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Kadooka C, Tanaka Y, Kishida R, Hira D, Oka T. Discovery of α-(1→6)-linked mannan structures resembling yeast N-glycan outer chains in Aspergillus fumigatus mycelium. mSphere 2024; 9:e0010024. [PMID: 38651868 PMCID: PMC11237753 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00100-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The cellular surface of the pathogenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is enveloped in a mannose layer, featuring well-established fungal-type galactomannan and O-mannose-type galactomannan. This study reports the discovery of cell wall component in A. fumigatus mycelium, which resembles N-glycan outer chains found in yeast. The glycosyltransferases involved in its biosynthesis in A. fumigatus were identified, with a focus on two key α-(1→2)-mannosyltransferases, Mnn2 and Mnn5, and two α-(1→6)-mannosyltransferases, Mnn9 and Van1. In vitro examination revealed the roles of recombinant Mnn2 and Mnn5 in transferring α-(1→2)-mannosyl residues. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis of cell wall extracts from the ∆mnn2∆mnn5 strain indicated the existence of an α-(1→6)-linked mannan backbone in the A. fumigatus mycelium, with Mnn2 and Mnn5 adding α-(1→2)-mannosyl residues to this backbone. The α-(1→6)-linked mannan backbone was absent in strains where mnn9 or van1 was disrupted in the parental ∆mnn2∆mnn5 strain in A. fumigatus. Mnn9 and Van1 functioned as α-(1→6)-linked mannan polymerases in heterodimers when co-expressed in Escherichia coli, indicating their crucial role in biosynthesizing the α-(1→6)-linked mannan backbone. Disruptions of these mannosyltransferases did not affect fungal-type galactomannan biosynthesis. This study provides insights into the complexity of fungal cell wall architecture and a better understanding of mannan biosynthesis in A. fumigatus. IMPORTANCE This study unravels the complexities of mannan biosynthesis in A. fumigatus, a key area for antifungal drug discovery. It reveals the presence of α-(1→6)-linked mannan structures resembling yeast N-glycan outer chains in A. fumigatus mycelium, offering fresh insights into the fungal cell wall's design. Key enzymes, Mnn2, Mnn5, Mnn9, and Van1, are instrumental in this process, with Mnn2 and Mnn5 adding specific mannose residues and Mnn9 and Van1 assembling the α-(1→6)-linked mannan structures. Although fungal-type galactomannan's presence in the cell wall is known, the existence of an α-(1→6)-linked mannan adds a new dimension to our understanding. This intricate web of mannan biosynthesis opens avenues for further exploration and enhances our understanding of fungal cell wall dynamics, paving the way for targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kadooka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tanaka
- Division of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rintaro Kishida
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hira
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuji Oka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
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2
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Durmusoglu D, Al'Abri I, Li Z, Islam Williams T, Collins LB, Martínez JL, Crook N. Improving therapeutic protein secretion in the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii using a multifactorial engineering approach. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:109. [PMID: 37287064 PMCID: PMC10245609 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) is a promising chassis to deliver therapeutic proteins to the gut due to Sb's innate therapeutic properties, resistance to phage and antibiotics, and high protein secretion capacity. To maintain therapeutic efficacy in the context of challenges such as washout, low rates of diffusion, weak target binding, and/or high rates of proteolysis, it is desirable to engineer Sb strains with enhanced levels of protein secretion. In this work, we explored genetic modifications in both cis- (i.e. to the expression cassette of the secreted protein) and trans- (i.e. to the Sb genome) that enhance Sb's ability to secrete proteins, taking a Clostridioides difficile Toxin A neutralizing peptide (NPA) as our model therapeutic. First, by modulating the copy number of the NPA expression cassette, we found NPA concentrations in the supernatant could be varied by sixfold (76-458 mg/L) in microbioreactor fermentations. In the context of high NPA copy number, we found a previously-developed collection of native and synthetic secretion signals could further tune NPA secretion between 121 and 463 mg/L. Then, guided by prior knowledge of S. cerevisiae's secretion mechanisms, we generated a library of homozygous single gene deletion strains, the most productive of which achieved 2297 mg/L secretory production of NPA. We then expanded on this library by performing combinatorial gene deletions, supplemented by proteomics experiments. We ultimately constructed a quadruple protease-deficient Sb strain that produces 5045 mg/L secretory NPA, an improvement of > tenfold over wild-type Sb. Overall, this work systematically explores a broad collection of engineering strategies to improve protein secretion in Sb and highlights the ability of proteomics to highlight under-explored mediators of this process. In doing so, we created a set of probiotic strains that are capable of delivering a wide range of protein titers and therefore furthers the ability of Sb to deliver therapeutics to the gut and other settings to which it is adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Durmusoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ibrahim Al'Abri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Zidan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Taufika Islam Williams
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Leonard B Collins
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - José L Martínez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nathan Crook
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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3
