, and cells with osteogenic capability. This review addresses the biological basis of bone and its remodeling process, providing an overview of the bone tissue engineering strategies developed to date and describing the mechanisms that underlie cell-biomaterial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G. Pedrero
- Experimental Hematology Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.P.); (P.L.-S.)
| | - Pilar Llamas-Sillero
- Experimental Hematology Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.P.); (P.L.-S.)
- Hematology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Serrano-López
- Experimental Hematology Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.P.); (P.L.-S.)
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11
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Pereira AR, Lipphaus A, Ergin M, Salehi S, Gehweiler D, Rudert M, Hansmann J, Herrmann M. Modeling of the Human Bone Environment: Mechanical Stimuli Guide Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Extracellular Matrix Interactions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4431. [PMID: 34442954 PMCID: PMC8398413 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In bone tissue engineering, the design of in vitro models able to recreate both the chemical composition, the structural architecture, and the overall mechanical environment of the native tissue is still often neglected. In this study, we apply a bioreactor system where human bone-marrow hMSCs are seeded in human femoral head-derived decellularized bone scaffolds and subjected to dynamic culture, i.e., shear stress induced by continuous cell culture medium perfusion at 1.7 mL/min flow rate and compressive stress by 10% uniaxial load at 1 Hz for 1 h per day. In silico modeling revealed that continuous medium flow generates a mean shear stress of 8.5 mPa sensed by hMSCs seeded on 3D bone scaffolds. Experimentally, both dynamic conditions improved cell repopulation within the scaffold and boosted ECM production compared with static controls. Early response of hMSCs to mechanical stimuli comprises evident cell shape changes and stronger integrin-mediated adhesion to the matrix. Stress-induced Col6 and SPP1 gene expression suggests an early hMSC commitment towards osteogenic lineage independent of Runx2 signaling. This study provides a foundation for exploring the early effects of external mechanical stimuli on hMSC behavior in a biologically meaningful in vitro environment, opening new opportunities to study bone development, remodeling, and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Pereira
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany; (A.R.P.); (M.E.)
- Bernhard-Heine-Centrum for Locomotion Research, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Lipphaus
- Biomechanics Research Group, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Mert Ergin
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany; (A.R.P.); (M.E.)
- Department of Biomaterials, Center of Energy Technology und Materials Science (TAO), University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department of Biomaterials, Center of Energy Technology und Materials Science (TAO), University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | | | - Maximilian Rudert
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany;
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany;
| | - Marietta Herrmann
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany; (A.R.P.); (M.E.)
- Bernhard-Heine-Centrum for Locomotion Research, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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12
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Beheshtizadeh N, Asgari Y, Nasiri N, Farzin A, Ghorbani M, Lotfibakhshaiesh N, Azami M. A network analysis of angiogenesis/osteogenesis-related growth factors in bone tissue engineering based on in-vitro and in-vivo data: A systems biology approach. Tissue Cell 2021; 72:101553. [PMID: 33975231 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The principal purpose of tissue engineering is to stimulate the injured or unhealthy tissues to revive their primary function through the simultaneous use of chemical agents, cells, and biocompatible materials. Still, choosing the appropriate protein as a growth factor (GF) for tissue engineering is vital to fabricate artificial tissues and accelerate the regeneration procedure. In this study, the angiogenesis and osteogenesis-related proteins' interactions are studied using their related network. Three major biological processes, including osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and angiogenesis regulation, were investigated by creating a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network (45 nodes and 237 edges) of bone regeneration efficient proteins. Furthermore, a gene ontology and a centrality analysis were performed to identify essential proteins within a network. The higher degree in this network leads to higher interactions between proteins and causes a considerable effect. The most highly connected proteins in the PPI network are the most remarkable for their employment. The results of this study showed that three significant proteins including prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), TEK receptor tyrosine kinase (TEK), and fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) were involved simultaneously in osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and their positive regulatory. Regarding the available literature, the results of this study confirmed that PTGS2 and FGF18 could be used as a GF in bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications to promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Nevertheless, TEK was not used in BTE applications until now and should be considered in future works to be examined in-vitro and in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Yazdan Asgari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Noushin Nasiri
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ali Farzin
