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Chaudhari AM, Vyas S, Singh V, Patel A, Joshi C, Joshi MN. CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Knockout of SagD Gene for Overexpression of Streptokinase in Streptococcus equisimilis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030635. [PMID: 35336210 PMCID: PMC8953821 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptokinase is an enzyme that can break down the blood clots in some cases of myocardial infarction (heart attack), pulmonary embolism, and arterial thromboembolism. Demand for streptokinase is higher globally than production due to increased incidences of various heart conditions. The main source of streptokinase is various strains of Streptococci. Expression of streptokinase in native strain Streptococcus equisimilis is limited due to the SagD gene-mediated post-translational modification of streptolysin, an inhibitor of streptokinase expression through the degradation of FasX small RNA (through CoV/RS), which stabilizes streptokinase mRNA. In order to improve the stability of mRNA and increase the expression of streptokinase, which is inhibited by SagA, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to successfully knockout the SagD gene and observed a 13.58-fold increased expression of streptokinase at the transcript level and 1.48-fold higher expression at the protein level in the mutant strain compared to wild type. We have demonstrated the successful gene knockout of SagD using CRISPR-Cas9 in S. equisimilis, where an engineered strain can be further used for overexpression of streptokinase for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armi M. Chaudhari
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology, MS Building, 6th Floor, Sector 11, Gandhinagar 382011, Gujarat, India; (A.M.C.); (S.V.); (A.P.); (C.J.)
| | - Sachin Vyas
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology, MS Building, 6th Floor, Sector 11, Gandhinagar 382011, Gujarat, India; (A.M.C.); (S.V.); (A.P.); (C.J.)
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India;
| | - Amrutlal Patel
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology, MS Building, 6th Floor, Sector 11, Gandhinagar 382011, Gujarat, India; (A.M.C.); (S.V.); (A.P.); (C.J.)
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology, MS Building, 6th Floor, Sector 11, Gandhinagar 382011, Gujarat, India; (A.M.C.); (S.V.); (A.P.); (C.J.)
| | - Madhvi N. Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology, MS Building, 6th Floor, Sector 11, Gandhinagar 382011, Gujarat, India; (A.M.C.); (S.V.); (A.P.); (C.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-79-23258677
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Srivastava S, Kaur S, Verma HK, Rani S, Thakur M, Haldar S, Singh J. Reciprocal relation between reporter gene transcription and translation efficiency in fission yeast. Plasmid 2021; 115:102557. [PMID: 33539828 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2021.102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is an excellent model for basic research but is not useful for commercial scale protein expression due to lack of strong expression vectors. Earlier, we showed that the lsd90 promoter elicited significantly greater GFP expression level than the adh1 and nmt1 promoters, albeit in different vector backbones. Here, we have systematically investigated the contribution of selectable markers, LEU2 and URA3m to GFP expression: while LEU2 elicited very low expression, the URA3m gene, with truncated promoter, elicited much greater GFP expression level with all promoters. Paradoxically, an inverse correlation was observed between the GFP transcription and translation efficiency. This system can be useful for understanding the factors governing recombinant gene expression and optimization of protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchita Srivastava
- Central Research Institute, Kasauli, Distt, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173204, India; Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh-160036. India
| | - Satinderdeep Kaur
- Central Research Institute, Kasauli, Distt, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173204, India; Pharmacology Department, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingha, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Hemant K Verma
- Biotech Department, Mankind Research Center, 191-E, Sector 4-11, IMT, Manesar, Haryana 122050, India
| | - Suman Rani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh-160036. India
| | - Manisha Thakur
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh-160036. India
| | - Swati Haldar
- Microbiology Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jagmohan Singh
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector- 39 A, Chandigarh 160036, India.