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Liu Z, Valsecchi I, Le Meur RA, Simenel C, Guijarro JI, Comte C, Muszkieta L, Mouyna I, Henrissat B, Aimanianda V, Latgé JP, Fontaine T. Conidium Specific Polysaccharides in Aspergillus fumigatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020155. [PMID: 36836270 PMCID: PMC9964227 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that the outer layers of the conidial and mycelial cell walls of Aspergillus fumigatus are different. In this work, we analyzed the polysaccharidome of the resting conidial cell wall and observed major differences within the mycelium cell wall. Mainly, the conidia cell wall was characterized by (i) a smaller amount of α-(1,3)-glucan and chitin; (ii) a larger amount of β-(1,3)-glucan, which was divided into alkali-insoluble and water-soluble fractions, and (iii) the existence of a specific mannan with side chains containing galactopyranose, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine residues. An analysis of A. fumigatus cell wall gene mutants suggested that members of the fungal GH-72 transglycosylase family play a crucial role in the conidia cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan organization and that α-(1,6)-mannosyltransferases of GT-32 and GT-62 families are essential to the polymerization of the conidium-associated cell wall mannan. This specific mannan and the well-known galactomannan follow two independent biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Isabel Valsecchi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, 75015 Paris, France
- DYNAMYC 7380, Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Rémy A. Le Meur
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3528, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Simenel
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3528, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, 75015 Paris, France
| | - J. Iñaki Guijarro
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3528, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Comte
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Isabelle Mouyna
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, 163 Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fontaine
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INRAE, USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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4
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Seegers CII, Roth IR, Zarnovican P, Buettner FFR, Routier FH. Characterisation of a gene cluster involved in aspergillus fumigatus zwitterionic glycosphingolipid synthesis. Glycobiology 2022; 32:814-824. [PMID: 35713520 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus synthesises the zwitterionic glycolipid Manα1,3Manα1,6GlcNα1,2IPC, named Af3c. Similar glycosphingolipids having a glucosamine (GlcN) linked in α1,2 to inositolphosphoceramide (IPC) as core structure have only been described in a few pathogenic fungi. Here, we describe an Ammophilus fumigatus cluster of 5 genes (AFUA_8G02040 to AFUA_8G02090) encoding proteins required for the glycan part of the glycosphingolipid Af3c. Besides the already characterised UDP-GlcNAc:IPC α1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GntA), the cluster encodes a putative UDP-GlcNAc transporter (NstA), a GlcNAc de-N-acetylase (GdaA), and two mannosyltransferases (OchC and ClpC). The function of these proteins was inferred from analysis of the glycolipids extracted from A. fumigatus strains deficient in one of the genes. Moreover, successive introduction of the genes encoding GntA, GdaA, OchC and ClpC in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae enabled the reconstitution of the Af3c biosynthetic pathway. Absence of Af3c slightly reduced the virulence of A. fumigatus in a Galleria mellonella infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla I I Seegers
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry, OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Ramón Roth
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry, OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Patricia Zarnovican
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry, OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry, OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Françoise H Routier
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry, OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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5
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Role of Protein Glycosylation in Interactions of Medically Relevant Fungi with the Host. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100875. [PMID: 34682296 PMCID: PMC8541085 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a highly conserved post-translational modification among organisms. It plays fundamental roles in many biological processes, ranging from protein trafficking and cell adhesion to host–pathogen interactions. According to the amino acid side chain atoms to which glycans are linked, protein glycosylation can be divided into two major categories: N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation. However, there are other types of modifications such as the addition of GPI to the C-terminal end of the protein. Besides the importance of glycoproteins in biological functions, they are a major component of the fungal cell wall and plasma membrane and contribute to pathogenicity, virulence, and recognition by the host immunity. Given that this structure is absent in host mammalian cells, it stands as an attractive target for developing selective compounds for the treatment of fungal infections. This review focuses on describing the relationship between protein glycosylation and the host–immune interaction in medically relevant fungal species.
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6
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Galactomannan Produced by Aspergillus fumigatus: An Update on the Structure, Biosynthesis and Biological Functions of an Emblematic Fungal Biomarker. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040283. [PMID: 33198419 PMCID: PMC7712326 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The galactomannan (GM) that is produced by the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus is an emblematic biomarker in medical mycology. The GM is composed of two monosaccharides: mannose and galactofuranose. The furanic configuration of galactose residues, absent in mammals, is responsible for the antigenicity of the GM and has favoured the development of ELISA tests to diagnose aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. The GM that is produced by A. fumigatus is a unique fungal polysaccharide containing a tetramannoside repeat unit and having three different forms: (i) membrane bound through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor, (ii) covalently linked to β-1,3-glucans in the cell wall, or (iii) released in the culture medium as a free polymer. Recent studies have revealed the crucial role of the GM during vegetative and polarized fungal growth. This review highlights these recent data on its biosynthetic pathway and its biological functions during the saprophytic and pathogenic life of this opportunistic human fungal pathogen.