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Nasrin Lotfibakhshaiesh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Zhao F, Lacroix D, Ito K, van Rietbergen B, Hofmann S. Changes in scaffold porosity during bone tissue engineering in perfusion bioreactors considerably affect cellular mechanical stimulation for mineralization. Bone Rep 2020; 12:100265. [PMID: 32613033 PMCID: PMC7315008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) experiments in vitro have shown that fluid-induced wall shear stress (WSS) can stimulate cells to produce mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM). The application of WSS on seeded cells can be achieved through bioreactors that perfuse medium through porous scaffolds. In BTE experiments in vitro, commonly a constant flow rate is used. Previous studies have found that tissue growth within the scaffold will result in an increase of the WSS over time. To keep the WSS in a reported optimal range of 10–30 mPa, the applied external flow rate can be decreased over time. To investigate what reduction of the external flow rate during culturing is needed to keep the WSS in the optimal range, we here conducted a computational study, which simulated the formation of ECM, and in which we investigated the effect of constant fluid flow and different fluid flow reduction scenarios on the WSS. It was found that for both constant and reduced fluid flow scenarios, the WSS did not exceed a critical value, which was set to 60 mPa. However, the constant flow velocity resulted in a reduction of the cell/ECM surface being exposed to a WSS in the optimal range from 50% at the start of culture to 18.6% at day 21. Reducing the fluid flow over time could avoid much of this effect, leaving the WSS in the optimal range for 40.9% of the surface at 21 days. Therefore, for achieving more mineralized tissue, the conventional manner of loading the perfusion bioreactors (i.e. constant flow rate/velocity) should be changed to a decreasing flow over time in BTE experiments. This study provides an in silico tool for finding the best fluid flow reduction strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Zhao
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering (ZCCE), College of Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Lacroix
- INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, S1 3JD Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Corresponding authors at: Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Corresponding authors at: Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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14
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Ferreira BC, Freire AR, Araujo R, do Amaral-Silva GK, Okamoto R, Prado FB, Rossi AC. β-catenin and Its Relation to Alveolar Bone Mechanical Deformation - A Study Conducted in Rats With Tooth Extraction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:549. [PMID: 32581840 PMCID: PMC7291952 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between alveolar bone deformation and β-catenin expression levels in response to the mechanical load changed by dental extraction in adult rats. Twenty-four male rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus), Wistar linage, at 2 months of age, were used. The right upper incisor tooth was extracted, and euthanasia occurred in periods 5 (n = 6), 7 (n = 6), and 14 (n = 6) days after Day 0. In the control group (n = 6), the dentition was maintained. The euthanasia occurred within 14 days after day 0. After euthanasia, the rats of all groups had their left jaw with tooth removed and separated in the middle. The pieces were undergone routine histological processing and then the immunohistochemical marking were performed to label expression of the primary β-catenin antibody, which was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative analysis. One head by each group (control and experimental) was submitted to computerized microtomography. After the three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of the rat in each group, the computational simulation for finite elements analysis were performed to simulate a bite in the incisors. In finite element analysis, the strain patterns were evaluated after the application of bite force. The results were analyzed considering the areas in which changes in the amount of deformations were detected. The action of the bite force in the experimental condition, resulted in a uniform distribution of the amount of deformations, in addition to lower amount of deformation areas, differentiating from the control group. Comparing with the control group, the levels of β-catenin signaled in the lingual bone of the middle third of the alveolar bone were raised in the periods of 5 and 14 days. The increased β-catenin positive staining intensity was concentrated on osteocytes and gaps of osteocytes. The findings of the present study were in accordance with our hypothesis that the condition of dental extraction can cause the expression of β-catenin and alter the regimes of bone deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Carmona Ferreira
- Laboratory for Mechanobiology Research, Biosciences Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rodrigues Freire
- Laboratory for Mechanobiology Research, Biosciences Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Rafael Araujo
- São Leopoldo Research Institute, São Leopoldo Mandic University, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gleyson Kleber do Amaral-Silva
- Oral Pathology Laboratory, Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Roberta Okamoto
- Laboratory for Study of Mineralized Tissue, Basic Sciences Department, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Felippe Bevilacqua Prado
- Laboratory for Mechanobiology Research, Biosciences Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Rossi
- Laboratory for Mechanobiology Research, Biosciences Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
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15
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Castilho M, de Ruijter M, Beirne S, Villette CC, Ito K, Wallace GG, Malda J. Multitechnology Biofabrication: A New Approach for the Manufacturing of Functional Tissue Structures? Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1316-1328. [PMID: 32466965 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Most available 3D biofabrication technologies rely on single-component deposition methods, such as inkjet, extrusion, or light-assisted printing. It is unlikely that any of these technologies used individually would be able to replicate the complexity and functionality of living tissues. Recently, new biofabrication approaches have emerged that integrate multiple manufacturing technologies into a single biofabrication platform. This has led to fabricated structures with improved functionality. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the integration of different manufacturing technologies with the aim to fabricate more functional tissue structures. We provide our vision on the future of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, digital design, and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of biofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Castilho
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mylène de Ruijter
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Beirne
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Claire C Villette
- Structural Biomechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Keita Ito