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Adivitiya, Babbal, Mohanty S, Dagar VK, Khasa YP. Development of a streptokinase expression platform using the native signal sequence of the protein with internal repeats 1 (PIR1) in P. pastoris: Gene dosage optimization and cell retention strategies. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Engineering of deglycosylated and plasmin resistant variants of recombinant streptokinase in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10561-10577. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Tran K, Gurramkonda C, Cooper MA, Pilli M, Taris JE, Selock N, Han T, Tolosa M, Zuber A, Peñalber‐Johnstone C, Dinkins C, Pezeshk N, Kostov Y, Frey DD, Tolosa L, Wood DW, Rao G. Cell‐free production of a therapeutic protein: Expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant streptokinase using a CHO lysate. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:92-102. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tran
- Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMaryland
| | | | - Merideth A. Cooper
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringOhio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Manohar Pilli
- Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Joseph E. Taris
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringOhio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Nicholas Selock
- Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Tzu‐Chiang Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringOhio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Michael Tolosa
- Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Adil Zuber
- Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMaryland
| | | | - Christina Dinkins
- Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Niloufar Pezeshk
- Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Yordan Kostov
- Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Douglas D. Frey
- Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Leah Tolosa
- Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMaryland
| | - David W. Wood
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringOhio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Govind Rao
- Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMaryland
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Liu J, Huang L, Wang Y, Huang Y. Characterization of cis-elements in the promoter of trz2 encoding Schizosaccharomyces pombe mitochondrial tRNA 3′-end processing enzyme. Microbiology (Reading) 2017; 163:75-85. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Linting Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yirong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ying Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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Adivitiya, Dagar VK, Devi N, Khasa YP. High level production of active streptokinase in Pichia pastoris fed-batch culture. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 83:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Studies on lipidification of streptokinase: a novel strategy to enhance the stability and activity. Am J Ther 2015; 21:343-51. [PMID: 24949842 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic disorders and their associated problems are extensively prevalent in developed and developing countries. Streptokinase (SK) is a well-known thrombolytic agent, which is very useful in treating coronary thrombosis and acute myocardial infarction. Several attempts have been made to date to make improvements of this wonderful molecule in terms of reducing or eliminating the problems of eliciting immunogenicity and enhancing the half-life of the molecule. The present research is focused to produce a recombinant SK with enhanced stability and biological activity by the methodology of lipid modification. SK was targeted successfully to the membrane with the help of modified apyrase signal sequence. Higher expression was reported for GJ1158 strain in LBON medium when compared with BL21 (DE3). The obtained recombinant SK was tested for its biological activity by the method of caseinolytic assay. The higher clearance zone was observed in recombinant lipid-modified streptokinase, which denotes the enhanced activity of the protein. The present trial of lipid modification of therapeutics, particularly SK, could help for its superior use as a thrombolytic agent and also paves way for many of the other clinical applications.
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Bera S, Thillai K, Sriraman K, Jayaraman G. Process strategies for enhancing recombinant streptokinase production in Lactococcus lactis cultures using P170 expression system. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Verma HK, Shukla P, Alfatah M, Khare AK, Upadhyay U, Ganesan K, Singh J. High level constitutive expression of luciferase reporter by lsd90 promoter in fission yeast. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101201. [PMID: 24999979 PMCID: PMC4085059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of a large number of molecular similarities with higher eukaryotes, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been considered a potentially ideal host for expressing human proteins having therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications. However, efforts in this direction are hampered by lack of a strong promoter. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a strong, constitutive promoter from S. pombe. A new expression vector was constructed by cloning the putative promoter region of the lsd90 gene (earlier reported to be strongly induced by heat stress) into a previously reported high copy number vector pJH5, which contained an ARS element corresponding to the mat2P flanking region and a truncated URA3m selectable marker. The resulting vector was used to study and compare the level of expression of the luciferase reporter with that achieved with the known vectors containing regulatable promoter nmt1 and the strong constitutive promoter adh1 in S. pombe and the methanol-inducible AOX1 promoter in Pichia pastoris. Following growth in standard media the new vector containing the putative lsd90 promoter provided constitutive expression of luciferase, at a level, which was 19-, 39- and 10-fold higher than that achieved with nmt1, adh1 and AOX1 promoters, respectively. These results indicate a great potential of the new lsd90 promoter-based vector for commercial scale expression of therapeutic proteins in S. pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poonam Shukla
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Md. Alfatah
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | - Jagmohan Singh
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail:
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Highly effective renaturation of a streptokinase from Streptococcus pyogenes DT7 as inclusion bodies overexpressed in Escherichia coli. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:324705. [PMID: 24883307 PMCID: PMC4026873 DOI: 10.1155/2014/324705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The streptokinase (SK) is emerging as an important thrombolytic therapy agent in the treatment of patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. We reported highly effective renaturation of a SK from S. pyogeness DT7 overexpressed in E. coli, purification, and biochemical characterization. A gene coding for the SK was cloned from S. pyogeness DT7. Because accumulation of active SK is toxic to the host cells, we have expressed it in the form of inclusion bodies. The mature protein was overexpressed in E. coli BL21 DE3/pESK under the control of the strong promoter tac induced by IPTG with a level of 60% of the total cell proteins. The activity of the rSK, renatured in phosphate buffer supplemented with Triton X-100 and glycerol, was covered with up to 41 folds of its initial activity. The purified of protein was identified with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry through four peptide fragments, which showed 100% identification to the corresponding peptides of the putative SK from GenBank. Due to overexpression and highly effective renaturation of large amounts of inclusion bodies, the recombinant E. coli BL21 DE3/pESK system could be potentially applied for large-scale production of SK used in the therapy of acute myocardial infarction.