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7
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Huynh HH, Morita N, Sakamoto T, Katayama T, Miyakawa T, Tanokura M, Chiba Y, Shinkura R, Maruyama JI. Functional production of human antibody by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:7. [PMID: 32514366 PMCID: PMC7257131 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00098-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as biopharmaceuticals take a pivotal role in the current therapeutic applications. Generally mammalian cell lines, such as those derived from Chinese hamster ovaries (CHO), are used to produce the recombinant antibody. However, there are still concerns about the high cost and the risk of pathogenic contamination when using mammalian cells. Aspergillus oryzae, a filamentous fungus recognized as a GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe) organism, has an ability to secrete a large amount of proteins into the culture supernatant, and thus the fungus has been used as one of the cost-effective microbial hosts for heterologous protein production. Pursuing this strategy the human anti-TNFα antibody adalimumab, one of the world's best-selling antibodies for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, was chosen to produce the full length of mAbs by A. oryzae. Generally, N-glycosylation of the antibody affects immune effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) via binding to the Fc receptor (FcγR) on immune cells. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to first delete the Aooch1 gene encoding a key enzyme for the hyper-mannosylation process in fungi to investigate the binding ability of antibody with FcγRIIIa. Results Adalimumab was expressed in A. oryzae by the fusion protein system with α-amylase AmyB. The full-length adalimumab consisting of two heavy and two light chains was successfully produced in the culture supernatants. Among the producing strains, the highest amount of antibody was obtained from the ten-protease deletion strain (39.7 mg/L). Two-step purifications by Protein A and size-exclusion chromatography were applied to obtain the high purity sample for further analysis. The antigen-binding and TNFα neutralizing activities of the adalimumab produced by A. oryzae were comparable with those of a commercial product Humira®. No apparent binding with the FcγRIIIa was detected with the recombinant adalimumab even by altering the N-glycan structure using the Aooch1 deletion strain, which suggests only a little additional activity of immune effector functions. Conclusion These results demonstrated an alternative low-cost platform for human antibody production by using A. oryzae, possibly offering a reasonable expenditure for patient's welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Hiep Huynh
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Morita
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infection Control, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infection Control, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Katayama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Chiba
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Reiko Shinkura
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infection Control, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Maruyama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Hernández-Chávez MJ, Clavijo-Giraldo DM, Novák Á, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Salinas-Marín R, Hernández NV, Martínez-Duncker I, Gácser A, Mora-Montes HM. Role of Protein Mannosylation in the Candida tropicalis-Host Interaction. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2743. [PMID: 31849889 PMCID: PMC6892782 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannans are components of the fungal wall attached to proteins via N- or O-linkages. In Candida albicans, Och1 is an α1,6-mannosyltransferase that adds the first mannose unit to the N-linked mannan outer chain; whereas Pmr1 is an ion pump that imports Mn2+ into the Golgi lumen. This cation is the cofactor of Golgi-resident mannosyltransferases, and thus Pmr1 is involved in the synthesis of both N- and O-linked mannans. Since we currently have limited information about the genetic network behind the Candida tropicalis protein mannosylation machinery, we disrupted OCH1 and PMR1 in this organism. The C. tropicalis pmr1Δ and och1Δ mutants showed increased doubling times, aberrant colony and cellular morphology, reduction in the wall mannan content, and increased susceptibility to wall perturbing agents. These changes were accompanied by increased exposure of both β1,3-glucan and chitin at the wall surface of both mutant strains. Our results showed that O-linked mannans are dispensable for cytokine production by human mononuclear cells, but N-linked mannans and β1,3-glucan are key ligands to trigger cytokine production in a co-stimulatory pathway involving dectin-1 and mannose receptor. Moreover, we found that the N-linked mannan core found on the surface of C. tropicalis och1Δ null mutant was capable of inducing cytokine production; and that a mannan-independent pathway for IL-10 production is present in the C. tropicalis-mononuclear cell interaction. Both mutant strains showed virulence attenuation in the Galleria mellonella and the mouse model of systemic candidiasis. Therefore, mannans are relevant for cell wall composition and organization, and for the C. tropicalis-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Hernández-Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Diana M Clavijo-Giraldo
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Ádám Novák
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Roberta Salinas-Marín
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Nahúm V Hernández
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Mycobiome Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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9