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Giorgi M, Sotiriou V, Fanchini N, Conigliaro S, Bignardi C, Nowlan NC, Dall’Ara E. Prenatal growth map of the mouse knee joint by means of deformable registration technique. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0197947. [PMID: 30605480 PMCID: PMC6317797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint morphogenesis is the process during which distinct and functional joint shapes emerge during pre- and post-natal joint development. In this study, a repeatable semi-automatic protocol capable of providing a 3D realistic developmental map of the prenatal mouse knee joint was designed by combining Optical Projection Tomography imaging (OPT) and a deformable registration algorithm (Sheffield Image Registration toolkit, ShIRT). Eleven left limbs of healthy murine embryos were scanned with OPT (voxel size: 14.63μm) at two different stages of development: Theiler stage (TS) 23 (approximately 14.5 embryonic days) and 24 (approximately 15.5 embryonic days). One TS23 limb was used to evaluate the precision of the displacement predictions for this specific case. The remaining limbs were then used to estimate Developmental Tibia and Femur Maps. Acceptable uncertainties of the displacement predictions computed from repeated images were found for both epiphyses (between 1.3μm and 1.4μm for the proximal tibia and between 0.7μm and 1.0μm for the femur, along all directions). The protocol was found to be reproducible with maximum Modified Housdorff Distance (MHD) differences equal to 1.9 μm and 1.5 μm for the tibial and femoral epiphyses respectively. The effect of the initial shape of the rudiment affected the developmental maps with MHD of 21.7 μm and 21.9 μm for the tibial and femoral epiphyses respectively, which correspond to 1.4 and 1.5 times the voxel size. To conclude, this study proposes a repeatable semi-automatic protocol capable of providing mean 3D realistic developmental map of a developing rudiment allowing researchers to study how growth and adaptation are directed by biological and mechanobiological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Giorgi
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kindom
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kindom
- Certara QSP, Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Sheffield, United Kindom
- * E-mail:
| | - Vivien Sotiriou
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kindom
| | | | | | | | - Niamh C. Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kindom
| | - Enrico Dall’Ara
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kindom
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kindom
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17
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Lipphaus A, Witzel U. Finite-Element Syntheses of Callus and Bone Remodeling: Biomechanical Study of Fracture Healing in Long Bones. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:2112-2121. [PMID: 30290071 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Computational simulations of fracture healing are a valuable tool to improve fracture treatment and implants. Several finite-element models have been established to predict callus formation due to mechanobiological rules. This work provides a comprehensive simulation for virtual implantation through the combination of callus simulation and finite-element structural synthesis (FESS) of (re-)modeling during and after healing based on Pauwel's theory of histogenesis and Wolff's law. The simulation is based on a linear elastic material model and includes generation of fracture hematoma and initial mesenchymal stem cell concentration out of an unspecified solid, cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation due to mechanical stimuli and time-dependent axial loading. Three nondisplaced femoral shaft fractures with initial interfragmentary movement of 0.2, 0.6, and 1 mm and one fracture with 4 mm translation are modeled. The predictions of interfragmentary movement during fracture healing, healing success, and healing time agree with observed clinical outcome, animal models, and other numerical models. Initial interfragmentary movement between 0.2 and 1 mm leads to healing success, with the fastest healing occurring at 0.2 mm. The model of the dislocated fractures shows no further bending after remodeling and is loaded with physiological stress of -13 MPa. Ideal load-time graphs may give insight into the bone's ability to withstand loads as healing time progresses, and thus holds potential for applications in rehabilitation planning. Better knowledge of the forces present during fracture healing is needed to deploy simulations for surgical planning and manufacturing of patient individualized implants. Anat Rec, 301:2112-2121, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lipphaus
- Research Group of Biomechanics, Chair of Product Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätstr. 150, Bochum, DE 44801, Germany
| | - Ulrich Witzel
- Research Group of Biomechanics, Chair of Product Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätstr. 150, Bochum, DE 44801, Germany
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18
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Variability in strain distribution in the mice tibia loading model: A preliminary study using digital volume correlation. Med Eng Phys 2018; 62:7-16. [PMID: 30243888 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that bone has an enormous adaptive capacity to mechanical loadings, and to this extent, several in vivo studies on mouse tibia use established cyclic compressive loading protocols to investigate the effects of mechanical stimuli. In these experiments, the applied axial load is well controlled but the positioning of the hind-limb between the loading endcaps may dramatically affect the strain distribution induced on the tibia. In this study, the full field strain distribution induced by a typical in vivo setup on mouse tibiae was investigated through a combination of in situ compressive testing, µCT scanning and a global digital volume correlation (DVC) approach. The precision of the DVC method and the effect of repositioning on the strain distributions were evaluated. Acceptable uncertainties of the DVC approach for the analysis of loaded tibiae (411 ± 58µɛ) were found for nodal spacing of approximately 50 voxels (520 µm). When pairs of in situ preloaded and loaded images were registered, low variability of the strain distributions within the tibia were seen (range of mean differences in principal strains: 585-1800µɛ). On contrary, larger differences were seen after repositioning (range of mean differences in principal strains: 2500-5500µɛ). To conclude, these preliminary results on thee specimens showed that the DVC approach applied to the mouse tibia can be precise enough to evaluate local strain distributions under loads, and that repositioning of the hind-limb within the testing machine can induce large differences in the strain distributions that should be accounted for when modelling this system.