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Constitutive optimized production of streptokinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilizing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter of Pichia pastoris. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:268249. [PMID: 24171161 PMCID: PMC3793500 DOI: 10.1155/2013/268249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel expression vector constructed from genes of Pichia pastoris was applied for heterologous gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recombinant streptokinase (SK) was synthesized by cloning the region encoding mature SK under the control of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter of Pichia pastoris in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. SK was intracellularly expressed constitutively, as evidenced by lyticase-nitroanilide and caseinolytic assays. The functional activity was confirmed by plasminogen activation assay and in vitro clot lysis assay. Stability and absence of toxicity to the host with the recombinant expression vector as evidenced by southern analysis and growth profile indicate the application of this expression system for large-scale production of SK. Two-stage statistical approach, Plackett-Burman (PB) design and response surface methodology (RSM) was used for SK production medium optimization. In the first stage, carbon and organic nitrogen sources were qualitatively screened by PB design and in the second stage there was quantitative optimization of four process variables, yeast extract, dextrose, pH, and temperature, by RSM. PB design resulted in dextrose and peptone as best carbon and nitrogen sources for SK production. RSM method, proved as an efficient technique for optimizing process conditions which resulted in 110% increase in SK production, 2352 IU/mL, than for unoptimized conditions.
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Liu L, Yang H, Shin HD, Chen RR, Li J, Du G, Chen J. How to achieve high-level expression of microbial enzymes: strategies and perspectives. Bioengineered 2013; 4:212-23. [PMID: 23686280 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.24761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial enzymes have been used in a large number of fields, such as chemical, agricultural and biopharmaceutical industries. The enzyme production rate and yield are the main factors to consider when choosing the appropriate expression system for the production of recombinant proteins. Recombinant enzymes have been expressed in bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria), filamentous fungi (e.g., Aspergillus) and yeasts (e.g., Pichia pastoris). The favorable and very advantageous characteristics of these species have resulted in an increasing number of biotechnological applications. Bacterial hosts (e.g., E. coli) can be used to quickly and easily overexpress recombinant enzymes; however, bacterial systems cannot express very large proteins and proteins that require post-translational modifications. The main bacterial expression hosts, with the exception of lactic acid bacteria and filamentous fungi, can produce several toxins which are not compatible with the expression of recombinant enzymes in food and drugs. However, due to the multiplicity of the physiological impacts arising from high-level expression of genes encoding the enzymes and expression hosts, the goal of overproduction can hardly be achieved, and therefore, the yield of recombinant enzymes is limited. In this review, the recent strategies used for the high-level expression of microbial enzymes in the hosts mentioned above are summarized and the prospects are also discussed. We hope this review will contribute to the development of the enzyme-related research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Nejadmoghaddam MR, Modarressi MH, Babashamsi M, Chamankhah M. Cloning and overexpression of active recombinant fusion streptokinase: a new approach to facilitate purification. Pak J Biol Sci 2009; 10:2146-51. [PMID: 19070173 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.2146.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Streptokinase is a common fibrinolytic drug and included in the World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Medicines. Comparative clinical trails such as cost-effectiveness suggest that streptokinase can be the drug of choice for thrombolytic therapy. To reach the highest amount of the protein and production of active form of streptokinase in bacteria need to modify and optimize methods. In the present study, chromosomal DNA was extracted from S. equisimilis H46A and used for amplification of streptokinase gene (skc) (mature section: 1245 bp) by cloning into pGEX-4T-2 vector which contains a tac promoter. The cloning results were controlled by PCR, double digestion and sequencing. The expression level of the protein in different strain of E. coli was optimized and reached up to 50% of the total cell protein. The function of the fusion protein as active fibrinolytic protein was confirmed by plasmin hydrolysis of chromogenic peptidyl anilide substrate assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Nejadmoghaddam
- Department of Recombinant Technology, Nanobiothecnology Research Center, Avesina Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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Constitutive expression and optimization of nutrients for streptokinase production by Pichia pastoris using statistical methods. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 158:25-40. [PMID: 18654742 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Pichia pastoris clone producing streptokinase (SK) was optimized for its nutritional requirements to improve intracellular expression using statistical experimental designs and response surface methodology. The skc gene was ligated downstream of the native glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter and cloned in P. pastoris. Toxicity to the host was not observed by SK expression using YPD medium. The transformant producing SK at level of 1,120 IU/ml was selected, and the medium composition was investigated with the aim of achieving high expression levels. The effect of various carbon and nitrogen sources on SK production was tested by using Plackett-Burman statistical design and it was found that dextrose and peptone are the effective carbon and nitrogen sources among all the tested. The optimum conditions of selected production medium parameters were predicted using response surface methodology and the maximum predicted SK production of 2,136.23 IU/ml could be achieved with the production medium conditions of dextrose (x1), 2.90%; peptone (x2), 2.49%; pH, 7.2 (x3), and temperature, 30.4 (x4). Validation studies showed a 95% increase in SK production as compared to that before optimization at 2,089 IU/ml. SK produced by constitutive expression was found to be functionally active by plasminogen activation assay and fibrin clot lysis assay. The current recombinant expression system and medium composition may enable maximum production of recombinant streptokinase at bioreactor level.