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Yang J, Kang L, EloRM AM, Zhou H, Zhao J. The α-1,6-mannosyltransferase VdOCH1 plays a major role in microsclerotium formation and virulence in the soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:539-546. [PMID: 31196523 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sunflower yellow wilt is a widespread and destructive disease caused by the soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae). To better understand the pathogenesis mechanism of V. dahliae in sunflower, T-DNA insertion library was generated via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation system (ATMT). Eight hundred positive transformants were obtained. Transformants varied in colony morphology, growth rate, conidia production and pathogenicity in sunflower compared to the wild type strain. A mutant, named VdGn3-L2, was chosen for further analysis based on its deprivation on microsclerotia formation. The flanking sequence of T-DNA insertion site of VdGn3-L2 was identified via hiTAIL-PCR, and the interrupted gene encoded an initiation-specific α-1, 6-mannosyltransferase, named as VdOCH1. The deletion mutant ΔVdOCH1 was impaired in certain characteristics such as fungal growth, conidia production, and microsclerotia formation. Also, ΔVdOCH1 mutants were more sensitive to the cell wall perturbing reagents, such as SDS and Congo red, lost their penetration ability through cellophane membrane, and exhibited dramatically decreased pathogenicity to sunflower. The impaired phenotypes could be restored to the wild type level by complementation of the deletion mutant with full-length VdOCH1 gene. In conclusion, VdOCH1, encoded α-1,6-mannosyltransferase, manipulating the biological characteristics, microsclerotia formation and pathogenic ability of V. dahliae in sunflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Liru Kang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Addrah Mandela EloRM
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hongyou Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
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10
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Cortés JCG, Curto MÁ, Carvalho VSD, Pérez P, Ribas JC. The fungal cell wall as a target for the development of new antifungal therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107352. [PMID: 30797093 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past three decades invasive mycoses have globally emerged as a persistent source of healthcare-associated infections. The cell wall surrounding the fungal cell opposes the turgor pressure that otherwise could produce cell lysis. Thus, the cell wall is essential for maintaining fungal cell shape and integrity. Given that this structure is absent in host mammalian cells, it stands as an important target when developing selective compounds for the treatment of fungal infections. Consequently, treatment with echinocandins, a family of antifungal agents that specifically inhibits the biosynthesis of cell wall (1-3)β-D-glucan, has been established as an alternative and effective antifungal therapy. However, the existence of many pathogenic fungi resistant to single or multiple antifungal families, together with the limited arsenal of available antifungal compounds, critically affects the effectiveness of treatments against these life-threatening infections. Thus, new antifungal therapies are required. Here we review the fungal cell wall and its relevance in biotechnology as a target for the development of new antifungal compounds, disclosing the most promising cell wall inhibitors that are currently in experimental or clinical development for the treatment of some invasive mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos G Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - M-Ángeles Curto
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vanessa S D Carvalho
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Two KTR Mannosyltransferases Are Responsible for the Biosynthesis of Cell Wall Mannans and Control Polarized Growth in Aspergillus fumigatus. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02647-18. [PMID: 30755510 PMCID: PMC6372797 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02647-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is a complex and dynamic entity essential for the development of fungi. It allows fungal pathogens to survive environmental challenge posed by nutrient stress and host defenses, and it also is central to polarized growth. The cell wall is mainly composed of polysaccharides organized in a three-dimensional network. Aspergillus fumigatus produces a cell wall galactomannan whose biosynthetic pathway and biological functions remain poorly defined. Here, we described two new mannosyltransferases essential to the synthesis of the cell wall galactomannan. Their absence leads to a growth defect with misregulation of polarization and altered conidiation, with conidia which are bigger and more permeable than the conidia of the parental strain. This study showed that in spite of its low concentration in the cell wall, this polysaccharide is absolutely required for cell wall stability, for apical growth, and for the full virulence of A. fumigatus. Fungal cell wall mannans are complex carbohydrate polysaccharides with different structures in yeasts and molds. In contrast to yeasts, their biosynthetic pathway has been poorly investigated in filamentous fungi. In Aspergillus fumigatus, the major mannan structure is a galactomannan that is cross-linked to the β-1,3-glucan-chitin cell wall core. This polymer is composed of a linear mannan with a repeating unit composed of four α1,6-linked and α1,2-linked mannoses with side chains of galactofuran. Despite its use as a biomarker to diagnose invasive aspergillosis, its biosynthesis and biological function were unknown. Here, we have investigated the function of three members of the Ktr (also named Kre2/Mnt1) family (Ktr1, Ktr4, and Ktr7) in A. fumigatus and show that two of them are required for the biosynthesis of galactomannan. In particular, we describe a newly discovered form of α-1,2-mannosyltransferase activity encoded by the KTR4 gene. Biochemical analyses showed that deletion of the KTR4 gene or the KTR7 gene leads to the absence of cell wall galactomannan. In comparison to parental strains, the Δktr4 and Δktr7 mutants showed a severe growth phenotype with defects in polarized growth and in conidiation, marked alteration of the conidial viability, and reduced virulence in a mouse model of invasive aspergillosis. In yeast, the KTR proteins are involved in protein 0- and N-glycosylation. This study provided another confirmation that orthologous genes can code for proteins that have very different biological functions in yeasts and filamentous fungi. Moreover, in A. fumigatus, cell wall mannans are as important structurally as β-glucans and chitin.