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19
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The role of nuclear mechanics in cell deformation under creeping flows. J Theor Biol 2017; 432:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Verbruggen SW, Oyen ML, Phillips ATM, Nowlan NC. Function and failure of the fetal membrane: Modelling the mechanics of the chorion and amnion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171588. [PMID: 28350838 PMCID: PMC5370055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal membrane surrounds the fetus during pregnancy and is a thin tissue composed of two layers, the chorion and the amnion. While rupture of this membrane normally occurs at term, preterm rupture can result in increased risk of fetal mortality and morbidity, as well as danger of infection in the mother. Although structural changes have been observed in the membrane in such cases, the mechanical behaviour of the human fetal membrane in vivo remains poorly understood and is challenging to investigate experimentally. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop simplified finite element models to investigate the mechanical behaviour and rupture of the fetal membrane, particularly its constituent layers, under various physiological conditions. It was found that modelling the chorion and amnion as a single layer predicts remarkably different behaviour compared with a more anatomically-accurate bilayer, significantly underestimating stress in the amnion and under-predicting the risk of membrane rupture. Additionally, reductions in chorion-amnion interface lubrication and chorion thickness (reported in cases of preterm rupture) both resulted in increased membrane stress. Interestingly, the inclusion of a weak zone in the fetal membrane that has been observed to develop overlying the cervix would likely cause it to fail at term, during labour. Finally, these findings support the theory that the amnion is the dominant structural component of the fetal membrane and is required to maintain its integrity. The results provide a novel insight into the mechanical effect of structural changes in the chorion and amnion, in cases of both normal and preterm rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan W. Verbruggen
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Michelle L. Oyen
- Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T. M. Phillips
- Structural Biomechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh C. Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Glatt V, Evans CH, Tetsworth K. A Concert between Biology and Biomechanics: The Influence of the Mechanical Environment on Bone Healing. Front Physiol 2017; 7:678. [PMID: 28174539 PMCID: PMC5258734 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to achieve consistent and predictable fracture healing, a broad spectrum of growth factors are required to interact with one another in a highly organized response. Critically important, the mechanical environment around the fracture site will significantly influence the way bone heals, or if it heals at all. The role of the various biological factors, the timing, and spatial relationship of their introduction, and how the mechanical environment orchestrates this activity, are all crucial aspects to consider. This review will synthesize decades of work and the acquired knowledge that has been used to develop new treatments and technologies for the regeneration and healing of bone. Moreover, it will discuss the current state of the art in experimental and clinical studies concerning the application of these mechano-biological principles to enhance bone healing, by controlling the mechanical environment under which bone regeneration takes place. This includes everything from the basic principles of fracture healing, to the influence of mechanical forces on bone regeneration, and how this knowledge has influenced current clinical practice. Finally, it will examine the efforts now being made for the integration of this research together with the findings of complementary studies in biology, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. By bringing together these diverse disciplines in a cohesive manner, the potential exists to enhance fracture healing and ultimately improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaida Glatt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA; Orthopaedic Research Centre of AustraliaBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Kevin Tetsworth
- Orthopaedic Research Centre of AustraliaBrisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's HospitalHerston, QLD, Australia
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