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Pimienta E, Ayala JC, Rodríguez C, Ramos A, Van Mellaert L, Vallín C, Anné J. Recombinant production of Streptococcus equisimilis streptokinase by Streptomyces lividans. Microb Cell Fact 2007; 6:20. [PMID: 17610745 PMCID: PMC1936427 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptokinase (SK) is a potent plasminogen activator with widespread clinical use as a thrombolytic agent. It is naturally secreted by several strains of beta-haemolytic streptococci. The low yields obtained in SK production, lack of developed gene transfer methodology and the pathogenesis of its natural host have been the principal reasons to search for a recombinant source for this important therapeutic protein. We report here the expression and secretion of SK by the Gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces lividans. The structural gene encoding SK was fused to the Streptomyces venezuelae CBS762.70 subtilisin inhibitor (vsi) signal sequence or to the Streptomyces lividans xylanase C (xlnC) signal sequence. The native Vsi protein is translocated via the Sec pathway while the native XlnC protein uses the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway. Results SK yield in the spent culture medium of S. lividans was higher when the Sec-dependent signal peptide mediates the SK translocation. Using a 1.5 L fermentor, the secretory production of the Vsi-SK fusion protein reached up to 15 mg SK/l. SK was partially purified from the culture supernatant by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. A 44-kDa degradation product co-eluted with the 47-kDa mature SK. The first amino acid residues of the S. lividans-produced SK were identical with those of the expected N-terminal sequence. The Vsi signal peptide was thus correctly cleaved off and the N-terminus of mature Vsi-SK fusion protein released by S. lividans remained intact. This result also implicates that the processing of the recombinant SK secreted by Streptomyces probably occurred at its C-terminal end, as in its native host Streptococcus equisimilis. The specific activity of the partially purified Streptomyces-derived SK was determined at 2661 IU/mg protein. Conclusion Heterologous expression of Streptococcus equisimilis ATCC9542 skc-2 in Streptomyces lividans was successfully achieved. SK can be translocated via both the Sec and the Tat pathway in S. lividans, but yield was about 30 times higher when the SK was fused to the Sec-dependent Vsi signal peptide compared to the fusion with the Tat-dependent signal peptide of S. lividans xylanase C. Small-scale fermentation led to a fourfold improvement of secretory SK yield in S. lividans compared to lab-scale conditions. The partially purified SK showed biological activity. Streptomyces lividans was shown to be a valuable host for the production of a world-wide important, biopharmaceutical product in a bio-active form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Pimienta
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Centro de Química Farmacéutica. Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Julio C Ayala
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Centro de Química Farmacéutica. Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Caridad Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Centro de Química Farmacéutica. Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Astrid Ramos
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Centro de Química Farmacéutica. Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Lieve Van Mellaert
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos Vallín
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Centro de Química Farmacéutica. Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Jozef Anné
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Goyal D, Sahoo DK, Sahni G. Hydrophobic interaction expanded bed adsorption chromatography (HI-EBAC) based facile purification of recombinant Streptokinase from E. coli inclusion bodies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:384-91. [PMID: 17188946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The downstream processing of recombinant streptokinase (rSK), a protein used for dissolution of blood clots has been investigated employing Escherichia coli inclusion bodies obtained after direct chemical extraction followed by expanded bed adsorption chromatography (EBAC). Streptokinase was over-expressed using high cell density (final OD(600)=40) culture of recombinant E. coli, and an SK protein concentration of 1080 mg l(-1) was achieved. The wet cell pellet after centrifugation was re-suspended in 8M urea containing buffer resulting in direct extraction of almost 97% of cellular proteins into solution. Compared to mechanical disruption using sonication, the direct extraction helped in simultaneous cell lysis and inclusion body (IB) solubilization in a single integrated step. The post-extraction solution containing cell debris and cellular proteins was diluted and directly loaded on to an EBAC column containing Streamline phenyl, without clarification. By passing the solution four times through the column and using 1M NaCl during loading, 82.7% rSK activity could be recovered in the 10mM sodium phosphate buffer used for elution. A 3-fold increase in specific activity of rSK, from 0.18 x 10(5) in cell lysate to 0.53 x 10(5)IU mg(-1) resulted after this step. rSK was further purified to near-homogeneity (specific activity=0.96 x 10(5)IU mg(-1)) by a subsequent ion-exchange step operated in packed bed mode. An overall downstream recovery of 63% rSK was achieved after EBAC and ion exchange chromatography. The paper thus describes the purification of rSK using a three-step regime involving simple, efficient and highly facile steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Goyal