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12
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Luu VT, Moon HY, Yoo SJ, Choo JH, Thak EJ, Kang HA. Development of conditional cell lysis mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as production hosts by modulating OCH1 and CHS3 expression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2277-2293. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Lozoya-Pérez NE, Casas-Flores S, de Almeida JRF, Martínez-Álvarez JA, López-Ramírez LA, Jannuzzi GP, Trujillo-Esquivel E, Estrada-Mata E, Almeida SR, Franco B, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Mora-Montes HM. Silencing of OCH1 unveils the role of Sporothrix schenckii N-linked glycans during the host-fungus interaction. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 12:67-85. [PMID: 30643435 PMCID: PMC6312695 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s185037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporothrix schenckii is a neglected fungal pathogen for the human being and other mammals. In several fungal systems, Och1 is a Golgi α1,6-mannosyltransferase with a key function in the synthesis of N-linked glycans; which are important elements during the host-fungus interplay. The role of OCH1 in fungal virulence seems to be species-specific, being an essential component for Candida albicans virulence and dispensable during the interaction of Aspergillus fumigatus with the host. METHODS Here, we silenced S. schenckii OCH1 and characterized the phenotype of the mutant strains. RESULTS The mutant strains did not show defects in the cell or colony morphology, the growth rate or the ability to undergo dimorphism; but the cell wall changed in both composition and exposure of inner components at the surface. When interacting with human monocytes, the silenced strains had a reduced ability to stimulate TNFα and IL-6 but stimulated higher levels of IL-10. The interaction with human macrophages was also altered, with reduced numbers of silenced cells phagocytosed. These strains showed virulence attenuation in both Galleria mellonella and in the mouse model of sporotrichosis. Nonetheless, the cytokine levels in infected organs did not vary significantly when compared with the wild-type strain. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that OCH1 silencing affects different aspects of the S. schenckii-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
| | | | | | - José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
| | - Luz A López-Ramírez
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
| | | | - Elías Trujillo-Esquivel
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
| | - Eine Estrada-Mata
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
| | - Sandro R Almeida
- Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Franco
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
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Lopes-Bezerra LM, Mora-Montes HM, Zhang Y, Nino-Vega G, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP, de Hoog S. Sporotrichosis between 1898 and 2017: The evolution of knowledge on a changeable disease and on emerging etiological agents. Med Mycol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Department of Cell Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hector M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gustavo Nino-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, and Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Kamei M, Tsukagoshi Y, Banno S, Ichiishi A, Fukumori F, Fujimura M. Phenotypic abnormalities of fr , sp , and och-1 single mutants are suppressed by loss of putative GPI-phospholipase A2 in Neurospora crassa. MYCOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Yamada O, Machida M, Hosoyama A, Goto M, Takahashi T, Futagami T, Yamagata Y, Takeuchi M, Kobayashi T, Koike H, Abe K, Asai K, Arita M, Fujita N, Fukuda K, Higa KI, Horikawa H, Ishikawa T, Jinno K, Kato Y, Kirimura K, Mizutani O, Nakasone K, Sano M, Shiraishi Y, Tsukahara M, Gomi K. Genome sequence of Aspergillus luchuensis NBRC 4314. DNA Res 2016; 23:507-515. [PMID: 27651094 PMCID: PMC5144674 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Awamori is a traditional distilled beverage made from steamed Thai-Indica rice in Okinawa, Japan. For brewing the liquor, two microbes, local kuro (black) koji mold Aspergillus luchuensis and awamori yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are involved. In contrast, that yeasts are used for ethanol fermentation throughout the world, a characteristic of Japanese fermentation industries is the use of Aspergillus molds as a source of enzymes for the maceration and saccharification of raw materials. Here we report the draft genome of a kuro (black) koji mold, A. luchuensis NBRC 4314 (RIB 2604). The total length of nonredundant sequences was nearly 34.7 Mb, comprising approximately 2,300 contigs with 16 telomere-like sequences. In total, 11,691 genes were predicted to encode proteins. Most of the housekeeping genes, such as transcription factors and N-and O-glycosylation system, were conserved with respect to Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae An alternative oxidase and acid-stable α-amylase regarding citric acid production and fermentation at a low pH as well as a unique glutamic peptidase were also found in the genome. Furthermore, key biosynthetic gene clusters of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B were absent when compared with A. niger genome, showing the safety of A. luchuensis for food and beverage production. This genome information will facilitate not only comparative genomics with industrial kuro-koji molds, but also molecular breeding of the molds in improvements of awamori fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamada
- National Research Institute of Brewing, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Masayuki Machida
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Akira Hosoyama
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Goto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- National Research Institute of Brewing, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Taiki Futagami
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Youhei Yamagata
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Michio Takeuchi
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Koike
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Keietsu Abe
- Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Asai
- Computational Biology Research Center, AIST, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Masanori Arita
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujita
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066, Japan
| | - Kazuro Fukuda
- Asahi Breweries, LTD, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8602, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Higa
- Industrial Technology Center, Okinawa Prefectural Government, Uruma, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Horikawa
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066, Japan
| | | | - Koji Jinno
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kato
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Kirimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Osamu Mizutani
- National Research Institute of Brewing, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Kaoru Nakasone
- Kinki University Faculty of Engineering, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8501, Japan
| | - Yohei Shiraishi
- National Research Institute of Brewing, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | | | - Katsuya Gomi
- Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Henry C, Fontaine T, Heddergott C, Robinet P, Aimanianda V, Beau R, Beauvais A, Mouyna I, Prevost MC, Fekkar A, Zhao Y, Perlin D, Latgé JP. Biosynthesis of cell wall mannan in the conidium and the mycelium ofAspergillusfumigatus. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1881-1891. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Henry
- Département de Mycologie; Unité des Aspergillus; Paris Cedex France
| | - Thierry Fontaine
- Département de Mycologie; Unité des Aspergillus; Paris Cedex France
| | | | - Pauline Robinet
- Département de Mycologie; Unité des Aspergillus; Paris Cedex France
| | | | - Remi Beau
- Département de Mycologie; Unité des Aspergillus; Paris Cedex France
| | - Anne Beauvais
- Département de Mycologie; Unité des Aspergillus; Paris Cedex France
| | - Isabelle Mouyna
- Département de Mycologie; Unité des Aspergillus; Paris Cedex France
| | | | - Arnaud Fekkar
- Service de Parasitologie Mycologie; Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers; The State University of New Jersey; Newark New Jersey USA
| | - David Perlin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers; The State University of New Jersey; Newark New Jersey USA
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Département de Mycologie; Unité des Aspergillus; Paris Cedex France
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18
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Schmoll M, Dattenböck C, Carreras-Villaseñor N, Mendoza-Mendoza A, Tisch D, Alemán MI, Baker SE, Brown C, Cervantes-Badillo MG, Cetz-Chel J, Cristobal-Mondragon GR, Delaye L, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Frischmann A, Gallardo-Negrete JDJ, García-Esquivel M, Gomez-Rodriguez EY, Greenwood DR, Hernández-Oñate M, Kruszewska JS, Lawry R, Mora-Montes HM, Muñoz-Centeno T, Nieto-Jacobo MF, Nogueira Lopez G, Olmedo-Monfil V, Osorio-Concepcion M, Piłsyk S, Pomraning KR, Rodriguez-Iglesias A, Rosales-Saavedra MT, Sánchez-Arreguín JA, Seidl-Seiboth V, Stewart A, Uresti-Rivera EE, Wang CL, Wang TF, Zeilinger S, Casas-Flores S, Herrera-Estrella A. The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:205-327. [PMID: 26864432 PMCID: PMC4771370 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00040-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma contains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for "hot topic" research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism in T. reesei, T. atroviride, and T. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of each Trichoderma species discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved in N-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability of Trichoderma spp. to generate hybrid galactose-containing N-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique to Trichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in the Trichoderma genus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique to T. atroviride is the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christoph Dattenböck
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Doris Tisch
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Ivan Alemán
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Scott E Baker
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- University of Otago, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - José Cetz-Chel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Delaye
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Alexa Frischmann
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Monica García-Esquivel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - David R Greenwood
- The University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miguel Hernández-Oñate
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Joanna S Kruszewska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Lawry
- Lincoln University, Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kyle R Pomraning
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Aroa Rodriguez-Iglesias
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Verena Seidl-Seiboth
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Chih-Li Wang
- National Chung-Hsing University, Department of Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fang Wang
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Molecular Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Recent advances in the understanding of the Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall. J Microbiol 2016; 54:232-42. [PMID: 26920883 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-6045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, research on the synthesis and organization of the cell wall polysaccharides of Aspergillus fumigatus has expanded our knowledge of this important fungal structure. Besides protecting the fungus from environmental stresses and maintaining structural integrity of the organism, the cell wall is also the primary site for interaction with host tissues during infection. Cell wall polysaccharides are important ligands for the recognition of fungi by the innate immune system and they can mediate potent immunomodulatory effects. The synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides is a complicated process that requires coordinated regulation of many biosynthetic and metabolic pathways. Continuous synthesis and remodeling of the polysaccharides of the cell wall is essential for the survival of the fungus during development, reproduction, colonization and invasion. As these polysaccharides are absent from the human host, these biosynthetic pathways are attractive targets for antifungal development. In this review, we present recent advances in our understanding of Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall polysaccharides, including the emerging role of cell wall polysaccharides in the host-pathogen interaction.
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Abstract
While yeast are lower eukaryotic organisms, they share many common features and biological processes with higher eukaryotes. As such, yeasts have been used as model organisms to facilitate our understanding of such features and processes. To this end, a large number of powerful genetic tools have been developed to investigate and manipulate these organisms. Going hand-in-hand with these genetic tools is the ability to efficiently scale up the fermentation of these organisms, thus making them attractive hosts for the production of recombinant proteins. A key feature of producing recombinant proteins in yeast is that these proteins can be readily secreted into the culture supernatant, simplifying any downstream processing. A consequence of this secretion is that the proteins typically pass through the secretory pathway, during which they may be exposed to various posttranslational modifications. The addition of glycans is one such modification. Unfortunately, while certain aspects of glycosylation are shared between lower and higher eukaryotes, significant differences exist. Over the last two decades much research has focused on engineering the glycosylation pathways of yeast to more closely resemble those of higher eukaryotes, particularly those of humans for the production of therapeutic proteins. In the current review we shall highlight some of the key achievements in yeast glyco-engineering which have led to humanization of both the N- and O-linked glycosylation pathways.