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector - 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
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Yin J, Li G, Ren X, Herrler G. Select what you need: a comparative evaluation of the advantages and limitations of frequently used expression systems for foreign genes. J Biotechnol 2006; 127:335-47. [PMID: 16959350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression of heterologous proteins in microorganisms using genetic recombination is still the high point in the development and exploitation of modern biotechnology. People can produce bioactive proteins from relatively cheap culture medium instead of expensive extraction. Host cell systems for the expression of heterologous genes are generally prokaryotic or eukaryotic systems, both of which have inherent advantages and drawbacks. An optimal expression system can be selected only if the productivity, bioactivity, purpose, and physicochemical characteristics of the interest protein are taken into consideration, together with the cost, convenience and safety of the system itself. Here, we concisely review the most frequently used prokaryotic, yeast, insect and mammalian expression systems, as well as expression in eukaryote individuals. The merits and demerits of these systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechao Yin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, 150030 Harbin, China
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Kumar R, Singh J. A truncated derivative of nmt 1 promoter exhibits temperature-dependent induction of gene expression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Yeast 2006; 23:55-65. [PMID: 16408319 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing exploitation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model system there is a lack of convenient vectors for research and application. Expression with the commonly used promoter, nmt 1, requires a laborious regime involving the removal of repressor, thiamine, from a growing culture and further growth for 18 h to achieve maximum expression, thus underlining the need for more user-friendly promoters. We report here the isolation and characterization of a truncated derivative of the nmt 1 promoter having novel induction characteristics: it is induced by shift of growth temperature from 36 degrees C to 25 degrees C, achieving maximum expression within 3 h. Similar features of expression were observed with the reporter genes GFP and beta-galactosidase, a native gene, cdc 18, and a commercially important foreign therapeutic protein, streptokinase. The new promoter element offers additional advantages, such as lack of deleterious effect on cell viability and potential ability to express toxic proteins. These features make the new promoter a potentially better alternative to nmt 1, both as a research tool and for expression of commercially important proteins in Sz. pombe, and suggest the possibility of using similar approaches to design promoters with novel and useful properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
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Kjaerulff S, Jensen MR. Comparison of different signal peptides for secretion of heterologous proteins in fission yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:974-82. [PMID: 16157307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, there are relatively few signal peptides available and most reports of their activity have not been comparative. Using sequence information from the S. pombe genome database we have identified three putative signal peptides, designated Cpy, Amy and Dpp, and compared their ability to support secretion of green fluorescent protein (GFP). In the comparison we also included the two well-described secretion signals derived from the precursors of, respectively, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor and the S. pombe P-factor. The capability of the tested signal peptides to direct secretion of GFP varied greatly. The alpha-factor signal did not confer secretion to GFP and all the produced GFP was trapped intracellular. In contrast, the Cpy signal peptide supported efficient secretion of GFP with yields approximating 10 mg/L. We also found that the use of an attenuated version of the S. cerevisiae URA3 marker substantially increases vector copy number and expression yield in fission yeast.
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2005; 22:241-8. [PMID: 15762016 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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