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Abstract
Early detection of invasive aspergillosis is absolutely required for efficient therapy of this fungal infection. The identification of fungal volatiles in patient breath can be an alternative for the detection of Aspergillus fumigatus that still remains problematic. In this work, we investigated the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by A. fumigatus in vitro, and we show that volatile production depends on the nutritional environment. A. fumigatus produces a multiplicity of VOCs, predominantly terpenes and related compounds. The production of sesquiterpenoid compounds was found to be strongly induced by increased iron concentrations and certain drugs, i.e., pravastatin. Terpenes that were always detectable in large amounts were α-pinene, camphene, and limonene, as well as sesquiterpenes, identified as α-bergamotene and β-trans-bergamotene. Other substance classes that were found to be present in the volatome, such as 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, and pyrazines, were found only under specific growth conditions. Drugs that interfere with the terpene biosynthesis pathway influenced the composition of the fungal volatome, and most notably, a block of sesquiterpene biosynthesis by the bisphosphonate alendronate fundamentally changed the VOC composition. Using deletion mutants, we also show that a terpene cyclase and a putative kaurene synthase are essential for the synthesis of volatile terpenes by A. fumigatus. The present analysis of in vitro volatile production by A. fumigatus suggests that VOCs may be used in the diagnosis of infections caused by this fungus.
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Li MH, Xie XL, Lin XF, Shi JX, Ding ZJ, Ling JF, Xi PG, Zhou JN, Leng Y, Zhong S, Jiang ZD. Functional characterization of the gene FoOCH1 encoding a putative α-1,6-mannosyltransferase in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 65:1-13. [PMID: 24503549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC) is the causal agent of banana Fusarium wilt and has become one of the most destructive pathogens threatening the banana production worldwide. However, few genes related to morphogenesis and pathogenicity of this fungal pathogen have been functionally characterized. In this study, we identified and characterized the disrupted gene in a T-DNA insertional mutant (L953) of FOC with significantly reduced virulence on banana plants. The gene disrupted by T-DNA insertion in L953 harbors an open reading frame, which encodes a protein with homology to α-1,6-mannosyltransferase (OCH1) in fungi. The deletion mutants (ΔFoOCH1) of the OCH1 orthologue (FoOCH1) in FOC were impaired in fungal growth, exhibited brighter staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-Concanavalin A, had less cell wall proteins and secreted more proteins into liquid media than the wild type. Furthermore, the mutation or deletion of FoOCH1 led to loss of ability to penetrate cellophane membrane and decline in hyphal attachment and colonization as well as virulence to the banana host. The mutant phenotypes were fully restored by complementation with the wild type FoOCH1 gene. Our data provide a first evidence for the critical role of FoOCH1 in maintenance of cell wall integrity and virulence of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hui Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xian-Feng Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jin-Xiu Shi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhao-Jian Ding
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jin-Feng Ling
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ping-Gen Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jia-Nuan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yueqiang Leng
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Shaobin Zhong
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Zi-De Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Maddi A, Fu C, Free SJ. The Neurospora crassa dfg5 and dcw1 genes encode α-1,6-mannanases that function in the incorporation of glycoproteins into the cell wall. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38872. [PMID: 22701726 PMCID: PMC3372484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The covalent cross-linking of cell wall proteins into the cell wall glucan/chitin matrix is an important step in the biogenesis of the fungal cell wall. We demonstrate that the Neurospora crassa DFG5 (NCU03770) and DCW1 (NCU08127) enzymes function in vivo to cross-link glycoproteins into the cell wall. Mutants lacking DFG5 or DCW1 release slightly elevated levels of cell wall proteins into their growth medium. Mutants lacking both DFG5 and DCW1 have substantially reduced levels of cell wall proteins in their cell walls and release large amounts of known cell wall proteins into the medium. DFG5 and DCW1 are members of the GH76 family of glycosyl hydrolases, which have specificity to recognize and cleave α-1,6-mannans. A model for incorporation of glycoproteins into the cell wall through the α-1,6-mannan core of the N-linked galactomannan is presented. In this model, DFG5 and DCW1 recognize the N-linked galactomannan present on glycoproteins and cross-link it into the cell wall glucan/chitin matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhiram Maddi
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Ci Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Free
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
A triple α1,3 glucan synthase mutant of Aspergillus fumigatus obtained by successive deletions of the three α1,3 glucan synthase genes (AGS1, AGS2, and AGS3) has a cell wall devoid of α1,3 glucans. The lack of α1,3 glucans affects neither conidial germination nor mycelial vegetative growth and is compensated by an increase in β1,3 glucan and/or chitin content.
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Kotz A, Wagener J, Engel J, Routier FH, Echtenacher B, Jacobsen I, Heesemann J, Ebel F. Approaching the secrets of N-glycosylation in Aspergillus fumigatus: characterization of the AfOch1 protein. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15729. [PMID: 21206755 PMCID: PMC3012087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mannosyltransferase Och1 is the key enzyme for synthesis of elaborated protein N-glycans in yeast. In filamentous fungi genes implicated in outer chain formation are present, but their function is unclear. In this study we have analyzed the Och1 protein of Aspergillus fumigatus. We provide first evidence that poly-mannosylated N-glycans exist in A. fumigatus and that their synthesis requires AfOch1 activity. This implies that AfOch1 plays a similar role as S. cerevisiae ScOch1 in the initiation of an N-glycan outer chain. A Δafoch1 mutant showed normal growth under standard and various stress conditions including elevated temperature, cell wall and oxidative stress. However, sporulation of this mutant was dramatically reduced in the presence of high calcium concentrations, suggesting that certain proteins engaged in sporulation require N-glycan outer chains to be fully functional. A characteristic feature of AfOch1 and Och1 homologues from other filamentous fungi is a signal peptide that clearly distinguishes them from their yeast counterparts. However, this difference does not appear to have consequences for its localization in the Golgi. Replacing the signal peptide of AfOch1 by a membrane anchor had no impact on its ability to complement the sporulation defect of the Δafoch1 strain. The mutant triggered a normal cytokine response in infected murine macrophages, arguing against a role of outer chains as relevant Aspergillus pathogen associated molecular patterns. Infection experiments provided no evidence for attenuation in virulence; in fact, according to our data the Δafoch1 mutant may even be slightly more virulent than the control strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kotz
- Max-von-Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Wagener
- Max-von-Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Engel
- Department of Cellular Chemistry, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Echtenacher
- Institute for Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ilse Jacobsen
- Department for Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max-von-Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Ebel
- Max-von-Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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26
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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27
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The Candida albicans Sur7 protein is needed for proper synthesis of the fibrillar component of the cell wall that confers strength. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 10:72-80. [PMID: 21115741 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00167-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Candida albicans plasma membrane plays important roles in interfacing with the environment, morphogenesis, and cell wall synthesis. The role of the Sur7 protein in cell wall structure and function was analyzed, since previous studies showed that this plasma membrane protein is needed to prevent abnormal intracellular growth of the cell wall. Sur7 localizes to stable patches in the plasma membrane, known as MCC (membrane compartment occupied by Can1), that are associated with eisosome proteins. The sur7Δ mutant cells displayed increased sensitivity to factors that exacerbate cell wall defects, such as detergent (SDS) and the chitin-binding agents calcofluor white and Congo red. The sur7Δ cells were also slightly more sensitive to inhibitors that block the synthesis of cell wall chitin (nikkomycin Z) and β-1,3-glucan (caspofungin). In contrast, Fmp45, a paralog of Sur7 that also localizes to punctate plasma membrane patches, did not have a detectable role in cell wall synthesis. Chemical analysis of cell wall composition demonstrated that sur7Δ cells contain decreased levels of β-glucan, a glucose polymer that confers rigidity on the cell wall. Consistent with this, sur7Δ cells were more sensitive to lysis, which could be partially rescued by increasing the osmolarity of the medium. Interestingly, Sur7 is present in static patches, whereas β-1,3-glucan synthase is mobile in the plasma membrane and is often associated with actin patches. Thus, Sur7 may influence β-glucan synthesis indirectly, perhaps by altering the functions of the cell signaling components that localize to the MCC and eisosome domains.
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α-1,6-Mannosylation of N-linked oligosaccharide present on cell wall proteins is required for their incorporation into the cell wall in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:1766-75. [PMID: 20870880 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00134-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme α-1,6-mannosyltransferase (OCH-1) is required for the synthesis of galactomannans attached to the N-linked oligosaccharides of Neurospora crassa cell wall proteins. The Neurospora crassa och-1 mutant has a tight colonial phenotype and a defective cell wall. A carbohydrate analysis of the och-1 mutant cell wall revealed a 10-fold reduction in the levels of mannose and galactose and a total lack of 1,6-linked mannose residues. Analysis of the integral cell wall protein from wild-type and och-1 mutant cells showed that the mutant cell wall had reduced protein content. The och-1 mutant was found to secrete 18-fold more protein than wild-type cells. Proteomic analysis of the proteins released by the mutant into the growth medium identified seven of the major cell wall proteins. Western blot analysis of ACW-1 and GEL-1 (two glycosylphosphatidylinositol [GPI]-anchored proteins that are covalently integrated into the wild-type cell wall) showed that high levels of these proteins were being released into the medium by the och-1 mutant. High levels of ACW-1 and GEL-1 were also released from the och-1 mutant cell wall by subjecting the wall to boiling in a 1% SDS solution, indicating that these proteins are not being covalently integrated into the mutant cell wall. From these results, we conclude that N-linked mannosylation of cell wall proteins by OCH-1 is required for their efficient covalent incorporation into the cell wall.
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